âm Cổ Hán Việt
Sinovietnam cha Kale
Vietnamese > Sino-Vietnamese (pre-Tang stratum)
Sino-Kivietinamu cha Kale (Cổ Hán Việt) ni safu ya zamani zaidi ya mikopo ya Kichina iliyoingia Kivietinamu wakati na mara baada ya uvamizi wa Han (kuanzia 111 KK), kabla ya mikopo ya kimfumo ya enzi ya Tang inayounda safu ya kawaida ya Hán-Việt. Inaakisi fonolojia ya mwisho wa Han hadi Kichina cha Kati cha mapema na inajumuisha takriban maneno 400 yaliyounganishwa kabisa kiasi kwamba wazungumzaji hawaoni kuwa ya kigeni. Eneo la msamiati wa msingi ni dhaifu: ni mikopo maalum ya kitamaduni, ya vifaa, na ya wanyama tu inayoshiriki katika safu hii.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Usomaji wa herufi za Han katika Sinovietnam cha Kale
| Herufi | Maana | Usomaji | Umbo | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 二 | two | nhì | /ɲi˨˩/ | |
| 四 | four | tư | /tɨ˧˧/ | |
| 龍 | dragon | rồng | /ʐawŋ͡m˨˩ < *bləwŋ/ | |
| 馬 | horse | ngựa | /ŋɨə˧ˀ˨ʔ < *ŋraːʔ/ | |
| 貓 | cat | mèo | /mɛw˨˩/ | |
| 頭 | head | đầu | /ɗəw˨˩ < *dô/ | |
| 牙 | tooth | ngà | /ŋaː˨˩/ | |
| 心 | heart | tim | /tim˧˧/ | |
| 血 | blood | tiết | /tiət˧˥/ | |
| 茶 | tea | chè | /cɛ˨˩/ | |
| 白 | white | bạc | /ɓaːk˧ˀ˨ʔ/ | |
| 黃 | yellow | vàng | /vaːŋ˨˩/ | |
| 冷 | cold | lạnh | /laɲ˧ˀ˨ʔ/ | |
| 北 | north | bấc | /ɓək˧˥/ |
Vyanzo
- Alves M. 2009 'Loanwords in Vietnamese'
- Phan J. 2013 'Lacquered Words: The Evolution of Vietnamese under Sinitic Influences'
- Hashimoto M. 1978 '古代漢越語'
- Wikipedia: Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary
Ulinganishaji wa usomaji wa Han
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Vietnamese > Sino-Vietnamese (pre-Tang stratum)
| Herufi | Sinovietnam cha Kale | Kivietinamu cha Chữ Nôm | Kivietinamu | Kivietinamu cha Kusini | Kivietinamu cha Kati | Kiyue cha Huazhou | Kihainan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 二 | nhì /ɲi˨˩/ | hai /haːj˧˧/ | Nhị /ɲi˧ˀ˨ʔ/ | Nhị /ɲi˨˩˨/ | Nhị /ɲi˧˩/ | nyi6 /ȵi˨˩/ | zi1 /zi˨˧/ |
| 四 | tư /tɨ˧˧/ | bốn /ɓon˧˥/ | Tứ /tɨ˧˥/ | Tứ /tɨ˧˥/ | Tứ /tɨ˨˦/ | slei3 /ɬɛj˧˧/ | ti5 /ti˧˥/ |
| 龍 | rồng /ʐawŋ͡m˨˩ < *bləwŋ/ | rồng /zawŋ͡m˨˩/ | Long /lawŋ͡m˧˧/ | Long /lawŋ͡m˧˧/ | Long /lawŋ͡m˥˥/ | lung4 /luŋʷ˨˩˦/ | 白讀liaŋ2 /liaŋ˧˩/文讀loŋ2 /loŋ˧˩/ |
| 馬 | ngựa /ŋɨə˧ˀ˨ʔ < *ŋraːʔ/ | ngựa /ŋɨə˧ˀ˨ʔ/ | Mã /maː˧ˀ˥/ | Mã /maː˨˩˦/ | Mã /maː˧˩˨/ | maa5 /maː˨˩˦/ | 白讀vɛ3 /vɛ˨˩˧/文讀ma3 /ma˨˩˧/ |
| 貓 | mèo /mɛw˨˩/ | mèo /mɛw˨˩/ | Miêu /miəw˧˧/ | Miêu /miw˧˧/ | Miêu /miəw˥˥/ | meu1 /me̯ɛw˥˨/ | niau5 /niau˧˥/ |
| 頭 | đầu /ɗəw˨˩ < *dô/ | đầu /ɗəw˨˩/ | Đầu /ɗəw˨˩/ | Đầu /ɗəw˨˩/ | Đầu /ɗəw˦˨/ | — | hau2 /hau˧˩/ |
| 牙 | ngà /ŋaː˨˩/ | răng /zaŋ˧˧/ | Nha /ɲaː˧˧/ | Nha /ɲaː˧˧/ | Nha /ɲaː˥˥/ | ngaa4 /ŋaː˨˩˦/ | 白讀ŋɛ2 /ŋɛ˧˩/文讀za2 /za˧˩/ |
| 心 | tim /tim˧˧/ | tim /tim˧˧/ | Tâm /təm˧˧/ | Tâm /təm˧˧/ | Tâm /təm˥˥/ | — | tim1 /tim˨˧/ |
| 血 | tiết /tiət˧˥/ | máu /maːw˧˥/ | Huyết /hwiət˧˥/ | Huyết /wiək˧˥/ | Huyết /hwiək˧˦/ | fit3 /fɪt̚˧˧/ | hue9 /hue˥˥/ |
| 茶 | chè /cɛ˨˩/ | chè /cɛ˨˩/ | Trà /tʂaː˨˩/ | Trà /ʈaː˨˩/ | Trà /ʈaː˦˨/ | caa4 /tsʰaː˨˩˦/ | ɗɛ2 /ɗɛ˧˩/ |
| 白 | bạc /ɓaːk˧ˀ˨ʔ/ | trắng /tʂaŋ˧˥/ | Bạch /ɓac˧ˀ˨ʔ/ | Bạch /ɓat˨˩/ | Bạch /ɓat˧˩/ | bak6 /ɓak̚˨˨/ | 白讀ɓɛ6 /ɓɛ˧˧/文讀ɓɔk7 /ɓɔk̚˥/ |
| 黃 | vàng /vaːŋ˨˩/ | vàng /vaːŋ˨˩/ | Hoàng /hwaːŋ˨˩/ | Hoàng /waːŋ˨˩/ | Hoàng /hwaːŋ˦˨/ | wuong4 /ʋu̯ɔŋʷ˨˩˦/ | 白讀ui2 /ui˧˩/文讀huaŋ2 /huaŋ˧˩/ |
| 冷 | lạnh /laɲ˧ˀ˨ʔ/ | lạnh /laɲ˧ˀ˨ʔ/ | Lãnh /laɲ˧ˀ˥/ | Lãnh /lan˨˩˦/ | Lãnh /lan˧˩˨/ | laang5 /laːŋ˨˩˦/ | 白讀lɛ3 /lɛ˨˩˧/文讀leŋ3 /leŋ˨˩˧/ |
| 北 | bấc /ɓək˧˥/ | — | Bắc /ɓak˧˥/ | Bắc /ɓak˧˥/ | Bắc /ɓak˧˦/ | bak1 /ɓɐk̚˥/ | ɓak7 /ɓak̚˥/ |
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