原始モンゴル語
Proto-Mongolic
Mongolic (proto)
Proto-Mongolic is the reconstructed common ancestor of all Mongolic languages, including Khalkha Mongolian, Buryat, Kalmyk-Oirat, the Inner Mongolian varieties, Dagur, and the Qinghai-Gansu group (Monguor, Bonan, Dongxiang, etc.). It is conventionally dated to roughly the 5th-10th centuries CE on the Mongolian plateau, just before the rise of the Mongol Empire and the emergence of Middle Mongol. The reconstruction relies primarily on the Secret History of the Mongols, the ʼPhags-pa script materials, the Sino-Mongol glossaries, and systematic comparison of modern Mongolic languages. Reconstructions follow Janhunen (2003) and Nugteren (2011), with starred forms such as *nike(n) 'one', *naran 'sun', *mori(n) 'horse', and *kümün 'person'. Final -n is conventionally bracketed because it surfaces only in certain morphological contexts.
Where it is spoken
Han character readings in Proto-Mongolic
| Character | Meaning | Reading | Form | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | one | *nigen | /*niɡen/ | |
| 二 | two | *qoyar | /*qojar/ | |
| 三 | three | *gurba(n) | /*ɡurban/ | |
| 四 | four | *dörbe(n) | /*dœrben/ | |
| 五 | five | *tabu(n) | /*tabun/ | |
| 六 | six | *jirguɣa(n) | /*dʒirɣuɣan/ | |
| 七 | seven | *doluɣa(n) | /*doluɣan/ | |
| 八 | eight | *nayima(n) | /*najiman/ | |
| 九 | nine | *yersü(n) | /*jersyn/ | |
| 十 | ten | *harba(n) | /*harban/ | |
| 天 | sky | *teŋri | /*teŋri/ | |
| 地 | ground | *gajar | /*ɡadʒar/ | |
| 日 | sun | *naran | /*naran/ | |
| 月 | moon | *sara(n) | /*saran/ | |
| 山 | mountain | *agula | /*aɣula/ | |
| 海 | sea | *dalai | /*dalaj/ | |
| 水 | water | *usu(n) | /*usun/ | |
| 火 | fire | *gal | /*ɡal/ | |
| 木 | tree | *modu(n) | /*modun/ | |
| 土 | soil | *sirui | /*siruj/ | |
| 石 | stone | *cilaxun | /*tʃilaxun/ | |
| 鐵 | iron | *temür | /*temyr/ | |
| 雪 | snow | *casun | /*tʃasun/ | |
| 牛 | ox | *hüker | /*hyker/ | |
| 蛇 | snake | *mogai | /*moɣaj/ | |
| 馬 | horse | *mori(n) | /*morin/ | |
| 羊 | sheep | *honi(n) | /*honin/ | |
| 雞 | chicken | *takixa | /*takixa/ | |
| 犬 | dog | *noxai | /*noxaj/ | |
| 豬 | pig | *gakai | /*ɡakaj/ | |
| 鳥 | bird | *sibawun | /*sibaʊn/ | |
| 魚 | fish | *jigasu(n) | /*dʒiɣasun/ | |
| 頭 | head | *terixün | /*terixyn/ | |
| 目 | eye | *nidün | /*nidyn/ | |
| 耳 | ear | *cikin | /*tʃikin/ | |
| 鼻 | nose | *kamar | /*kamar/ | |
| 口 | mouth | *aman | /*aman/ | |
| 牙 | tooth | *sidün | /*sidyn/ | |
| 心 | heart | *jirüken | /*dʒiryken/ | |
| 手 | hand | *gar | /*ɡar/ | |
| 足 | foot | *köl | /*kœl/ | |
| 血 | blood | *cisu(n) | /*tʃisun/ | |
| 肉 | meat | *mika(n) | /*mikan/ | |
| 人 | person | *kümün | /*kymyn/ | |
