ꡏꡡꡃ ꡣꡟꡓ ꡒꡜ ꡓꡦꡋ

Phags-pa Chinese

Sinitic > Mandarin (Yuan official)

FamilySinitic > Mandarin (Yuan official) Speakers文字体系 / 話者数該当なし RegionYuan dynasty (China + Mongol empire) RomanizationPhags-pa script (Coblin transliteration) ReadingYuan official Chinese in Phags-pa

Phags-pa script readings of Chinese characters as recorded in 蒙古字韻 (Měnggǔ Zìyùn, c. 1308), the principal surviving Phags-pa Chinese rime dictionary. The Phags-pa script (designed in 1269 by the Tibetan Sakya lama Drogön Chögyal Phagpa at Kublai Khan's order) was the official 'state script' of the Yuan dynasty (1269–1370), used to write Mongolian, Chinese, Tibetan, and Sanskrit in a single phonetic alphabet. For Chinese, it transliterates Early Mandarin / Old Mandarin phonology with explicit consonant+vowel structure, providing one of the most important pre-modern phonetic records of Chinese — earlier than Zhōngyuán Yīnyùn (1324) and showing the late-Yuan reorganization of the 36 traditional initials. Transliteration here follows Coblin (2007) 'A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese'.

Where it is spoken

Han character readings in Phags-pa Chinese

Character Meaning Reading Form IPA
一 one ꡗꡞyi /ʔi/
二 two ꡔꡞži /ʐi/
三 three ꡛꡏsam /sam/
四 four ꡛꡜꡞshi /sɨ/
五 five ꡟu /wu/
六 six ꡙꡦꡟlėu /lɥu/
七 seven ꡑꡞtsʻi /tsʰi/
八 eight ꡎba /pa/
九 nine ꡂꡞꡓgiw /kiw/
十 ten ꡚꡞši /ʐi/
天 sky ꡉꡠꡋtʻen /tʰjɛn/
地 ground ꡈꡞti /di/
日 sun ꡔꡞži /ʐi/
月 moon ꡝꡧꡦʼwė /wɥɛ/
山 mountain ꡮꡋśan /ʂan/
海 sea ꡜꡭhaẏ /xaj/
水 water ꡮꡟꡠśue /ʂwi/
火 fire ꡜꡧꡡhwo /xwɔ/
木 tree ꡏꡟmu /mu/
土 soil ꡉꡟtʻu /tʰu/
石 stone ꡚꡞši /ʐi/
鐵 iron ꡉꡦtʻė /tʰjɛ/
雨 rain ꡝꡦꡟʼėu /wɥu/
雪 snow ꡛꡧꡦswė /sɥɛ/
牛 ox ꡃꡞꡓŋiw /ŋiw/
虎 tiger ꡜꡟhu /xu/
龍 dragon ꡙꡦꡟꡃlėuŋ /lyŋ/
蛇 snake ꡄꡠče /dʐjɛ/
馬 horse ꡏma /ma/
羊 sheep ꡭꡃẏaŋ /jaŋ/
雞 chicken ꡂꡦꡞgėi /ki/
犬 dog ꡁꡧꡦꡋkʻwėn /kʰɥɛn/
豬 pig ꡆꡦꡟǰėu /tʂɥu/
貓 cat ꡏꡠꡓmew /mjɛw/
鳥 bird ꡊꡦꡓdėw /tjɛw/
魚 fish ꡝꡦꡟʼėu /wɥu/
頭 head ꡈꡜꡞꡓthiw /dɨw/
目 eye ꡓꡟwu /wu/
耳 ear ꡔꡞži /ʐi/
鼻 nose ꡌꡞpi /bi/
口 mouth ꡁꡜꡞꡓkʻhiw /kʰɨw/
牙 tooth ꡭẏa /ja/
心 heart ꡛꡞꡏsim /sim/
手 hand ꡮꡞꡓśiw /ʂiw/
足 foot ꡒꡦꡟdzėu /tsɥu/
血 blood ꡜꡧꡦhwė /xɥɛ/
肉 meat ꡔꡦꡟžėu /ʐɥu/
人 person ꡔꡞꡋžin /ʐin/
女 woman ꡇꡦꡟñėu /nɥu/
兒 child ꡔꡞži /ʐi/
家 home, family ꡂꡨgya /kja/
門 door, gate ꡏꡟꡋmun /mun/
飯 cooked rice, meal ꡤꡋfan /van/
茶 tea ꡄča /dʐa/
錢 money ꡐꡠꡋtsen /dzjɛn/
年 year ꡋꡠꡋnen /njɛn/
生 live, be born ꡮꡜꡞꡃśhiŋ /ʂɨŋ/
死 die ꡛꡜꡞshi /sɨ/
行 go ꡯꡦꡞꡃɦėiŋ /ɣiŋ/
行 row ꡣꡃɣaŋ /ɣaŋ/
来 come ꡙꡭlaẏ /laj/
去 leave ꡁꡦꡟkʻėu /kʰɥu/
走 run ꡒꡜꡞꡓdzhiw /tsɨw/
飛 fly ꡰꡞfʻi /fi/
坐 sit ꡐꡧꡡtswo /dzwɔ/
立 stand ꡙꡞli /li/
見 see ꡂꡦꡋgėn /kjɛn/
聞 hear ꡓꡟꡋwun /wun/
知 know ꡆꡞǰi /tʂi/
食 eat ꡄꡞči /dʐi/
飲 drink ꡖꡞꡏʔim /ʔim/
白 white ꡌꡭpaẏ /baj/
黑 black ꡜꡞꡭhiẏ /xɨj/
紅 red ꡣꡟꡃɣuŋ /ɣuŋ/
黃 yellow ꡣꡡꡃɣoŋ /ɣwaŋ/
青 blue-green ꡑꡞꡃtsʻiŋ /tsʰiŋ/
綠 green ꡙꡦꡟlėu /lɥu/
灰 grey; ash ꡜꡟꡠhue /xwi/
大 big ꡈꡡto /dɔ/
小 small ꡛꡦꡓsėw /sjɛw/
多 many, much ꡊꡡdo /tɔ/
長 long ꡄꡃčaŋ /dʐjaŋ/
長 grow; elder ꡆꡃǰaŋ /tʂjaŋ/
老 old ꡙꡓlaw /law/
遠 far ꡝꡧꡦꡋʼwėn /wɥɔn/
熱 hot ꡔꡦžė /ʐjɛ/
冷 cold ꡙꡜꡞꡃlhiŋ /lɨŋ/
香 fragrant ꡜꡦꡃhėŋ /xjaŋ/
上 up ꡚꡃšaŋ /ʐjaŋ/
下 down ꡯꡨɦya /ɣja/
左 left ꡒꡡdzo /tsɔ/
右 right ꡃꡞꡓŋiw /ŋiw/
中 middle ꡆꡟꡃǰuŋ /tʂyŋ/
中 hit ꡆꡟꡃǰuŋ /tʂyŋ/
央 center ꡖꡦꡃʔėŋ /ʔjaŋ/
東 east ꡊꡟꡃduŋ /tuŋ/
西 west ꡛꡞsi /si/
南 south ꡋꡏnam /nam/
北 north ꡎꡟꡠbue /pwi/
我 I, me ꡃꡡŋo /ŋɔ/
你 you ꡇꡞñi /ni/
有 have; there is ꡃꡞꡓŋiw /ŋiw/
無 not have, without ꡓꡟwu /wu/
不 not ꡎꡟbu /pu/
個 piece (classifier) ꡂꡡgo /kɔ/

