原始オーストロアジア語

Proto-Austroasiatic

Austroasiatic (proto)

FamilyAustroasiatic (proto) Speakers歴史言語 / 推定不可 (祖語) Regionmainland Southeast Asia (~3000-2000 BCE) RomanizationShorto transcription ReadingProto-Austroasiatic / Proto-Mon-Khmer reconstruction

Proto-Austroasiatic is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Austroasiatic family, which includes Vietnamese, Khmer, Mon, the Munda languages of eastern India, and many smaller languages of mainland Southeast Asia. Reconstructions are based primarily on Harry Shorto's posthumous Mon–Khmer Comparative Dictionary (2006) and continuing work by Paul Sidwell. The likely homeland is in mainland Southeast Asia, around the middle Mekong basin, with a depth of roughly 5,000 years. Forms shown here use Shorto/Sidwell transcription with a leading asterisk; many basic-vocabulary slots are intentionally left as '—' because no widely accepted reconstruction exists for them.

Where it is spoken

Han character readings in Proto-Austroasiatic

Character Meaning Reading Form IPA
一 one *muəjʔ /*muəjʔ/
二 two *ɓaːr /*ɓaːr/
三 three *peːʔ /*peːʔ/
四 four *puənʔ /*puənʔ/
六 six *pruʔ /*pruʔ/
七 seven *pɔh /*pɔh/
八 eight *tNɕaːm /*tɲcaːm/
天 sky *pleːŋ /*pleːŋ/
地 ground *teːʔ /*teːʔ/
日 sun *tŋiːʔ /*tŋiːʔ/
月 moon *kVcaːj /*kəcaːj/
山 mountain *bruʔ /*bruʔ/
水 water *ɗaːk /*ɗaːk/
火 fire *ʔuːs /*ʔuːs/
木 tree *ɟɕɨːʔ /*ɟcɨːʔ/
土 soil *teːʔ /*teːʔ/
石 stone *tmɔʔ /*tmɔʔ/
雨 rain *gmaːʔ /*gmaːʔ/
虎 tiger *klaːʔ /*klaːʔ/
蛇 snake *bsaɲ /*bsaɲ/
雞 chicken *ʔiər /*ʔiər/
犬 dog *cɔʔ /*cɔʔ/
豬 pig *lik /*lik/
鳥 bird *ciːm /*ciːm/
魚 fish *kaʔ /*kaʔ/
頭 head *kduəl /*kduəl/
目 eye *mat /*mat/
耳 ear *ktɔːr /*ktɔːr/
鼻 nose *muːh /*muːh/
口 mouth *miəŋʔ /*miəŋʔ/
牙 tooth *məɲ /*məɲ/
心 heart *nuːɕ /*nuːɕ/
手 hand *tiːʔ /*tiːʔ/
足 foot *ɟəːŋ /*ɟəːŋ/
血 blood *mhaːm /*mhaːm/
肉 meat *sɔc /*sɔc/
人 person *kmiː /*kmiː/
女 woman *kan /*kan/
兒 child *koan /*koan/
家 home, family *ɲaːʔ /*ɲaːʔ/
飯 cooked rice, meal *puuŋ /*puuŋ/
年 year *cnam /*cnam/
死 die *kceːt /*kceːt/
行 go *cuːr /*cuːr/
行 row *cuːr /*cuːr/
走 run *duːʔ /*duːʔ/
飛 fly *par /*par/
坐 sit *ŋkuːʔ /*ŋkuːʔ/
立 stand *cɔŋ /*cɔŋ/
見 see *jɔl /*jɔl/
聞 hear *cmVŋ /*cmVŋ/
知 know *naŋ /*naŋ/
食 eat *ca(ː)ʔ /*caːʔ/
飲 drink *ʔɔːk /*ʔɔːk/
白 white *ɓɔːk /*ɓɔːk/
黑 black *Cjoŋ /*Cjoŋ/
紅 red *roːŋ /*roːŋ/
小 small *kɗiətʔ /*kɗiətʔ/
多 many, much *glɨŋ /*glɨŋ/
長 long *ɟlɨːŋ /*ɟlɨːŋ/
老 old *Criːm /*Criːm/
遠 far *cŋaːjʔ /*cŋaːjʔ/
熱 hot *toʔ /*toʔ/
冷 cold *tkatʔ /*tkatʔ/
左 left *weːʔ /*weːʔ/
右 right *tam /*tam/
我 I, me *ʔaɲ /*ʔaɲ/
你 you *miːʔ /*miːʔ/
不 not *ʔam /*ʔam/

Sources

Han readings compared

Compared with languages in the same classification: Austroasiatic (proto)

Character Proto-AustroasiaticProto-TungusicProto-TaiHan ChineseProto-JaponicProto-Hmong-MienProto-Sino-Tibetan
一 *muəjʔ /*muəjʔ/ *əmun /*əmun/ *ɲɯŋ.A /*ɲɯŋ˧/ *ʔi[t] /*ʔi[t]/ *pitə-tu /*pitə-tu/ *ʔɨ /*ʔɨ/ *dyiək /*dyiək/
二 *ɓaːr /*ɓaːr/ *dʒuər /*dʒuər/ *soːŋ.A /*soːŋ˧/ *ni[j]-s /*ni[j]-s/ *puta /*puta/ *ʔu̯i /*ʔu̯i/ *nĭy /*nĭy/
三 *peːʔ /*peːʔ/ *ilan /*ilan/ *saːm.A /*saːm˧/ *s.rum /*s.rum/ *mi /*mi/ *pjɔu /*pjɔu/ *sɨm /*sɨm/
四 *puənʔ /*puənʔ/ *dügin /*dyɡin/ *siː.B /*siː˨/ *s.li[j]-s /*s.li[j]-s/ *jə /*jə/ *plei /*plei/ *lĭy /*lĭy/
六 *pruʔ /*pruʔ/ *ɲuŋun /*ɲuŋun/ *hrok.D /*hrok̚/ *k.ruk /*k.ruk/ *mu /*mu/ *kruk /*kruk/ *rŭk /*rŭk/
七 *pɔh /*pɔh/ *nadan /*nadan/ *cet.D /*cet̚/ *[tsʰ]i[t] /*[tsʰ]i[t]/ *nana /*nana/ *djuŋH /*djuŋH/ *(s-)nĭt /*(s-)nĭt/
八 *tNɕaːm /*tɲcaːm/ *dʒapkun /*dʒapkun/ *peːt.D /*peːt̚/ *pˤret /*pˤret/ *ja /*ja/ *jat /*jat/ *ryēt /*ryēt/
天 *pleːŋ /*pleːŋ/ *abka /*abka/ *ɓɯn.A /*ɓɯn˧/ *l̥ˤi[n] /*l̥ˤi[n]/ *ama /*ama/ — —
地 *teːʔ /*teːʔ/ *na /*na/ *ɗin.A /*ɗin˧/ *[l]ˤej-s /*lˤej-s/ — — *ƛăy /*ƛăy/
日 *tŋiːʔ /*tŋiːʔ/ *siun /*siun/ *ŋwan.A /*ŋwan˧/ *C.nik /*C.nik/ *pi /*pi/ *hnu̯ɔiA /*hnu̯ɔiA/ *nĭy /*nĭy/
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