ᠰᡞᠪᡝ ᡤᡞᠰᡠᠨ
Sibé
Tungusic > Southern Tungusic > Manchu-Sibe
O sibe (錫伯語) é uma língua tungusa falada por cerca de 25 000–30 000 pessoas, principalmente no condado autónomo sibe de Qapqal, em Xinjiang, descendentes dos bandeireiros sibe transferidos da Manchúria em 1764. É o descendente vivo direto do manchu literário, com um léxico herdado praticamente intacto, mas com notável divergência fonológica: o manchu *ki, *ke, *gi, *ge palatalizam-se em /tɕ, dʑ/ após vogal (muke 'água' → /mutɕə/, wargi 'oeste' → /wartɕi/), o inventário vocálico passa de seis a oito (com a adição de /y, œ/), e as fricativas intervocálicas sonorizam-se ([s]→[z], [x]→[ɣ]/[ʁ]). O sufixo verbal imperfetivo -mbi reduz-se frequentemente a -m no oral. A grafia ainda é o manchu acrescido de duas letras; em Qapqal mantêm-se a escolaridade primária em sibe e o jornal Cabcal Serkin — uma das pouquíssimas línguas tungusas com transmissão intergeracional ativa.
Onde é falada
Leituras de caracteres han em sibé
| Caractere | Significado | Leitura | Forma | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | one | ᠡᠮᡠemu | /əmu/ | |
| 二 | two | ᠵᡠᠸᡝjuwe | /dʑuwə/ | |
| 三 | three | ᡳᠯᠠᠨilan | /ilan/ | |
| 四 | four | ᡩᡠᡳᠨduin | /duin/ | |
| 五 | five | ᠰᡠᠨᠵᠠsunja | /sundʑa/ | |
| 六 | six | ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡠᠨninggun | /niŋɢun/ | |
| 七 | seven | ᠨᠠᡩᠠᠨnadan | /nadan/ | |
| 八 | eight | ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨjakūn | /dʑakɯn/ | |
| 九 | nine | ᡠᠶᡠᠨuyun | /ujun/ | |
| 十 | ten | ᠵᡠᠸᠠᠨjuwan | /dʑuwan/ | |
| 天 | sky | ᠠᠪᡴᠠabka | /apka/ | |
| 地 | ground | ᠨᠠna | /na/ | |
| 日 | sun | ᡧᡠᠨšun | /ɕun/ | |
| 月 | moon | ᠪᡳᠶᠠbiya | /bija/ | |
| 山 | mountain | ᠠᠯᡳᠨalin | /alin/ | |
| 海 | sea | ᠮᡝᡩᡝᡵᡳmederi | /mədəri/ | |
| 水 | water | ᠮᡠᡴᡝmuke | /mutɕə/ | |
| 火 | fire | ᡨᡠᠸᠠtuwa | /tuwa/ | |
| 木 | tree | ᠮᠣᠣmoo | /mɔː/ | |
| 土 | soil | ᠪᠣᡳᡥᠣᠨboihon | /bɔiʁɔn/ | |
| 牛 | ox | ᡳᡥᠠᠨihan | /iʁan/ | |
| 虎 | tiger | ᡨᠠᡧᠠtasha | /taɕa/ | |
| 龍 | dragon | ᠮᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳmuduri | /muduri/ | |
| 蛇 | snake | ᠮᡝᡳᡥᡝmeihe | /məix/ | |
| 馬 | horse | ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨmorin | /mɔrin/ | |
| 羊 | sheep | ᡥᠣᠨᡳᠨhonin | /χɔnin/ | |
| 犬 | dog | ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨindahūn | /indaʁun/ | |
| 貓 | cat | ᡴᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝkesike | /kəsitɕə/ | |
| 鳥 | bird | ᡤᠠᡧᠠgasha | /ɢaɕa/ | |
| 魚 | fish | ᠨᡳᠮᠠᡥᠠnimaha | /nimaʁa/ | |
| 頭 | head | ᡠᠵᡠuju | /udʑu/ | |
| 目 | eye | ᠶᠠᠰᠠyasa | /jaza/ | |
| 耳 | ear | ᡧᠠᠨšan | /ɕan/ | |
| 口 | mouth | ᠠᠩᡤᠠangga | /aŋɢa/ | |
