원시 한국어 / 朝鮮祖語
Proto-Koreanic
Koreanic (proto)
Proto-Koreanic is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Koreanic language family, including modern Korean and Jeju. It is typically dated to roughly 500 BCE through the early centuries CE on the Korean Peninsula, predating large-scale Sino-Korean lexical borrowing. Because Han characters were adopted into Korean only centuries later, most of the concepts written with Han characters here are filled with the native Proto-Koreanic root (e.g. 山 *moy, 水 *mɨr, 火 *pɨr), not a Sino-Koreanic reading. Reconstructions follow Vovin (2010), Whitman (2012), Ko (2018) and related comparative work using Middle Korean, Jeju, and early transcriptional sources.
Where it is spoken
Han character readings in Proto-Koreanic
| Character | Meaning | Reading | Form | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | one | *hʌtan | /*hʌtan/ | |
| 二 | two | *tupɨr | /*tupɨɾ/ | |
| 三 | three | *seki | /*seki/ | |
| 四 | four | *neki | /*neki/ | |
| 五 | five | *tasəs | /*tasəs/ | |
| 六 | six | *jəsəs | /*jəsəs/ | |
| 七 | seven | *nirkup | /*niɾkup/ | |
| 八 | eight | *jətərp | /*jətəɾp/ | |
| 九 | nine | *ahop | /*ahop/ | |
| 十 | ten | *jer | /*jeɾ/ | |
| 天 | sky | *hanʌr | /*hanʌɾ/ | |
| 地 | ground | *tʌh | /*tʌh/ | |
| 日 | sun | *hʌy | /*hʌj/ | |
| 月 | moon | *tʌr | /*tʌɾ/ | |
| 山 | mountain | *moy | /*moj/ | |
| 海 | sea | *parʌr | /*paɾʌɾ/ | |
| 水 | water | *mɨr | /*mɨɾ/ | |
| 火 | fire | *pɨr | /*pɨɾ/ | |
| 木 | tree | *namk | /*namk/ | |
| 土 | soil | *hʌrk | /*hʌɾk/ | |
| 牛 | ox | *sjo | /*sjo/ | |
| 虎 | tiger | *pəm | /*pəm/ | |
| 龍 | dragon | *mir | /*miɾ/ | |
| 犬 | dog | *kahi | /*kahi/ | |
| 鳥 | bird | *say | /*saj/ | |
| 魚 | fish | *koki | /*koki/ | |
| 頭 | head | *məri | /*məɾi/ | |
| 目 | eye | *nun | /*nun/ | |
| 耳 | ear | *kuy | /*kuj/ | |
| 口 | mouth | *ip | /*ip/ | |
| 心 | heart | *mʌzʌm | /*mʌzʌm/ | |
| 手 | hand | *son | /*son/ | |
| 足 | foot | *par | /*paɾ/ | |
| 血 | blood | *pih | /*pih/ | |
| 肉 | meat | *salh | /*salh/ | |
| 人 | person | *salʌm | /*salʌm/ | |
| 行 | go | *ka- | /*ka-/ | |
| 行 | row | *hʌ- | /*hʌ-/ | |
| 来 | come | *o- | /*o-/ | |
| 去 | leave | *ka- | /*ka-/ | |
| 走 | run | *tʌt- | /*tʌt-/ | |