| 女 | woman | *eme | /*eme/ | |
| 門 | door, gate | *exüden | /*exyden/ | |
| 年 | year | *hon | /*hon/ | |
| 生 | live, be born | *töre- | /*tœre-/ | |
| 行 | go | *yabu- | /*jabu-/ | |
| 行 | row | *yabu- | /*jabu-/ | |
| 来 | come | *ire- | /*ire-/ | |
| 去 | leave | *od- | /*od-/ | |
| 走 | run | *güyü- | /*ɡyjy-/ | |
| 飛 | fly | *nis- | /*nis-/ | |
| 坐 | sit | *saxu- | /*saxu-/ | |
| 立 | stand | *bos- | /*bos-/ | |
| 見 | see | *üje- | /*ydʒe-/ | |
| 聞 | hear | *sonos- | /*sonos-/ | |
| 知 | know | *mede- | /*mede-/ | |
| 食 | eat | *ide- | /*ide-/ | |
| 飲 | drink | *uxu- | /*uxu-/ | |
| 白 | white | *cagaxan | /*tʃaɣaxan/ | |
| 黑 | black | *kara | /*kara/ | |
| 紅 | red | *hulaxan | /*hulaxan/ | |
| 黃 | yellow | *sira | /*sira/ | |
| 青 | blue-green | *köke | /*kœke/ | |
| 綠 | green | *noguxan | /*noɣuxan/ | |
| 灰 | grey; ash | *hünesün | /*hynesyn/ | |
| 大 | big | *yeke | /*jeke/ | |
| 多 | many, much | *olan | /*olan/ | |
| 長 | long | *urtu | /*urtu/ | |
| 遠 | far | *kola | /*kola/ | |
| 熱 | hot | *kalaun | /*kalaun/ | |
| 冷 | cold | *küyitün | /*kyjityn/ | |
| 上 | up | *degere | /*deɡere/ | |
| 下 | down | *doxora | /*doxora/ | |
| 左 | left | *jegün | /*dʒeɡyn/ | |
| 右 | right | *baragun | /*baraɣun/ | |
| 中 | middle | *dumda | /*dumda/ | |
| 中 | hit | *dumda | /*dumda/ | |
| 東 | east | *jegün | /*dʒeɡyn/ | |
| 西 | west | *baragun | /*baraɣun/ | |
| 南 | south | *emüne | /*emyne/ | |
| 北 | north | *hoyitu | /*hojitu/ | |
| 我 | I, me | *bi | /*bi/ | |
| 你 | you | *ci | /*tʃi/ | |
| 無 | not have, without | *ügei | /*yɣej/ | |
| 不 | not | *ese | /*ese/ |
Sources
- Janhunen 2003
- Nugteren 2011
Han readings compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Mongolic (proto)
| Character | Proto-Mongolic | Proto-Tungusic | Khitan | Proto-Japonic | Proto-Koreanic | Proto-Hmong-Mien | Jurchen |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | *nigen /*niɡen/ | *əmun /*əmun/ | am /am/ | *pitə-tu /*pitə-tu/ | *hʌtan /*hʌtan/ | *ʔɨ /*ʔɨ/ | emu /emu/ |
| 二 | *qoyar /*qojar/ | *dʒuər /*dʒuər/ | jur /dʒur/ | *puta /*puta/ | *tupɨr /*tupɨɾ/ | *ʔu̯i /*ʔu̯i/ | juwe /dʑuwe/ |
| 三 | *gurba(n) /*ɡurban/ | *ilan /*ilan/ | hur /hur/ | *mi /*mi/ | *seki /*seki/ | *pjɔu /*pjɔu/ | ilan /ilan/ |
| 四 | *dörbe(n) /*dœrben/ | *dügin /*dyɡin/ | dur /dur/ | *jə /*jə/ | *neki /*neki/ | *plei /*plei/ | duin /duin/ |
| 五 | *tabu(n) /*tabun/ | *tuɲga /*tuɲɡa/ | tau /tʰau/ | *itu /*itu/ | *tasəs /*tasəs/ | *prja /*prja/ | sunja /sundʑa/ |
| 六 | *jirguɣa(n) /*dʒirɣuɣan/ | *ɲuŋun /*ɲuŋun/ | nil /nil/ | *mu /*mu/ | *jəsəs /*jəsəs/ | *kruk /*kruk/ | ninggun /niŋɡun/ |
| 七 | *doluɣa(n) /*doluɣan/ | *nadan /*nadan/ | dolo /dolo/ | *nana /*nana/ | *nirkup /*niɾkup/ | *djuŋH /*djuŋH/ | nadan /nadan/ |