| 心 | heart | ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨniyaman | /ɲaman/ | |
| 手 | hand | ᡤᠠᠯᠠgala | /ɢala/ | |
| 足 | foot | ᠪᡝᡨᡥᡝbethe | /bətxə/ | |
| 血 | blood | ᠰᡝᠩᡤᡳsenggi | /səŋɣi/ | |
| 肉 | meat | ᠶᠠᠯᡳyali | /jali/ | |
| 人 | person | ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠniyalma | /ɲalma/ | |
| 年 | year | ᠠᠨᡳᠶᠠaniya | /anʲ/ | |
| 行 | go | ᠶᠠᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳyabumbi | /jawum/ | |
| 行 | row | ᡶᠠᡳᡩᠠᠨfaidan | /faidan/ | |
| 来 | come | ᠵᡳᠮᠪᡳjimbi | /dʑim/ | |
| 去 | leave | ᡤᡝᠨᡝᠮᠪᡳgenembi | /ɡənəm/ | |
| 走 | run | ᠰᡠᠵᡠᠮᠪᡳsujumbi | /sudʑum/ | |
| 坐 | sit | ᡨᡝᠮᠪᡳtembi | /təm/ | |
| 立 | stand | ᡳᠯᡳᠮᠪᡳilimbi | /ilim/ | |
| 見 | see | ᠰᠠᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳsabumbi | /sabum/ | |
| 聞 | hear | ᡩᠣᠨᠵᡳᠮᠪᡳdonjimbi | /dɔndʑim/ | |
| 食 | eat | ᠵᡝᠮᠪᡳjembi | /dʑəm/ | |
| 飲 | drink | ᠣᠮᡳᠮᠪᡳomimbi | /ɔmim/ | |
| 長 | long | ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨgolmin | /ɢɔlmin/ | |
| 上 | up | ᡩᡝᠯᡝdele | /dələ/ | |
| 下 | down | ᡶᡝᠵᡳᠯᡝfejile | /fədʑilə/ | |
| 左 | left | ᡥᠠᡧᡡhashū | /χaɕu/ | |
| 右 | right | ᡳᠴᡳici | /itɕi/ | |
| 中 | middle | ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠdulimba | /dulimba/ | |
| 中 | hit | ᡤᠣᡳᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳgoibumbi | /ɢɔibum/ | |
| 央 | center | ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳdulimbai | /dulimbai/ | |
| 東 | east | ᡩᡝᡵᡤᡳdergi | /dərɡi/ | |
| 西 | west | ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳwargi | /warɡi/ | |
| 南 | south | ᠵᡠᠯᡝᡵᡤᡳjulergi | /dʑulərɡi/ | |
| 北 | north | ᠠᠮᠠᡵᡤᡳamargi | /amarɡi/ |
Fontes
- Wikipedia — Xibe language
- Jerry Norman, A Concise Manchu-English Lexicon (1978) — base lexicon inherited by Sibe
- An Jun & Zhao Zhizhong, 锡伯语口语研究 (Studies in Spoken Sibe), Ürümqi 2004 — phonology and *ki→tɕi shift
Palavras comparadas
Comparação com línguas da mesma classificação: família tungúsica (ramo manchu-nanai, manchu — irmã/dialeto do manchu)
| Significado | Sibé | Manchu | Jurchen | Nanai | Prototungúsico | Orochone | Udege |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Água | ᠮᡠᡣᡝ /mukʰu/ | ᠮᡠᡴᡝ /mukə/ | muke /muke/ | муэ /muə/ | *mū /mū/ | muu /muu/ | ули /uli/ |
| Fogo | ᡨᡠᠸᠠ /tʰuɑ/ | ᡨᡠᠸᠠ /tuwa/ | to /to/ | тава /tava/ | *tawa /tawa/ | tɔɣɔ /tɔɣɔ/ | то̄ /toː/ |
| Sol | ᡧᡠᠨ /sun/ | ᡧᡠᠨ /ʃun/ | še'un /ʃeun/ | сиун /siun/ | *sigūn /sigūn/ | dɪlatʃa /dɪlatʃa/ | сӯ /suː/ |
| Lua | ᠪᡳᠶᠠ /biɑ/ | ᠪᡳᠶᠠ /bija/ | bia /bia/ | биа /bia/ | *bēga /bēga/ | bɛga /bɛɡa/ | биа /bia/ |
| Estrela | ᡠᠰᡳᡥᠠ /usxɑ/ | ᡠᠰᡳᡥᠠ /usiˈχa/ | ušiha /uʃixa/ | хосикта /xosikta/ | *xōsikta /xoːsikta/ | ɔʃɪkta /ɔʃɪkta/ | ваикта /ˈwaikta/ |
