Mongghul
Lugha ya Monguor
Kimongolia
Kimongghul, au Kimonguor cha Huzhu (ISO 639-3: mjg), ni lugha ya Kimongolia inayozungumzwa na takriban watu 50,000, hasa katika Kaunti Inayojitawala ya Watu wa Tu ya Huzhu, Qinghai, na katika jamii ndogo zaidi katika Gansu jirani, China. Inahusishwa na kabila la Tu linalotambuliwa rasmi nchini China, lakini inapaswa kutofautishwa na Kimangghuer cha Minhe, ambacho wanaisimu wengi hukichukulia kuwa lugha tofauti isiyoelewana nacho. Kimongghul ni lugha ambishi na kwa jumla ina mpangilio wa SOV; mawasiliano ya muda mrefu na Kitibeti cha Amdo na Kimandarini cha Kaskazini-Magharibi yamebadili sana msamiati na sarufi yake. Alfabeti isiyo rasmi ya Kilatini inayotegemea Pinyin ya Kichina iliundwa katika miaka ya 1980, lakini Kichina bado hutawala katika elimu na kusoma na kuandika. Idadi ya wasemaji na urithishaji vinapungua, na lugha hii iko hatarini.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Lugha ya Monguor
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Kimongolia
| Maana | Lugha ya Monguor | Mongghul | Kiyugur cha Mashariki | Kimongoli cha kati | Proto-Mongolic | Kimongolia cha Kale | Lugha ya Dongxiang |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | szu /stsu/ | szu /ʂdzu/ | qusun /qusun/ | ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ | *usun /usun/ | ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ | usu /usu/ |
| Moto | ghal /ʁal/ | ghal /ɢal/ | ʁal /ʁal/ | ᠭᠠᠯ /qal/ | *gal /ɡal/ | ᠭᠠᠯ /ɡal/ | qan /qɑn/ |
| Jua | nara /ˈnɑrɑ/ | nara /nara/ | naran /naran/ | ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ | *naran /naran/ | ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ | naran /nɑrən/ |
| Mwezi | sara /sara/ | sara /sara/ | sara /sara/ | ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ | *sara /sara/ | ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ | sara /sɑrə/ |
| Nyota | — /—/ | foodi /foodə/ | hodən /hodən/ | ᠬᠣᠳᠤᠨ /hodun/ | *hodun /hodun/ | ᠣᠳᠣᠨ /odun/ | hodun /hodun/ |
| Usiku | suani /swani/ | soni /sonə/ | søønə /søːnə/ | ᠰᠥᠨᠢ /søni/ | *söni /søni/ | ᠰᠥᠨᠢ /søni/ | shieni /ɕiəni/ |
| Mvua | huraa /xuraː/ | huraa /xuraa/ | xura /χura/ | ᠬᠤᠷᠠ /qura/ | *kura /kura/ | ᠬᠤᠷᠠ /qura/ | ghura /ɢura/ |
| Theluji | qasi /tɕasɿ/ | qasi /ʨasə/ | tʃasən /tʃasən/ | ᠴᠠᠰᠤᠨ /tʃasun/ | *časun /tʃasun/ | ᠴᠠᠰᠤ /tʃasu/ | chasun /tʂasun/ |
| Upepo | kii /kiː/ | kii /kii/ | salɢən /salɢən/ | ᠬᠡᠢ /kei/ | *salkïn /salkin/ | ᠰᠠᠯᠬᠢ /salki/ | kei /kəi/ |
| Udongo | ghajari /ʁadʑari/ | — | ʃəruu /ʃəruː/ | ᠬᠠᠵᠠᠷ /qadʒar/ | *gaǰar /ɡadʒar/ | ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ /ɡadʒar/ | ghazha /ɢadʐa/ |
| Jiwe | taashi /taːʂi/ | tash /taʂ/ | tʃəluu /tʃəluː/ | ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ /tʃilaun/ | *čilaɣun /tʃilaɣun/ | ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ /tʃilaɣun/ | tashi /taʂi/ |
| Mlima | ghada /ʁada/ | ula /ula/ | uula /uːla/ | ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ /aula/ | *huɣula /huɣula/ | ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ /aɣula/ | ula /ula/ |