| 坐 | sit | *anc- | /*ants-/ | |
| 立 | stand | *se- | /*se-/ | |
| 見 | see | *po- | /*po-/ | |
| 聞 | hear | *tɨr- | /*tɨɾ-/ | |
| 食 | eat | *mək- | /*mək-/ | |
| 飲 | drink | *mas- | /*mas-/ | |
| 上 | up | *uh | /*uh/ | |
| 下 | down | *arʌy | /*aɾʌj/ | |
| 左 | left | *oyn | /*ojn/ | |
| 右 | right | *parʌn | /*paɾʌn/ | |
| 中 | middle | *kawɨn | /*kawɨn/ | |
| 中 | hit | *mac- | /*mats-/ |
Sources
- Vovin 2010
- Whitman 2012
- Ko 2018
Han readings compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Koreanic (proto)
| Character | Proto-Koreanic | Korean Hanja-hun | Proto-Japonic | Proto-Tungusic | Proto-Mongolic | Proto-Hmong-Mien | Proto-Sino-Tibetan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | *hʌtan /*hʌtan/ | han /han/ | *pitə-tu /*pitə-tu/ | *əmun /*əmun/ | *nigen /*niɡen/ | *ʔɨ /*ʔɨ/ | *dyiək /*dyiək/ |
| 二 | *tupɨr /*tupɨɾ/ | du /tu/ | *puta /*puta/ | *dʒuər /*dʒuər/ | *qoyar /*qojar/ | *ʔu̯i /*ʔu̯i/ | *nĭy /*nĭy/ |
| 三 | *seki /*seki/ | se /se/ | *mi /*mi/ | *ilan /*ilan/ | *gurba(n) /*ɡurban/ | *pjɔu /*pjɔu/ | *sɨm /*sɨm/ |
| 四 | *neki /*neki/ | ne /nɛ/ | *jə /*jə/ | *dügin /*dyɡin/ | *dörbe(n) /*dœrben/ | *plei /*plei/ | *lĭy /*lĭy/ |
| 五 | *tasəs /*tasəs/ | daseot /tasʌt̚/ | *itu /*itu/ | *tuɲga /*tuɲɡa/ | *tabu(n) /*tabun/ | *prja /*prja/ | *ŋāH /*ŋāH/ |
| 六 | *jəsəs /*jəsəs/ | yeoseot /jʌsʌt̚/ | *mu /*mu/ | *ɲuŋun /*ɲuŋun/ | *jirguɣa(n) /*dʒirɣuɣan/ | *kruk /*kruk/ | *rŭk /*rŭk/ |
| 七 | *nirkup /*niɾkup/ | ilgop /ilɡop̚/ | *nana /*nana/ | *nadan /*nadan/ | *doluɣa(n) /*doluɣan/ | *djuŋH /*djuŋH/ | *(s-)nĭt /*(s-)nĭt/ |
| 八 | *jətərp /*jətəɾp/ | yeodeol /jʌdʌl/ | *ja /*ja/ | *dʒapkun /*dʒapkun/ | *nayima(n) /*najiman/ | *jat /*jat/ | *ryēt /*ryēt/ |
| 九 | *ahop /*ahop/ | ahop /ahop̚/ | *kəkənə /*kəkənə/ | *xəgün /*xəɡyn/ | *yersü(n) /*jersyn/ | *N-ɟuə̯X /*N-ɟuə̯X/ | *kwɨH /*kwɨH/ |
| 十 | *jer /*jeɾ/ | yeol /jʌl/ | *təwə /*təwə/ | *dʒuwan /*dʒuwan/ | *harba(n) /*harban/ | *gju̯əpD /*gju̯əpD/ | *k(ʰ)ĭp /*k(ʰ)ĭp/ |
| 天 | *hanʌr /*hanʌɾ/ | haneul /hanɯl/ | *ama /*ama/ | *abka /*abka/ | *teŋri /*teŋri/ | — | — |
| 地 | *tʌh /*tʌh/ | ttang /t͈aŋ/ | — | *na /*na/ | *gajar /*ɡadʒar/ | — | *ƛăy /*ƛăy/ |