| Noite | ᡩᠣᠪᠣᡵᡳ /dœviri/ | ᡩᠣᠪᠣᡵᡳ /dobori/ | dobori /dobori/ | долбо /dolbo/ | *dolbo /dolbo/ | dɔlbɔ /dɔlbɔ/ | догбо /doɡbo/ |
| Chuva | ᠠᡤᠠ /ɑɣɑ/ | ᠠᡤᠠ /aɡa/ | agu /aɡu/ | тугдэ /tuɡdə/ | *tigde /tiɡde/ | tigdə /tiɡdə/ | тигдэ /tiɡdə/ |
| Neve | ᠨᡳᠮᠠᠩᡤᡳ /nimɑŋ/ | ᠨᡳᠮᠠᠩᡤᡳ /nimaŋɡi/ | imanggi /imaŋɡi/ | симата /simata/ | *imana /imana/ | ɪmana /ɪmana/ | има̄ /imaː/ |
| Vento | ᡠᡩᡠᠨ /udun/ | ᡝᡩᡠᠨ /ədun/ | edu /ədu/ | хэдун /xədun/ | *xedün /xedyn/ | ədin /ədin/ | эди /ədi/ |
| Terra | ᠨᠠ /na/ | ᠪᠣᡳᡥᠣᠨ /boihon/ | na /na/ | на /na/ | *nā /naː/ | tʊkala /tʊkala/ | на̄ /naː/ |
| Pedra | ᠸᡝᡥᡝ /vɘɣɘ/ | ᠸᡝᡥᡝ /wəxə/ | uhe /uxə/ | дёло /dʒolo/ | *ǯolo /dʒolo/ | dʒɔlɔ /dʒɔlɔ/ | — |
| Montanha | ᠠᠯᡳᠨ /ɛlin/ | ᠠᠯᡳᠨ /alin/ | — | хурэ̄н /xurəːn/ | *xöre /xøre/ | urə /urə/ | — |
| Mar | ᠮᡝᡩᡝᡵᡳ /mɘdɘrj/ | ᠮᡝᡩᡝᡵᡳ /mətəri/ | mede /mədə/ | намо /namo/ | *lāmu /lāmu/ | dalaj /dalaj/ | наму /namu/ |
| Mãe | ᡝᠨᡞᠶᡝ /ɘni/ | ᡝᠨᡳᠶᡝ /ənijə/ | eme /eme/ | энин /ənin/ | *eńi /eńi/ | ənin /ənin/ | энэ /ənə/ |
| Pai | ᠠᠮᠠ /ɑmɘ/ | ᠠᠮᠠ /ama/ | ama /ama/ | ама /ama/ | *ama /ama/ | amɪn /amɪn/ | ама /ama/ |
| Filha | ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ ᠵᡠᡳ /sarɢan dʒui/ | ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ ᠵᡠᡳ /sarɡan dʒui/ | saran jui /saran dʒui/ | асиа пиктэ /asia piktə/ | — | axakan utə /axakan utə/ | — |
| Eu | ᠪᡳ /bi/ | ᠪᡳ /bi/ | bi /bi/ | ми /mi/ | *bi /bi/ | bii /bii/ | би /bi/ |
| Tu | ᠰᡳ /ɕi/ | ᠰᡳ /si/ | ši /ʃi/ | си /si/ | *si /si/ | ʃii /ʃii/ | си /si/ |
| Nós | ᠮᡠᠰᡝ / ᠪᡝ /mɘs / bo/ | ᠮᡠᠰᡝ / ᠪᡝ /musə / bə/ | — /—/ | буэ /buə/ | *münti / *büe /mynti / bye/ | buu / mir /buu / mir/ | минти / бу /minti / bu/ |
| Nome | ᡤᡝᠪᡠ /ɡɘv/ | ᡤᡝᠪᡠ /ɡəbu/ | gebu /ɡəbu/ | гэрбу /ɡərbu/ | *gerbū /gerbū/ | gərbi /ɡərbi/ | гэгби /ɡəɡbi/ |
| Pessoa | ᠨᡞᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ /nɑn/ | ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ /nijalma/ | — | най /naj/ | *ńārī /ɲaːriː/ | bəjə /bəjə/ | нӣ /niː/ |
| Cabeça | ᡠᠵᡠ /udʐo/ | ᡠᠵᡠ /udʒu/ | uju /udʒu/ | дили /dili/ | *dili /dili/ | dɪl /dɪl/ | дили /dili/ |
| Olho | ᠶᠠᠰᠠ /jɑs/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠠ /jasa/ | yasa /jasa/ | насал /nasal/ | *ńāsa /ńāsa/ | jɛɛʃa /jɛɛʃa/ | яа /jaː/ |
| Orelha | ᡧᠠᠨ /sɑn/ | ᡧᠠᠨ /ʃan/ | šan /ʃan/ | сиан /sian/ | *sian /sian/ | ʃɛɛn /ʃɛɛn/ | куай /kuʔai/ |
| Nariz | ᠣᡶᠣᡵᠣ /ovur/ | ᠣᡶᠣᡵᠣ /oforo/ | sunggi /suŋɡi/ | опоро /oporo/ | — | ɔŋɔktɔ /ɔŋɔktɔ/ | — |
| Boca | ᠠᠩᡤᠠ /ɑŋ/ | ᠠᠩᡤᠠ /aŋɡa/ | angga /aŋɡa/ | аӈма /aŋma/ | *amŋa /amŋa/ | amŋa /amŋa/ | аӈма /aŋma/ |
| Dente | ᠸᡝᡳᡥᡝ /vix/ | ᠸᡝᡳᡥᡝ /weixe/ | weihe /wəixə/ | хуктэ /xuktə/ | *iːkte /iːkte/ | iktə /iktə/ | икте /ikte/ |