| Bahari | dalii /daliː/ | dalii /dalii/ | dalii /daliː/ | ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ /dalai/ | *dalai /dalai/ | ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ /dalai/ | hai /xai/ |
| Mama | aama /aːma/ | aama /aama/ | hge /hɡe/ | ᠡᠭᠡ /eke/ | *eke /eke/ | ᠡᠬᠡ /eke/ | ana /ɑnə/ |
| Baba | aaba /aːba/ | aaba /aaba/ | tʃiɣe /tʃiɣe/ | ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/ | *ečige /etʃiɡe/ | ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/ | ada /ada/ |
| Binti | xjun /ɕtɕun/ | — | — | ᠥᠬᠢᠨ /økin/ | *ökin /økin/ | ᠥᠬᠢᠨ /økin/ | oqin /otɕin/ |
| Mimi | bu /pu/ | bu /bu/ | bə /bə/ | ᠪᠢ /bi/ | *bi /bi/ | ᠪᠢ /bi/ | bi /pi/ |
| Wewe | qi /tɕʰi/ | qi /ʨə/ | tʃə /tʃə/ | ᠴᠢ /tʃi/ | *či /tʃi/ | ᠴᠢ /tʃi/ | chi /tɕi/ |
| Sisi | buda /puda/ | budangula /budaŋɡula/ | budas / buda /budas / buda/ | ᠪᠢᠳᠠ / ᠪᠠ /bida / ba/ | *bida / *ba /bida / ba/ | ᠪᠢᠳᠠ / ᠪᠠ /bida / ba/ | matan / bijien /matan / pitɕiən/ |
| Jina | nira /nira/ | nire /nəre/ | nere /nere/ | ᠨᠡᠷᠡ /nere/ | *nere /nere/ | ᠨᠡᠷᠡ /nere/ | niere /niərə/ |
| Mtu | kun /kun/ | kun /kun/ | kuun /kuːn/ | ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ /kymyn/ | *kümün /kymyn/ | ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ /kymyn/ | kun /kun/ |
| Kichwa | tulighui /tuliʁui/ | — | toloʁui /toloʁui/ | — | *tolagaï /tolaɡai/ | ᠲᠣᠯᠣᠭᠠᠢ /toloɣai/ | qierun /tɕʰjəˈrun/ |
| Jicho | nudi /nudi/ | nudu /nudu/ | nudun /nudun/ | ᠨᠢᠳᠦᠨ /nidyn/ | *nidün /nidyn/ | ᠨᠢᠳᠦ /nidü/ | udun /udun/ |
| Sikio | qigi /tɕʰiɡi/ | qigi /ʨiɡə/ | tʃəʁən /tʃəʁən/ | ᠴᠢᠬᠢᠨ /tʃikin/ | *čikin /tʃikin/ | ᠴᠢᠬᠢᠨ /tʃikin/ | chighin /tʃiʁin/ |
| Pua | hawari /xawari/ | hawar /xavar/ | xawar /χawar/ | ᠬᠠᠪᠠᠷ /qabar/ | *kamar /kamar/ | ᠬᠠᠪᠠᠷ /qabar/ | khawa /kʰawa/ |
| Mdomo | ama /ama/ | ama /ama/ | aman /aman/ | ᠠᠮᠠᠨ /aman/ | *aman /aman/ | ᠠᠮᠠᠨ /aman/ | aman /aman/ |
| Jino | shdi /ʂdi/ | shdi /ʂdə/ | ʃdən /ʃdən/ | ᠰᠢᠳᠦᠨ /ʃidyn/ | *sidün /sidyn/ | ᠰᠢᠳᠦᠨ /ʃidyn/ | shidun /ʂidun/ |
| Ulimi | kilee /kileː/ | kile /kəle/ | kelen /kelen/ | ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ /kelen/ | *kelen /kelen/ | ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ /kelen/ | kielien /kʰjəˈljən/ |
| Mkono | ghari /ʁari/ | ghar /ɢar/ | ʁar /ʁar/ | ᠭᠠᠷ /qar/ | *gar /ɡar/ | ᠭᠠᠷ /ɡar/ | qa /qɑ/ |
| Mguu | kol /kol/ | kol /kol/ | køl /køl/ | ᠬᠥᠯ /køl/ | *köl /køl/ | ᠬᠥᠯ /køl/ | kon /kon/ |
| Moyo | jirihga /tɕirixɡa/ | jirge /ʥirɡe/ | dʒyrɣen /dʒyrɣen/ | ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠭᠡ /dʒiryke/ | *ǰirüken /dʒiryken/ | ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠬᠡ /dʒirüke/ | — /—/ |
| Mfupa | yaasi /jaːsɿ/ | yasi /jasə/ | yasən /jasən/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠤᠨ /jasun/ | *yasun /jasun/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠤᠨ /jasun/ | yasun /jasun/ |
| Damu | qizi /tɕʰizɿ/ | qisi /ʨisə/ | tʃusun /tʃusun/ | ᠴᠢᠰᠤᠨ /tʃisun/ | *čisun /tʃisun/ | ᠴᠢᠰᠤᠨ /tʃisun/ | chusun /tʂusun/ |
| Kinyesi | basi /basɿ/ | — | — | — | — | ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠰᠤ /baɣasu/ | — |