Sources

Han readings compared

Compared with languages in the same classification: Sinitic > Mandarin (Yuan official)

Character Phags-pa ChineseNorth KoreanKoreanOld Japanese Go-onYuan MandarinLate Middle KoreanDungan
一 yi /ʔi/ il /il/ il /il/ iti /iti/ i3 /i˨˩˦/ ·qilq /ʔilʔ˥/ yi¹ /ji˦/
二 ži /ʐi/ i /i/ i /i/ ni /ɲi/ ʐï4 /ʐʅ˥˩/ ·zi /zi˥/ er³ /ɚ˥˩/
三 sam /sam/ sam /sam/ sam /sam/ sam /sam/ sam1 /sam˥/ sam /sam˩/ san¹ /san˦/
四 shi /sɨ/ sa /sa/ sa /sa/ si /ɕi/ sï4 /sɿ˥˩/ ·sʌ /sʌ˥/ sy³ /sɨ˥˩/
五 u /wu/ o /o/ o /o/ go /ŋo/ u3 /u˨˩˦/ :ngwo /ŋo˩˥/ u² /u˨˦/
六 lėu /lɥu/ ryuk /ɾjuk̚/ yuk /juk̚/ roku /roku/ lieu4 /liəu˥˩/ ·lyuk /ljuk̚˥/ lyu³ /lju˥˩/
七 tsʻi /tsʰi/ ch'il /tsʰil/ chil /tɕʰil/ siti /ɕiti/ tshi3 /tsʰi˨˩˦/ ·chilq /tsʰilʔ˥/ chi¹ /tɕʰi˦/
八 ba /pa/ p'al /pʰal/ pal /pʰal/ pati /pati/ pa3 /pa˨˩˦/ ·palq /palʔ˥/ ba¹ /pa˦/
九 giw /kiw/ ku /ku/ gu /ku/ kiu /kiu/ kieu3 /kiəu˨˩˦/ :kwu /ku˩˥/ jyu² /tɕju˨˦/
十 ši /ʐi/ sip /ɕip̚/ sip /ɕip̚/ zipu /ʑipu/ ʂï2 /ʂʅ˧˥/ ·ssip /s͈ip̚˥/ shy² /ʂɨ˨˦/
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