| Língua | ᡳᠯᡝᠩᡤᡠ /iliŋ/ | ᡳᠯᡝᠩᡤᡠ /ilɤŋɡu/ | ilenggi /iləŋɡi/ | сиӈму /siŋmu/ | *ilŋu /ilŋu/ | iŋi /iŋi/ | иӈи /iŋi/ |
| Mão | ᡤᠠᠯᠠ /ɡɑl/ | ᡤᠠᠯᠠ /ɡala/ | gala /ɡala/ | ӈа̄ла /ŋaːla/ | *ŋāla /ŋāla/ | ŋaala /ŋaala/ | ӈала /ŋala/ |
| Pé | ᠪᡝᡨᡥᡝ /bɘtk/ | ᠪᡝᡨᡥᡝ /pɤtʰxɤ/ | betie /bətie/ | бэгди /bəɡdi/ | *palgan /palgan/ | algan /alɡan/ | бэгди /beɡdi/ |
| Coração | ᠨᡞᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ /ɲiɑmɘn/ | ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ /nijaman/ | niema /niema/ | миаван /miavan/ | *mēwan /mēwan/ | mɛɣan /mɛɣan/ | мява /mjawa/ |
| Osso | ᡤᡳᡵᠠᠩᡤᡳ /ɡirɑŋ/ | ᡤᡳᡵᠠᠩᡤᡳ /ɡiraŋɡi/ | giranggi /ɡiraŋɡi/ | гирмакса /ɡirmaksa/ | *giramsa /ɡiramsa/ | gɪramna /ɡɪramna/ | гиама /ɡiama/ |
| Sangue | ᠰᡝᠩᡤᡳ /ɕiŋ/ | ᠰᡝᠩᡤᡳ /səŋɡi/ | šenggi /ʃəŋɡi/ | сэксэ /səksə/ | *sekse /sekse/ | ʃəəkʃə /ʃəəkʃə/ | сакиа /sakia/ |
| Cocô | ᡥᠠᠮᡠ /xamu/ | ᡥᠠᠮᡠ /xamu/ | — | амон /amon/ | — | — | — |
| Amor | — /—/ | ᡥᠠᡳᡵᠠᠮᠪᡳ /xairambi/ | beyimbi /bəjimbi/ | улэ̄сиури /uləːsiuri/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | чисанай /tʃisanaj/ |
| Árvore | — /—/ | ᠮᠣᠣ /moː/ | mo /mo/ | мо̄ /moː/ | *mō /mō/ | mɔɔ /mɔɔ/ | мо̄ /moː/ |
| Cão | ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨ /jonxun/ | ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨ /indaxuːn/ | indahu /indaxu/ | инда /inda/ | *ŋinda /ŋinda/ | ŋanakin /ŋanakin/ | инʼаи /inʔai/ |
| Gato | ᡴᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝ /kəsikə/ | ᡴᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝ /kəsikə/ | hacu /xatʃu/ | кэксэ /kəksə/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | кошк /koʃk/ |
| Peixe | ᠨᡳᠮᠠᡥᠠ /nimxa/ | ᠨᡳᠮᠠᡥᠠ /nimaxa/ | nimuha /nimuxa/ | согдата /sɔɡdata/ | *ollo /ollo/ | ɔlɔ /ɔlɔ/ | сугдя /suɡdʑa/ |
| Pássaro | ᡤᠠᠰᡥᠠ /ɢasχa/ | ᡤᠠᠰᡥᠠ /ɢasχa/ | — | гаса /ɡasa/ | *gasa /gasa/ | tʃinəkə /tʃinəkə/ | — |
| Borboleta | ᡤᡝᡶᡝᡥᡝ /ɡəfəxə/ | ᡤᡝᡶᡝᡥᡝ /ɡəfəxə/ | — | ко̄ко̄ни /kɔːkɔːni/ | — | kɔldɪkan /kɔldɪkan/ | гэптэ /ɡəptə/ |
| Ovo | ᡠᠮᡥᠠᠨ /umxan/ | ᡠᠮᡥᠠᠨ /umxan/ | — | омокта /ɔmɔkta/ | *umukta /umukta/ | ʊmʊkta /ʊmʊkta/ | умукта /umukta/ |
| Cavalo | ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ /morin/ | ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ /morin/ | muri /muri/ | морин /morin/ | *murin /murin/ | mʊrɪn /mʊrɪn/ | — |
| Casa | ᠪᠣᠣ /bo/ | ᠪᠣᠣ /boː/ | bo /bo/ | дё̄ /dʒoː/ | *ʒūg /dʒuːɡ/ | dʒuu /dʒuu/ | ӡугди /dʒuɡdi/ |
| Leite | ᠰᡠᠨ /sun/ | ᠰᡠᠨ /sun/ | — | молоко /mɔlɔkɔ/ | — | ukun /ukun/ | — |
| Mel | ᡥᡳᠪᠰᡠ /xibsu/ | ᡥᡳᠪᠰᡠ /xibsu/ | hitsu /xitsu/ | киаксо /kiaksɔ/ | — | — | — |
| Sal | ᡩᠠᠪᠰᡠᠨ /dɑvsun/ | ᡩᠠᠪᠰᡠᠨ /dabsun/ | datsu /datsu/ | даосон /daoson/ | — | katagan /kataɡan/ | — |