| 日 | *hʌy /*hʌj/ | nal /nal/ | *pi /*pi/ | *siun /*siun/ | *naran /*naran/ | *hnu̯ɔiA /*hnu̯ɔiA/ | *nĭy /*nĭy/ |
| 月 | *tʌr /*tʌɾ/ | dal /tal/ | *tukuy /*tukui/ | *bēga /*beːɡa/ | *sara(n) /*saran/ | *hlaH /*hlaH/ | *(s-)lăH /*(s-)lăH/ |
| 山 | *moy /*moj/ | me /me/ | *jama /*jama/ | *xada /*xada/ | *agula /*aɣula/ | — | *kaŋ /*kaŋ/ |
| 海 | *parʌr /*paɾʌɾ/ | bada /pada/ | *umi /*umi/ | *lāmu /*laːmu/ | *dalai /*dalaj/ | — | — |
| 水 | *mɨr /*mɨɾ/ | mul /mul/ | *mintu /*mintu/ | *mū /*muː/ | *usu(n) /*usun/ | *ʔu̯əm /*ʔu̯əm/ | *tujʔ /*tujʔ/ |
| 火 | *pɨr /*pɨɾ/ | bul /pul/ | *poy /*poi/ | *tōga /*toːɡa/ | *gal /*ɡal/ | *douX /*douX/ | *məj /*məj/ |
| 木 | *namk /*namk/ | namu /namu/ | *kəy /*kəi/ | *mō /*moː/ | *modu(n) /*modun/ | *ntju̯əŋH /*ntju̯əŋH/ | *sĭŋ /*sĭŋ/ |
| 土 | *hʌrk /*hʌɾk/ | heuk /hɯk̚/ | *tuti /*tuti/ | *na /*na/ | *sirui /*siruj/ | *N-təu /*N-təu/ | *ƛăy /*ƛăy/ |
| 牛 | *sjo /*sjo/ | so /so/ | *usi /*usi/ | *xuker /*xuker/ | *hüker /*hyker/ | — | *ŋwə /*ŋwə/ |
| 虎 | *pəm /*pəm/ | beom /pʌm/ | — | — | — | *tsjɔB /*tsjɔB/ | — |
| 龍 | *mir /*miɾ/ | mireu /miɾɯ/ | — | *muduri /*muduri/ | — | *-roŋ /*-roŋ/ | — |
| 犬 | *kahi /*kahi/ | gae /kɛ/ | *enu /*enu/ | *ŋinda /*ŋinda/ | *noxai /*noxaj/ | *qluwX /*qluwX/ | — |
| 鳥 | *say /*saj/ | sae /sɛ/ | *təri /*təri/ | *gasa /*ɡasa/ | *sibawun /*sibaʊn/ | *m-nɔk /*m-nɔk/ | *waʔ /*waʔ/ |
| 魚 | *koki /*koki/ | mulgogi /mulɡoɡi/ | *iwo /*iwo/ | *nimaka /*nimaka/ | *jigasu(n) /*dʒiɣasun/ | *mbrəuX /*mbrəuX/ | *s-ŋja /*s-ŋja/ |
| 頭 | *məri /*məɾi/ | meori /mʌɾi/ | *kasira /*kasira/ | *dil /*dil/ | *terixün /*terixyn/ | *S-phreiX /*S-phreiX/ | *tV-pu /*tV-pu/ |
| 目 | *nun /*nun/ | nun /nun/ | *ma /*ma/ | *jāsa /*jaːsa/ | *nidün /*nidyn/ | *mu̯ɛjH /*mu̯ɛjH/ | *mjək /*mjək/ |
| 耳 | *kuy /*kuj/ | gwi /kwi/ | *mimi /*mimi/ | *sēn /*seːn/ | *cikin /*tʃikin/ | *mbræu /*mbræu/ | *r-nəʔ /*r-nəʔ/ |
| 口 | *ip /*ip/ | ip /ip̚/ | *kutuy /*kutui/ | *amŋa /*amŋa/ | *aman /*aman/ | *ɲɟuj /*ɲɟuj/ | *mur /*mur/ |
| 心 | *mʌzʌm /*mʌzʌm/ | maeum /maɯm/ | *kəkərə /*kəkərə/ | *mēwan /*meːwan/ | *jirüken /*dʒiryken/ | — | *səm /*səm/ |
| 手 | *son /*son/ | son /son/ | *ta /*ta/ | *ŋāla /*ŋaːla/ | *gar /*ɡar/ | *-bɔuX /*-bɔuX/ | *tV-lak /*tV-lak/ |
| 足 | *par /*paɾ/ | bal /pal/ | *asi /*asi/ | *bəgdi /*bəɡdi/ | *köl /*kœl/ | — | — |