| Upendo | durala /durala/ | duraala /duraala/ | — /—/ | ᠳᠤᠷᠠ /dura/ | — /—/ | ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠ /qajira/ | khotula- /xoːtulə/ |
| Mti | xjuzi /ɕtɕuzɿ/ | xjoosi /ɕʥoosə/ | mɔːdən /mɔːdən/ | ᠮᠣᠳᠤᠨ /modun/ | *modun /modun/ | ᠮᠣᠳᠤ /modu/ | mutun /mutun/ |
| Mbwa | nuhui /nuxui/ | nuhui /nuxui/ | noxqui /noχqui/ | ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ /noqai/ | *nokai /nokai/ | ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ /noqai/ | noghoi /noɣəi/ |
| Paka | muuxi /muːɕi/ | mauxi /mauɕi/ | — /—/ | ᠮᠢᠭᠤᠢ /miɣui/ | — /—/ | ᠮᠢᠭᠤᠢ /miɣui/ | bisalai /biːsəlai/ |
| Samaki | jighasi /tɕiʁasɿ/ | jaghasi /ʥaɢasə/ | dʒaʁasən /dʒaʁasən/ | ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠰᠤ /dʒiɡasu/ | *ǰigasu /dʒiɡasu/ | ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠰᠤ /dʒiɡasu/ | zhagvasun /tʂɑʁɑˈsun/ |
| Ndege | xuu /ɕuː/ | — | ʃuun /ʃuːn/ | ᠰᠢᠪᠠᠭᠤᠨ /ʃibaun/ | *sibaɣun /sibaɣun/ | ᠰᠢᠪᠠᠭᠤ /ʃibaɣu/ | bunzhu /bundʐu/ |
| Kipepeo | xanbalaxji /ɕanbalaɕtɕi/ | — | — | — | *herbekei /herbekei/ | ᠡᠷᠪᠡᠬᠡᠢ /erbekei/ | — |
| Yai | dige /diɡe/ | ndige /ndəɡe/ | bala /bala/ | ᠥᠨᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ /øndeɡen/ | *öndegen /øndeɡen/ | ᠥᠨᠳᠡᠭᠡ /ɵndeɡe/ | endegvei /əndəɣəi/ |
| Dubu | haxun /xaɕun/ | — | — | — | — | ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠪᠠᠭᠠᠢ /baɣabaɣai/ | gouxin /kəwˈɕin/ |
| Farasi | mori /mori/ | mori /mori/ | — | ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨ /morin/ | *morïn /morin/ | ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨ /morin/ | morei /morəi/ |
| Nyumba | ger /ɡer/ | ger /ɡer/ | ger /ɡer/ | ᠭᠡᠷ /ɡer/ | *ger /ɡer/ | ᠭᠡᠷ /ɡer/ | gie /ɡiə/ |
| Maziwa | sun /sun/ | — | — | — | *sün /syn/ | ᠰᠦᠨ /syn/ | neizi /neitsɿ/ |
| Asali | zangna bali /tsaŋna pali/ | — | — | — | *bal /bal/ | ᠪᠠᠯ /bal/ | shimei /ʂimei/ |
| Chumvi | darishizi /dariʂizɿ/ | dabsi /dabsə/ | daabsən /daːbsən/ | ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ /dabusun/ | *dabusun /dabusun/ | ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ /dabusun/ | dansun /dansun/ |
| Chuma | timuri /timuri/ | tumur /tumur/ | — | ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ /temyr/ | *temür /temyr/ | ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ /temyr/ | qiemu /tɕiemu/ |
| Gurudumu | guli /ɡuli/ | — | — | — | — | ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠦ /kyrdy/ | — |
| Hariri | tiriga /tiriɡa/ | — | — | — | — | ᠲᠣᠷᠭᠠ /torɣa/ | — |
| Kitabu | pujiu /pʰudʑiu/ | — | — | ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ /bitʃiɡ/ | — | ᠨᠣᠮ /nom/ | shu /ʂu/ |
| Kula | rde /rde/ | ide /ide/ | ede /ede/ | ᠢᠳᠡ /ide/ | *ide- /ide/ | ᠢᠳᠡ- /ide-/ | ijie- /idʑiə/ |
| Kunywa | wuqi /wutɕʰi/ | uqu /uʨu/ | uu /uː/ | ᠤᠭᠤ /uɣu/ | *uu- /uu/ | ᠤᠭᠤ- /uɣu-/ | otsu- /otʂɯ/ |
| Kulala | qaa /tɕʰaː/ | ntiraa /ntəraa/ | nda /nda/ | ᠤᠨᠲᠠ /unta/ | *unta- /unta/ | ᠤᠨᠲᠠ- /unta-/ | hhuntura- /huntura/ |
| Moja | nige /ˈniɡe/ | nige /nəɡe/ | niɣe /niɣe/ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ /niɡen/ | *nigen /nigen/ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ /niɡen/ | nie /niə/ |