| Arroz | ᠪᡝᠯᡝ /bələ/ | ᠪᡝᠯᡝ /bələ/ | bele /bələ/ | — | — | kandu /kandu/ | — |
| Ferro | ᠰᡝᠯᡝ /sələ/ | ᠰᡝᠯᡝ /sələ/ | sele /sele/ | сэлэ /sələ/ | *sele /sele/ | ʃələ /ʃələ/ | сэлэ /sələ/ |
| Seda | ᠰᡳᡵᡤᡝ /ɕirɡə/ | ᠰᡳᡵᡤᡝ /sirɡə/ | — | сэурэ /səurə/ | — | — | — |
| Livro | ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ /bitʰə/ | ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ /bitxə/ | — | даӈса /daŋsa/ | — | bitəgə /bitəɣə/ | — |
| Comer | ᠵᡝᠮᠪᡞ /dʒəmbi/ | ᠵᡝᠮᠪᡳ /dʒəmbi/ | jefu /dʒefu/ | депӯри /dʒəpuːri/ | *ǰep- /ǰep/ | dʒəb /dʒəb/ | джевэ /dʒevə/ |
| Beber | ᠣᠮᡳᠪᡞ /omibi/ | ᠣᠮᡳᠪᡳ /omibi/ | umi /umi/ | омиори /omiori/ | *umi- /umi/ | um /um/ | уми /umi/ |
| Dormir | ᠠᠮᡤᠠᠮᠪᡳ /amɢambi/ | ᠠᠮᡤᠠᠮᠪᡳ /amɢambi/ | dedu /dədu/ | а̄ори /aːori/ | *ām- /aːm/ | aaʃɪn /aaʃɪn/ | — |
| Um | ᡝᠮᡠ /əmu/ | ᠡᠮᡠ /əmu/ | emu /emu/ | эмун /əmun/ | *emun /emun/ | umun /umun/ | омо /omo/ |
| Dois | ᠵᡠᠸᡝ /dʐu/ | ᠵᡠᠸᡝ /dʒuwə/ | jue /dʒue/ | дюэр /dʒuər/ | *ǰör /ǰör/ | dʒuur /dʒuur/ | ӡӯ /dʒuː/ |
| Três | ᡳᠯᠠᠨ /ilɑn/ | ᡳᠯᠠᠨ /ilan/ | ilan /ilan/ | илан /ilan/ | *ilan /ilan/ | ɪlan /ɪlan/ | ила /ila/ |
| Quatro | ᡩᡠᡳᠨ /dujin/ | ᡩᡠᡳᠨ /duin/ | duin /duin/ | дуин /duin/ | *dügin /dyɡin/ | dijin /dijin/ | дӣ /diː/ |
| Cinco | ᠰᡠᠨᠵᠠ /sundʐɑ/ | ᠰᡠᠨᠵᠠ /sundʒa/ | šunja /ʃundʒa/ | тойӈга /tojŋɡa/ | *tuńga /tuńga/ | tʊŋŋa /tʊŋŋa/ | туӈа /tuŋa/ |
| Cem | ᡨᠠᠩᡤᡡ /taŋɡuː/ | ᡨᠠᠩᡤᡡ /taŋɡuː/ | tanggu /taŋɡu/ | таӈго /taŋɡo/ | *taŋgū /taŋɡuː/ | ɲamaadʒɪ /ɲamaadʒɪ/ | таӈгу /taŋɡu/ |
| Olá | — /—/ | ᠰᡳ ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /si sain/ | — /—/ | банди-банди /bandi bandi/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | бандиба /bandiba/ |
| Obrigado | ᠪᠠᠨᡳᡥᠠ /banixa/ | ᠪᠠᠨᡳᡥᠠ /banixa/ | — /—/ | банихан /banihan/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | нюхча /ɲuxtʃa/ |
| Bom | ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /sɑn/ | ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /sain/ | sain /sain/ | улэ̄н /uləːn/ | *aya /aja/ | aja /aja/ | ая /aja/ |
| Novo | ᡳᠴᡝ /itʂʰɘ/ | ᡳᠴᡝ /itʃə/ | ice /itʃə/ | сикӯн /sikuːn/ | *xirkekǖn /xirkekyːn/ | irkəkin /irkəkin/ | имэхи /iməxi/ |
| Vermelho | ᡶᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ /fɘlɡiɑn/ | ᡶᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ /fulɡijan/ | fulian /fulian/ | сэ̄гден /səːɡdʲən/ | *pula /pula/ | ʊlaarɪn /ʊlaarɪn/ | хулалиғи /xulaliɣi/ |
| Branco | ᡧᠠᠨᠶᠠᠨ /ʃanjan/ | ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ /ʃaŋɡijan/ | šanggia /ʃaŋɡia/ | ча̄гдян /tʃaːɡdʲan/ | — | bagdarɪn /baɡdarɪn/ | чалиги /tʃaliɡi/ |
| Preto | ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ /saχalijan/ | ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ /saχalijan/ | sahalian /saxalian/ | сахарин /saxarin/ | *sakalīn /sakaliːn/ | kɔŋnɔrɪn /kɔŋnɔrɪn/ | палиғи /paliɣi/ |
| Verde | ᠨᡳᠣᠸᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ /nyŋɲiɑn/ | ᠨᡳᠣᠸᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ /niowaŋɡijan/ | burha boco /burxa botʃo/ | нёӈгиан /nʲoŋɡian/ | — | tʃuturin /tʃuturin/ | исэмпэ /isəmpə/ |
| Computador | ᠪᠣᡩᠣᡨᡠᠨ /bodotun/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
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Leituras han comparadas
Comparação com línguas da mesma classificação: Tungusic > Southern Tungusic > Manchu-Sibe
| Caractere | Sibé | Manchu | Jurchen | Prototungúsico | Kitan | Protomongólico | Leitura kun japonesa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | emu /əmu/ | emu /emu/ | emu /emu/ | *əmun /*əmun/ | am /am/ | *nigen /*niɡen/ | hito /çito/ |
| 二 | juwe /dʑuwə/ | juwe /dʒuwə/ | juwe /dʑuwe/ | *dʒuər /*dʒuər/ | jur /dʒur/ | *qoyar /*qojar/ | futa /ɸɯta/ |
| 三 | ilan /ilan/ | ilan /ilan/ | ilan /ilan/ | *ilan /*ilan/ | hur /hur/ | *gurba(n) /*ɡurban/ | mi /mi/ |
| 四 | duin /duin/ | duin /duin/ | duin /duin/ | *dügin /*dyɡin/ | dur /dur/ | *dörbe(n) /*dœrben/ | yo /jo/ |
| 五 | sunja /sundʑa/ | sunja /sundʒa/ | sunja /sundʑa/ | *tuɲga /*tuɲɡa/ | tau /tʰau/ | *tabu(n) /*tabun/ | itsu /itsɯ/ |
| 六 | ninggun /niŋɢun/ | ninggun /niŋɡun/ | ninggun /niŋɡun/ | *ɲuŋun /*ɲuŋun/ | nil /nil/ | *jirguɣa(n) /*dʒirɣuɣan/ | mu /mɯ/ |
| 七 | nadan /nadan/ | nadan /nadan/ | nadan /nadan/ | *nadan /*nadan/ | dolo /dolo/ | *doluɣa(n) /*doluɣan/ | nana /nana/ |
| 八 | jakūn /dʑakɯn/ | jakūn /dʒakʰuːn/ | jakūn /dʑakɯn/ | *dʒapkun /*dʒapkun/ | — | *nayima(n) /*najiman/ | ya /ja/ |
| 九 | uyun /ujun/ | uyun /ujun/ | uyun /ujun/ | *xəgün /*xəɡyn/ | is /is/ | *yersü(n) /*jersyn/ | kokono /kokono/ |
| 十 | juwan /dʑuwan/ | juwan /dʒuwan/ | juwan /dʑuwan/ | *dʒuwan /*dʒuwan/ | par /par/ | *harba(n) /*harban/ | tō /toː/ |
| 天 | abka /apka/ | abka /abka/ | abka /abka/ | *abka /*abka/ | teŋri /tʰeŋri/ | *teŋri /*teŋri/ | ame /ame/ |
| 地 | na /na/ | na /na/ | na /na/ | *na /*na/ | — | *gajar /*ɡadʒar/ | — |
| 日 | šun /ɕun/ | šun /ʃun/ | šun /ʃun/ | *siun /*siun/ | nair /nair/ | *naran /*naran/ | hi /çi/ |
| 月 | biya /bija/ | biya /bija/ | biya /bija/ | *bēga /*beːɡa/ | sair /sair/ | *sara(n) /*saran/ | tsuki /tsɯki/ |
| 山 | alin /alin/ | alin /alin/ | alin /alin/ | *xada /*xada/ | ula /ʊla/ | *agula /*aɣula/ | yama /jama/ |
| 海 | mederi /mədəri/ | mederi /medəri/ | mederi /mederi/ | *lāmu /*laːmu/ | — | *dalai /*dalaj/ | umi /ɯmi/ |
| 水 | muke /mutɕə/ | muke /mukə/ | muke /muke/ | *mū /*muː/ | us /ʊs/ | *usu(n) /*usun/ | mizu /midzɯ/ |