| 八 | *nayima(n) /*najiman/ | *dʒapkun /*dʒapkun/ | — | *ja /*ja/ | *jətərp /*jətəɾp/ | *jat /*jat/ | jakūn /dʑakɯn/ |
| 九 | *yersü(n) /*jersyn/ | *xəgün /*xəɡyn/ | is /is/ | *kəkənə /*kəkənə/ | *ahop /*ahop/ | *N-ɟuə̯X /*N-ɟuə̯X/ | uyun /ujun/ |
| 十 | *harba(n) /*harban/ | *dʒuwan /*dʒuwan/ | par /par/ | *təwə /*təwə/ | *jer /*jeɾ/ | *gju̯əpD /*gju̯əpD/ | juwan /dʑuwan/ |
| 天 | *teŋri /*teŋri/ | *abka /*abka/ | teŋri /tʰeŋri/ | *ama /*ama/ | *hanʌr /*hanʌɾ/ | — | abka /abka/ |
| 地 | *gajar /*ɡadʒar/ | *na /*na/ | — | — | *tʌh /*tʌh/ | — | na /na/ |
| 日 | *naran /*naran/ | *siun /*siun/ | nair /nair/ | *pi /*pi/ | *hʌy /*hʌj/ | *hnu̯ɔiA /*hnu̯ɔiA/ | šun /ʃun/ |
| 月 | *sara(n) /*saran/ | *bēga /*beːɡa/ | sair /sair/ | *tukuy /*tukui/ | *tʌr /*tʌɾ/ | *hlaH /*hlaH/ | biya /bija/ |
| 山 | *agula /*aɣula/ | *xada /*xada/ | ula /ʊla/ | *jama /*jama/ | *moy /*moj/ | — | alin /alin/ |
| 海 | *dalai /*dalaj/ | *lāmu /*laːmu/ | — | *umi /*umi/ | *parʌr /*paɾʌɾ/ | — | mederi /mederi/ |
| 水 | *usu(n) /*usun/ | *mū /*muː/ | us /ʊs/ | *mintu /*mintu/ | *mɨr /*mɨɾ/ | *ʔu̯əm /*ʔu̯əm/ | muke /muke/ |
| 火 | *gal /*ɡal/ | *tōga /*toːɡa/ | gal /ɡal/ | *poy /*poi/ | *pɨr /*pɨɾ/ | *douX /*douX/ | tuwa /tuwa/ |
| 木 | *modu(n) /*modun/ | *mō /*moː/ | — | *kəy /*kəi/ | *namk /*namk/ | *ntju̯əŋH /*ntju̯əŋH/ | moo /moː/ |
| 土 | *sirui /*siruj/ | *na /*na/ | — | *tuti /*tuti/ | *hʌrk /*hʌɾk/ | *N-təu /*N-təu/ | boihon /boixon/ |
| 石 | *cilaxun /*tʃilaxun/ | *dʒola /*dʒola/ | — | *isoi /*isoi/ | — | *-ʔrəu /*-ʔrəu/ | — |
| 鐵 | *temür /*temyr/ | *sele /*sele/ | — | — | — | — | sele /sələ/ |
| 雪 | *casun /*tʃasun/ | *ximansa /*ximansa/ | — | *joki /*joki/ | — | — | imanggi /imaŋɡi/ |
| 牛 | *hüker /*hyker/ | *xuker /*xuker/ | — | *usi /*usi/ | *sjo /*sjo/ | — | ihan /ixan/ |
| 蛇 | *mogai /*moɣaj/ | *müikī /*myikiː/ | — | — | — | *ʔnaŋ /*ʔnaŋ/ | meihe /meixe/ |
| 馬 | *mori(n) /*morin/ | *murin /*murin/ | mori /mori/ | *uma /*uma/ | — | *mjænB /*mjænB/ | morin /morin/ |
| 羊 | *honi(n) /*honin/ | — | — | *pitunsi /*pitunsi/ | — | *juŋ /*juŋ/ | honin /xonin/ |
| 雞 | *takixa /*takixa/ | *tiaku /*tiaku/ | — | — | — | *Kəi /*Kəi/ | — |
| 犬 | *noxai /*noxaj/ | *ŋinda /*ŋinda/ | — | *enu /*enu/ | *kahi /*kahi/ | *qluwX /*qluwX/ | indahūn /indaxɯn/ |
| 豬 | *gakai /*ɡakaj/ | *ulgian /*ulɡian/ | — | — | — | — | ulgiyan /ulɡijan/ |
| 鳥 | *sibawun /*sibaʊn/ | *gasa /*ɡasa/ | — | *təri /*təri/ | *say /*saj/ | *m-nɔk /*m-nɔk/ | gasha /ɡaʃa/ |
| 魚 | *jigasu(n) /*dʒiɣasun/ | *nimaka /*nimaka/ | — | *iwo /*iwo/ | *koki /*koki/ | *mbrəuX /*mbrəuX/ | nimaha /nimaxa/ |