| Mbili | ghoori /ʁoːri/ | ghoor /ɢoor/ | ʁuur /ʁuːr/ | ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ /qojar/ | *koyar /kojar/ | ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ /qojar/ | ghua /ʁua/ |
| Tatu | ghuran /ɣuran/ | ghuraan /ɢuraan/ | ʁurwan /ʁurwan/ | ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ /qurban/ | *gurban /ɡurban/ | ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ /ɡurban/ | ghuran /ʁuran/ |
| Nne | deeran /deːran/ | deeren /deeren/ | dørwen /dørwen/ | ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ /dørben/ | *dörben /dørben/ | ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ /dørben/ | jieran /dʑiəran/ |
| Tano | tawun /tawuŋ/ | taawun /taavun/ | taawən /taːwən/ | ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ /tabun/ | *tabun /tabun/ | ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ /tabun/ | tawun /tawuŋ/ |
| Mia | nige jang /niɡe tɕaŋ/ | jong /ʥoŋ/ | dʒuun /dʒuːn/ | ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ /dʒaun/ | *ǰagun /dʒaɡun/ | ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ /dʒaɡun/ | be /bə/ |
| Habari | qi sainiisa /tɕʰi sainiːsa/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ᠠᠮᠤᠷ /amur/ | — /—/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠤ /sajin uu/ | — /—/ |
| Asante | — /—/ | hgerli /xɡerlə/ | — /—/ | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠪᠠ /bajarlaba/ | — /—/ | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠯᠠ /bajarlala/ | — /—/ |
| Nzuri | saina /saina/ | sain /sain/ | sain /sajn/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ /sain/ | *sajin /sajin/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ /sajin/ | sain /sain/ |
| Mpya | xni /ɕni/ | xini /ɕinə/ | ʃənə /ʃənə/ | ᠰᠢᠨᠡ /ʃini/ | *sine /sine/ | ᠰᠢᠨᠡ /ʃine/ | shini /ʂini/ |
| Nyekundu | fulaan /fuˈlɑːn/ | fulaan /fulaan/ | ɬaan /ɬaːn/ | ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ /hulaan/ | *hulaɣan /hulaɣan/ | ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ /ulaɣan/ | hulan /xulan/ |
| Nyeupe | qighaan /tɕiʁaːn/ | qighaan /ʨaɢaan/ | tʃaʁaan /tʃaʁaːn/ | ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ /tʃaqaan/ | *čagaɣan /tʃaɡaɣan/ | ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ /tʃaɣan/ | chighan /tʂiɢan/ |
| Nyeusi | hara /xara/ | hara /xara/ | xara /χara/ | ᠬᠠᠷᠠ /qara/ | *kara /kara/ | ᠬᠠᠷᠠ /qara/ | khara /kʰara/ |
| Kijani | nughuun /nuʁuːn/ | noghoon /noɢoon/ | noʁoon /noʁoːn/ | ᠨ᠋ᠣᠬᠤᠬᠠᠨ /noqoan/ | *noguɣan /noɡuɣan/ | ᠨᠣᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ /noɣuɣan/ | noghon /noɣon/ |
| Chai | qa /tɕʰa/ | — | — | — | — | ᠴᠠᠢ /tʃai/ | — |
Ukurasa 1/9
Fungua ramani shirikishi: Word Map · HanMap · Name Map · Word Order · Tree
Sehemu ya LangMap — mradi wa kuonyesha lugha kwa picha. Huu ni muhtasari tuli unaoweza kutambaliwa; ramani shirikishi hutoa sauti ya matamshi, vichujio, na mwonekano wa dunia.
Imetengenezwa na Heuron Inc. · GitHub · cho@heuron.com · Mwanzo wa LangMap