| 火 | tuwa /tuwa/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | *tōga /*toːɡa/ | gal /ɡal/ | *gal /*ɡal/ | hi /çi/ |
| 木 | moo /mɔː/ | moo /moː/ | moo /moː/ | *mō /*moː/ | — | *modu(n) /*modun/ | ki /ki/ |
| 土 | boihon /bɔiʁɔn/ | boihon /bojxon/ | boihon /boixon/ | *na /*na/ | — | *sirui /*siruj/ | tsuchi /tsɯtɕi/ |
| 牛 | ihan /iʁan/ | ihan /ixan/ | ihan /ixan/ | *xuker /*xuker/ | — | *hüker /*hyker/ | ushi /ɯɕi/ |
| 虎 | tasha /taɕa/ | tasha /taʃa/ | tasha /taʃa/ | — | — | — | tora /toɾa/ |
| 龍 | muduri /muduri/ | muduri /muduri/ | muduri /muduri/ | *muduri /*muduri/ | — | — | tatsu /tatsɯ/ |
| 蛇 | meihe /məix/ | meihe /məixə/ | meihe /meixe/ | *müikī /*myikiː/ | — | *mogai /*moɣaj/ | hebi /hebi/ |
| 馬 | morin /mɔrin/ | morin /morin/ | morin /morin/ | *murin /*murin/ | mori /mori/ | *mori(n) /*morin/ | uma /ɯma/ |
| 羊 | honin /χɔnin/ | honin /xonin/ | honin /xonin/ | — | — | *honi(n) /*honin/ | hitsuji /çitsɯdʑi/ |
| 犬 | indahūn /indaʁun/ | indahūn /indaxuːn/ | indahūn /indaxɯn/ | *ŋinda /*ŋinda/ | — | *noxai /*noxaj/ | inu /inɯ/ |
| 貓 | kesike /kəsitɕə/ | kesike /kəsikə/ | — | — | — | — | neko /neko/ |
| 鳥 | gasha /ɢaɕa/ | gasha /ɡaʃa/ | gasha /ɡaʃa/ | *gasa /*ɡasa/ | — | *sibawun /*sibaʊn/ | tori /toɾi/ |
| 魚 | nimaha /nimaʁa/ | nimaha /nimaxa/ | nimaha /nimaxa/ | *nimaka /*nimaka/ | — | *jigasu(n) /*dʒiɣasun/ | sakana /sakana/ |
| 頭 | uju /udʑu/ | uju /udʒu/ | uju /udʑu/ | *dil /*dil/ | — | *terixün /*terixyn/ | atama /atama/ |
| 目 | yasa /jaza/ | yasa /jasa/ | yasa /jasa/ | *jāsa /*jaːsa/ | — | *nidün /*nidyn/ | me /me/ |
| 耳 | šan /ɕan/ | šan /ʃan/ | šan /ʃan/ | *sēn /*seːn/ | — | *cikin /*tʃikin/ | mimi /mimi/ |
| 口 | angga /aŋɢa/ | angga /aŋɡa/ | angga /aŋɡa/ | *amŋa /*amŋa/ | — | *aman /*aman/ | kuchi /kɯtɕi/ |
| 心 | niyaman /ɲaman/ | niyaman /njaman/ | niyaman /niaman/ | *mēwan /*meːwan/ | — | *jirüken /*dʒiryken/ | kokoro /kokoɾo/ |
| 手 | gala /ɢala/ | gala /ɡala/ | gala /ɡala/ | *ŋāla /*ŋaːla/ | — | *gar /*ɡar/ | te /te/ |
| 足 | bethe /bətxə/ | bethe /bətxə/ | bethe /betxe/ | *bəgdi /*bəɡdi/ | — | *köl /*kœl/ | ashi /aɕi/ |
| 血 | senggi /səŋɣi/ | senggi /səŋɡi/ | senggi /səŋɡi/ | *sēksə /*seːksə/ | — | *cisu(n) /*tʃisun/ | chi /tɕi/ |
| 肉 | yali /jali/ | yali /jali/ | yali /jali/ | *uldʒə /*uldʒə/ | — | *mika(n) /*mikan/ | — |
| 人 | niyalma /ɲalma/ | niyalma /njalma/ | niyalma /njalma/ | *niama /*niama/ | ku /kʰu/ | *kümün /*kymyn/ | hito /çito/ |
| 年 | aniya /anʲ/ | aniya /anja/ | aniya /anja/ | *aniganī /*aniɡaniː/ | — | *hon /*hon/ | toshi /toɕi/ |
| 行 | yabumbi /jawum/ | yabumbi /jabumbi/ | yabu- /jabu-/ | *jabu- /*jabu-/ | — | *yabu- /*jabu-/ | iku /ikɯ/ |
