原始苗瑶語

Proto-Hmong-Mien

Hmong-Mien (proto)

FamilyHmong-Mien (proto) Speakers歴史言語 / 推定不可 (祖語) Regionmiddle Yangtze region (~500 BCE, i.e. ~2,500 years BP) RomanizationRatliff transcription with tone classes ABCD ReadingProto-Hmong-Mien reconstruction

Reconstructed common ancestor of the Hmong (Miao) and Mien (Yao) language families, spoken roughly 2500 BCE in the middle Yangtze region. Ratliff (2010) reconstructs ~600 roots with a four-way tone system (categories A B C D, marked here with H/X superscripts following Baxter-style notation). Several basic numerals (4 'four', 5 'five', 6 'six') were borrowed early from Tibeto-Burman, while domesticated-animal and crop terms show extensive contact with early Sinitic, reflecting PHM's role as a substrate of the lower-Yangtze cultural sphere.

Where it is spoken

Han character readings in Proto-Hmong-Mien

Character Meaning Reading Form IPA
一 one *ʔɨ /*ʔɨ/
二 two *ʔu̯i /*ʔu̯i/
三 three *pjɔu /*pjɔu/
四 four *plei /*plei/
五 five *prja /*prja/
六 six *kruk /*kruk/
七 seven *djuŋH /*djuŋH/
八 eight *jat /*jat/
九 nine *N-ɟuə̯X /*N-ɟuə̯X/
十 ten *gju̯əpD /*gju̯əpD/
日 sun *hnu̯ɔiA /*hnu̯ɔiA/
月 moon *hlaH /*hlaH/
水 water *ʔu̯əm /*ʔu̯əm/
火 fire *douX /*douX/
木 tree *ntju̯əŋH /*ntju̯əŋH/
土 soil *N-təu /*N-təu/
石 stone *-ʔrəu /*-ʔrəu/
虎 tiger *tsjɔB /*tsjɔB/
龍 dragon *-roŋ /*-roŋ/
蛇 snake *ʔnaŋ /*ʔnaŋ/
馬 horse *mjænB /*mjænB/
羊 sheep *juŋ /*juŋ/
雞 chicken *Kəi /*Kəi/
犬 dog *qluwX /*qluwX/
鳥 bird *m-nɔk /*m-nɔk/
魚 fish *mbrəuX /*mbrəuX/
頭 head *S-phreiX /*S-phreiX/
目 eye *mu̯ɛjH /*mu̯ɛjH/
耳 ear *mbræu /*mbræu/
鼻 nose *mbru̯iH /*mbru̯iH/
口 mouth *ɲɟuj /*ɲɟuj/
牙 tooth *hmjinX /*hmjinX/
手 hand *-bɔuX /*-bɔuX/
血 blood *ntshjamX /*ntshjamX/
肉 meat *NGej /*NGej/
人 person *lan /*ʔja/
家 home, family *prəuX /*prəuX/
門 door, gate *gru̯eŋ /*gru̯eŋ/
飯 cooked rice, meal *hnrəaŋH /*hnrəaŋH/
錢 money *dzi̯en /*dzi̯en/
年 year *hɲu̯əŋH /*hɲu̯əŋH/
死 die *dəjH /*dəjH/
行 go *n-mʉŋ(X) /*n-mʉŋ(X)/
来 come *daj /*daj/
見 see *bu̯ət /*bu̯ət/
聞 hear *hnəumX /*hnəumX/
知 know *pei /*pei/
灰 grey; ash *tshju̯əiX /*tshju̯əiX/
大 big *hljo /*hljo/
長 long *ntauX /*ntauX/
長 grow; elder *n-tju̯ɛŋH /*n-tju̯ɛŋH/
老 old *qu̯oH /*qu̯oH/
遠 far *qʷuw /*qʷuw/
冷 cold *ʔnu̯ɔmH /*ʔnu̯ɔmH/
香 fragrant *ntaŋ /*ntaŋ/
中 middle *ntroŋ /*ntroŋ/
央 center *ntroŋ /*ntroŋ/
你 you *mu̯ei /*mu̯ei/
有 have; there is *n-mɛj /*n-mɛj/

Sources

Han readings compared

Compared with languages in the same classification: Hmong-Mien (proto)

Character Proto-Hmong-MienProto-JaponicHan ChineseProto-Sino-TibetanProto-Tibeto-BurmanProto-MongolicProto-Austroasiatic
一 *ʔɨ /*ʔɨ/ *pitə-tu /*pitə-tu/ *ʔi[t] /*ʔi[t]/ *dyiək /*dyiək/ — *nigen /*niɡen/ *muəjʔ /*muəjʔ/
二 *ʔu̯i /*ʔu̯i/ *puta /*puta/ *ni[j]-s /*ni[j]-s/ *nĭy /*nĭy/ *g-nis /*g-nis/ *qoyar /*qojar/ *ɓaːr /*ɓaːr/
三 *pjɔu /*pjɔu/ *mi /*mi/ *s.rum /*s.rum/ *sɨm /*sɨm/ *g-sum /*g-sum/ *gurba(n) /*ɡurban/ *peːʔ /*peːʔ/
四 *plei /*plei/ *jə /*jə/ *s.li[j]-s /*s.li[j]-s/ *lĭy /*lĭy/ *b-ləy /*b-ləy/ *dörbe(n) /*dœrben/ *puənʔ /*puənʔ/
五 *prja /*prja/ *itu /*itu/ *C.ŋˤaʔ /*C.ŋˤaʔ/ *ŋāH /*ŋāH/ b- 形*b-ŋa /*b-ŋa/l- 形*l-ŋa /*l-ŋa/ *tabu(n) /*tabun/ —
六 *kruk /*kruk/ *mu /*mu/ *k.ruk /*k.ruk/ *rŭk /*rŭk/ *d-k-ruk /*d-k-ruk/ *jirguɣa(n) /*dʒirɣuɣan/ *pruʔ /*pruʔ/
七 *djuŋH /*djuŋH/ *nana /*nana/ *[tsʰ]i[t] /*[tsʰ]i[t]/ *(s-)nĭt /*(s-)nĭt/ *s-ni-s /*s-ni-s/ *doluɣa(n) /*doluɣan/ *pɔh /*pɔh/
八 *jat /*jat/ *ja /*ja/ *pˤret /*pˤret/ *ryēt /*ryēt/ *b-r-gyat 形*b-r-gyat /*b-r-gyat/*b-g-ryat 形*b-g-ryat /*b-g-ryat/ *nayima(n) /*najiman/ *tNɕaːm /*tɲcaːm/
九 *N-ɟuə̯X /*N-ɟuə̯X/ *kəkənə /*kəkənə/ *[k]uʔ /*[k]uʔ/ *kwɨH /*kwɨH/ *d-kəw /*d-kəw/ *yersü(n) /*jersyn/ —
十 *gju̯əpD /*gju̯əpD/ *təwə /*təwə/ *t.[g]əp /*t.[g]əp/ *k(ʰ)ĭp /*k(ʰ)ĭp/ *ts(y)i(y) ⪤ *tsyay /*ts(y)i(y) ⪤ *tsyay/ *harba(n) /*harban/ —
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