| 頭 | *terixün /*terixyn/ | *dil /*dil/ | — | *kasira /*kasira/ | *məri /*məɾi/ | *S-phreiX /*S-phreiX/ | uju /udʑu/ |
| 目 | *nidün /*nidyn/ | *jāsa /*jaːsa/ | — | *ma /*ma/ | *nun /*nun/ | *mu̯ɛjH /*mu̯ɛjH/ | yasa /jasa/ |
| 耳 | *cikin /*tʃikin/ | *sēn /*seːn/ | — | *mimi /*mimi/ | *kuy /*kuj/ | *mbræu /*mbræu/ | šan /ʃan/ |
| 鼻 | *kamar /*kamar/ | — | — | *pana /*pana/ | — | *mbru̯iH /*mbru̯iH/ | — |
| 口 | *aman /*aman/ | *amŋa /*amŋa/ | — | *kutuy /*kutui/ | *ip /*ip/ | *ɲɟuj /*ɲɟuj/ | angga /aŋɡa/ |
| 牙 | *sidün /*sidyn/ | *xǖkte /*xyːkte/ | — | *pa /*pa/ | — | *hmjinX /*hmjinX/ | weihe /weixe/ |
| 心 | *jirüken /*dʒiryken/ | *mēwan /*meːwan/ | — | *kəkərə /*kəkərə/ | *mʌzʌm /*mʌzʌm/ | — | niyaman /niaman/ |
| 手 | *gar /*ɡar/ | *ŋāla /*ŋaːla/ | — | *ta /*ta/ | *son /*son/ | *-bɔuX /*-bɔuX/ | gala /ɡala/ |
| 足 | *köl /*kœl/ | *bəgdi /*bəɡdi/ | — | *asi /*asi/ | *par /*paɾ/ | — | bethe /betxe/ |
| 血 | *cisu(n) /*tʃisun/ | *sēksə /*seːksə/ | — | *ti /*ti/ | *pih /*pih/ | *ntshjamX /*ntshjamX/ | senggi /səŋɡi/ |
| 肉 | *mika(n) /*mikan/ | *uldʒə /*uldʒə/ | — | *sisi /*sisi/ | *salh /*salh/ | *NGej /*NGej/ | yali /jali/ |
| 人 | *kümün /*kymyn/ | *niama /*niama/ | ku /kʰu/ | *pitə /*pitə/ | *salʌm /*salʌm/ | *lan /*ʔja/ | niyalma /njalma/ |
| 女 | *eme /*eme/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 門 | *exüden /*exyden/ | *örke /*œrke/ | — | *to /*to/ | — | *gru̯eŋ /*gru̯eŋ/ | uce /utɕe/ |
| 年 | *hon /*hon/ | *aniganī /*aniɡaniː/ | — | *təsi /*təsi/ | — | *hɲu̯əŋH /*hɲu̯əŋH/ | aniya /anja/ |
| 生 | *töre- /*tœre-/ | *baldi- /*baldi-/ | — | *nar- /*nar-/ | — | — | banji- /bandʑi-/ |
| 行 | *yabu- /*jabu-/ | *jabu- /*jabu-/ | — | *ik- /*ik-/ | *ka- /*ka-/ | *n-mʉŋ(X) /*n-mʉŋ(X)/ | yabu- /jabu-/ |
| 行 | *yabu- /*jabu-/ | *ŋənə- /*ŋənə-/ | — | *okonap- /*okonap-/ | *hʌ- /*hʌ-/ | — | — |
| 来 | *ire- /*ire-/ | *əmə- /*əmə-/ | — | *kə- /*kə-/ | *o- /*o-/ | *daj /*daj/ | ji- /dʑi-/ |
| 去 | *od- /*od-/ | *ŋənə- /*ŋənə-/ | — | — | *ka- /*ka-/ | — | gene- /ɡənə-/ |
| 走 | *güyü- /*ɡyjy-/ | *tuksa- /*tuksa-/ | — | *pasir- /*pasir-/ | *tʌt- /*tʌt-/ | — | suju- /sudʑu-/ |
| 飛 | *nis- /*nis-/ | — | — | *tənp- /*tənp-/ | — | — | — |
| 坐 | *saxu- /*saxu-/ | *təgə- /*təɡə-/ | — | *wo- /*wo-/ | *anc- /*ants-/ | — | te- /te-/ |
| 立 | *bos- /*bos-/ | *ili- /*ili-/ | — | *tat- /*tat-/ | *se- /*se-/ | — | ili- /ili-/ |
| 見 | *üje- /*ydʒe-/ | *ičə- /*itʃə-/ | — | *mi- /*mi-/ | *po- /*po-/ | *bu̯ət /*bu̯ət/ | sabu- /sabu-/ |
| 聞 | *sonos- /*sonos-/ | *dōldi- /*doːldi-/ | — | *kik- /*kik-/ | *tɨr- /*tɨɾ-/ | *hnəumX /*hnəumX/ | donji- /dondʑi-/ |
| 知 | *mede- /*mede-/ | — | — | *sir- /*sir-/ | — | *pei /*pei/ | — |
| 食 | *ide- /*ide-/ | *dʒəp- /*dʒəp-/ | — | *kup- /*kup-/ | *mək- /*mək-/ | — | je- /dʑe-/ |