| 行 | faidan /faidan/ | faidan /faidan/ | — | *ŋənə- /*ŋənə-/ | — | *yabu- /*jabu-/ | kudari /kɯdaɾi/ |
| 来 | jimbi /dʑim/ | jimbi /dʒimbi/ | ji- /dʑi-/ | *əmə- /*əmə-/ | — | *ire- /*ire-/ | kuru /kɯɾɯ/ |
| 去 | genembi /ɡənəm/ | genembi /ɡənəmbi/ | gene- /ɡənə-/ | *ŋənə- /*ŋənə-/ | — | *od- /*od-/ | saru /saɾɯ/ |
| 走 | sujumbi /sudʑum/ | sujumbi /sudʒumbi/ | suju- /sudʑu-/ | *tuksa- /*tuksa-/ | — | *güyü- /*ɡyjy-/ | hashiru /haɕiɾɯ/ |
| 坐 | tembi /təm/ | tembi /təmbi/ | te- /te-/ | *təgə- /*təɡə-/ | — | *saxu- /*saxu-/ | suwaru /sɯwaɾɯ/ |
| 立 | ilimbi /ilim/ | ilimbi /ilimbi/ | ili- /ili-/ | *ili- /*ili-/ | — | *bos- /*bos-/ | tatsu /tatsɯ/ |
| 見 | sabumbi /sabum/ | sabumbi /sabumbi/ | sabu- /sabu-/ | *ičə- /*itʃə-/ | — | *üje- /*ydʒe-/ | miru /miɾɯ/ |
| 聞 | donjimbi /dɔndʑim/ | donjimbi /dondʒimbi/ | donji- /dondʑi-/ | *dōldi- /*doːldi-/ | — | *sonos- /*sonos-/ | kiku /kikɯ/ |
| 食 | jembi /dʑəm/ | jembi /dʒəmbi/ | je- /dʑe-/ | *dʒəp- /*dʒəp-/ | — | *ide- /*ide-/ | kuu /kɯɯ/ |
| 飲 | omimbi /ɔmim/ | omimbi /omimbi/ | omi- /omi-/ | *umī- /*umiː-/ | — | *uxu- /*uxu-/ | nomu /nomɯ/ |
| 長 | golmin /ɢɔlmin/ | golmin /ɡolmin/ | golmin /ɡolmin/ | *ŋōlimi /*ŋoːlimi/ | — | *urtu /*urtu/ | nagai /naɡai/ |
| 上 | dele /dələ/ | dele /dələ/ | dele /dələ/ | *ugi /*uɡi/ | — | *degere /*deɡere/ | ue /ɯe/ |
| 下 | fejile /fədʑilə/ | fejile /fədʒilə/ | fejile /fəjilə/ | *xərgi /*xərɡi/ | — | *doxora /*doxora/ | shita /ɕita/ |
| 左 | hashū /χaɕu/ | hashū /xaʃuː/ | hashū /haʃɯ/ | *dʒəgün /*dʒəɡyn/ | — | *jegün /*dʒeɡyn/ | hidari /çidaɾi/ |
| 右 | ici /itɕi/ | ici /itʃi/ | ici /itɕi/ | *aŋān /*aŋaːn/ | — | *baragun /*baraɣun/ | migi /miɡi/ |
| 中 | dulimba /dulimba/ | dulimba /dulimba/ | dulin /dulin/ | *dulin /*dulin/ | — | *dumda /*dumda/ | naka /naka/ |
| 中 | goibumbi /ɢɔibum/ | goibumbi /ɡoibumbi/ | — | *dulin /*dulin/ | — | *dumda /*dumda/ | ataru /ataɾɯ/ |
| 央 | dulimbai /dulimbai/ | dulimbai /dulimbai/ | dulimbai /dulimbai/ | *dulin /*dulin/ | — | — | — |
| 東 | dergi /dərɡi/ | dergi /dərɡi/ | dergi /dərɡi/ | *dʒügün /*dʒyɡyn/ | — | *jegün /*dʒeɡyn/ | higashi /çiɡaɕi/ |
| 西 | wargi /warɡi/ | wargi /warɡi/ | wargi /warɡi/ | — | — | *baragun /*baraɣun/ | nishi /niɕi/ |
| 南 | julergi /dʑulərɡi/ | julergi /dʒulərɡi/ | julergi /dʑulərɡi/ | — | — | *emüne /*emyne/ | minami /minami/ |
| 北 | amargi /amarɡi/ | amargi /amarɡi/ | amargi /amarɡi/ | — | — | *hoyitu /*hojitu/ | kita /kita/ |
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Parte do LangMap — um projeto de visualização linguística. Este é um resumo estático e rastreável; os mapas interativos oferecem áudio de pronúncia, filtros e uma vista de globo.
Criado por Heuron Inc. · GitHub · cho@heuron.com · Início do LangMap