| 血 | *pih /*pih/ | pi /pi/ | *ti /*ti/ | *sēksə /*seːksə/ | *cisu(n) /*tʃisun/ | *ntshjamX /*ntshjamX/ | *swiʔ /*swiʔ/ |
| 肉 | *salh /*salh/ | sal /sal/ | *sisi /*sisi/ | *uldʒə /*uldʒə/ | *mika(n) /*mikan/ | *NGej /*NGej/ | — |
| 人 | *salʌm /*salʌm/ | saram /saɾam/ | *pitə /*pitə/ | *niama /*niama/ | *kümün /*kymyn/ | *lan /*ʔja/ | *mĭ /*mĭ/ |
| 行 | *ka- /*ka-/ | danil /tanil/ | *ik- /*ik-/ | *jabu- /*jabu-/ | *yabu- /*jabu-/ | *n-mʉŋ(X) /*n-mʉŋ(X)/ | — |
| 行 | *hʌ- /*hʌ-/ | hangnyeol /haŋnjʌl/ | *okonap- /*okonap-/ | *ŋənə- /*ŋənə-/ | *yabu- /*jabu-/ | — | — |
| 来 | *o- /*o-/ | ol /ol/ | *kə- /*kə-/ | *əmə- /*əmə-/ | *ire- /*ire-/ | *daj /*daj/ | — |
| 去 | *ka- /*ka-/ | gal /kal/ | — | *ŋənə- /*ŋənə-/ | *od- /*od-/ | — | — |
| 走 | *tʌt- /*tʌt-/ | dallil /tallil/ | *pasir- /*pasir-/ | *tuksa- /*tuksa-/ | *güyü- /*ɡyjy-/ | — | — |
| 坐 | *anc- /*ants-/ | anjeul /andʑɯl/ | *wo- /*wo-/ | *təgə- /*təɡə-/ | *saxu- /*saxu-/ | — | *tūŋ /*tūŋ/ |
| 立 | *se- /*se-/ | seol /sʌl/ | *tat- /*tat-/ | *ili- /*ili-/ | *bos- /*bos-/ | — | *g-ryəp /*ryəp/ |
| 見 | *po- /*po-/ | bol /pol/ | *mi- /*mi-/ | *ičə- /*itʃə-/ | *üje- /*ydʒe-/ | *bu̯ət /*bu̯ət/ | *ken /*ken/ |
| 聞 | *tɨr- /*tɨɾ-/ | deureul /tɯɾɯl/ | *kik- /*kik-/ | *dōldi- /*doːldi-/ | *sonos- /*sonos-/ | *hnəumX /*hnəumX/ | — |
| 食 | *mək- /*mək-/ | meogeul /mʌɡɯl/ | *kup- /*kup-/ | *dʒəp- /*dʒəp-/ | *ide- /*ide-/ | — | *ʒʰa /*ʒʰa/ |
| 飲 | *mas- /*mas-/ | masil /maɕil/ | *nəm- /*nəm-/ | *umī- /*umiː-/ | *uxu- /*uxu-/ | — | *dʰɨn /*dʰɨn/ |
| 上 | *uh /*uh/ | wi /wi/ | *upəy /*upəi/ | *ugi /*uɡi/ | *degere /*deɡere/ | — | — |
| 下 | *arʌy /*aɾʌj/ | arae /aɾɛ/ | *sita /*sita/ | *xərgi /*xərɡi/ | *doxora /*doxora/ | — | — |
| 左 | *oyn /*ojn/ | oen /wen/ | *pintari /*pintari/ | *dʒəgün /*dʒəɡyn/ | *jegün /*dʒeɡyn/ | — | — |
| 右 | *parʌn /*paɾʌn/ | oreun /oɾɯn/ | *minkiri /*minkiri/ | *aŋān /*aŋaːn/ | *baragun /*baraɣun/ | — | — |
| 中 | *kawɨn /*kawɨn/ | gaunde /kaundɛ/ | *naka /*naka/ | *dulin /*dulin/ | *dumda /*dumda/ | *ntroŋ /*ntroŋ/ | — |
| 中 | *mac- /*mats-/ | majeul /madʑɯl/ | *atar- /*atar-/ | *dulin /*dulin/ | *dumda /*dumda/ | — | — |
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