| 飲 | *uxu- /*uxu-/ | *umī- /*umiː-/ | — | *nəm- /*nəm-/ | *mas- /*mas-/ | — | omi- /omi-/ |
| 白 | *cagaxan /*tʃaɣaxan/ | — | — | *siro- /*siro-/ | — | — | — |
| 黑 | *kara /*kara/ | *sakalīn /*sakaliːn/ | — | *kuro /*kuro/ | — | — | sahaliyan /saxalijan/ |
| 紅 | *hulaxan /*hulaxan/ | *pula /*pula/ | — | — | — | — | fulgiyan /fulɡijan/ |
| 黃 | *sira /*sira/ | — | — | *koi /*koi/ | — | — | — |
| 青 | *köke /*kœke/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 綠 | *noguxan /*noɣuxan/ | *ɲoŋa /*ɲoŋa/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| 灰 | *hünesün /*hynesyn/ | — | — | — | — | *tshju̯əiX /*tshju̯əiX/ | — |
| 大 | *yeke /*jeke/ | *amban /*amban/ | — | — | — | *hljo /*hljo/ | amba /amba/ |
| 多 | *olan /*olan/ | *geren /*ɡeren/ | — | *əpə /*əpə/ | — | — | — |
| 長 | *urtu /*urtu/ | *ŋōlimi /*ŋoːlimi/ | — | *nanka /*nanka/ | — | *ntauX /*ntauX/ | golmin /ɡolmin/ |
| 遠 | *kola /*kola/ | *gora /*ɡora/ | — | *təpə /*təpə/ | — | *qʷuw /*qʷuw/ | — |
| 熱 | *kalaun /*kalaun/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 冷 | *küyitün /*kyjityn/ | — | — | *su⁽ⁿ⁾susi /*su⁽ⁿ⁾susi/ | — | *ʔnu̯ɔmH /*ʔnu̯ɔmH/ | — |
| 上 | *degere /*deɡere/ | *ugi /*uɡi/ | — | *upəy /*upəi/ | *uh /*uh/ | — | dele /dələ/ |
| 下 | *doxora /*doxora/ | *xərgi /*xərɡi/ | — | *sita /*sita/ | *arʌy /*aɾʌj/ | — | fejile /fəjilə/ |
| 左 | *jegün /*dʒeɡyn/ | *dʒəgün /*dʒəɡyn/ | — | *pintari /*pintari/ | *oyn /*ojn/ | — | hashū /haʃɯ/ |
| 右 | *baragun /*baraɣun/ | *aŋān /*aŋaːn/ | — | *minkiri /*minkiri/ | *parʌn /*paɾʌn/ | — | ici /itɕi/ |
| 中 | *dumda /*dumda/ | *dulin /*dulin/ | — | *naka /*naka/ | *kawɨn /*kawɨn/ | *ntroŋ /*ntroŋ/ | dulin /dulin/ |
| 中 | *dumda /*dumda/ | *dulin /*dulin/ | — | *atar- /*atar-/ | *mac- /*mats-/ | — | — |
| 東 | *jegün /*dʒeɡyn/ | *dʒügün /*dʒyɡyn/ | — | *pinkasi /*pinkasi/ | — | — | dergi /dərɡi/ |
| 西 | *baragun /*baraɣun/ | — | — | *nisi /*nisi/ | — | — | wargi /warɡi/ |
| 南 | *emüne /*emyne/ | — | — | *minami /*minami/ | — | — | julergi /dʑulərɡi/ |
| 北 | *hoyitu /*hojitu/ | — | — | *kita /*kita/ | — | — | amargi /amarɡi/ |
| 我 | *bi /*bi/ | *bi /*bi/ | — | — | — | — | bi /bi/ |
| 你 | *ci /*tʃi/ | *si /*si/ | — | — | — | *mu̯ei /*mu̯ei/ | ši /ʃi/ |
| 無 | *ügei /*yɣej/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 不 | *ese /*ese/ | *e- /*e-/ | — | *na /*na/ | — | — | — |
Page 1/9
Open the interactive map: Word Map · HanMap · Name Map · Word Order · Tree
Part of LangMap — a linguistic visualization project. This is a static, crawlable summary; the interactive maps offer pronunciation audio, filters, and a globe view.
Made by Heuron Inc. · GitHub · cho@heuron.com · LangMap home