Дюк
Yugh
Yeniseian (Southern)
Yugh (Sym Ket) was the southern sister of Ket, the last surviving Yeniseian language. It went extinct in the early 2000s after centuries of contact pressure along the Sym tributary of the Yenisei. Like Ket, Yugh featured tonal contrasts and an extraordinarily complex polysynthetic verb; Yeniseian itself is a putative outlier whose Dene-Yeniseian link to Na-Dené was proposed by Vajda (2010).
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Yugh
Sources
- Werner, Heinrich (1997) Die ketische Sprache. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. (Yugh comparative data)
- Vajda, Edward J. (2010) "Yeniseian, Na-Dene, and Historical Linguistics." Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 5.
- Werner, Heinrich (2002) Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
- Glottolog: Yugh
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Yeniseian (Southern)
| Meaning | Yugh | Ket | Babuza | Bonan | Proto-Austronesian | Proto-Tocharian | Yangkaal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | хур /xur/ | уьл /ulʲ/ | zalum /zalum/ | sə /sə/ | *daNum /daNum/ | *wär /wər/ | nguku /ŋuku/ |
| Fire | бок /bok/ | бок /bok/ | chau /tʃau/ | χal /χal/ | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ | *pŭwār /puwaːr/ | ngida /ŋida/ |
| Sun | ыга /ɨɣa/ | и /i/ | — /—/ | naraŋ /naraŋ/ | *waRi /waRi/ | *kāunä /kaːunə/ | warrku /waɾku/ |
| Moon | хып /xɨp/ | ӄип /qip/ | zilias /siliəs/ | sarə /sarə/ | *bulaN /bulaN/ | *mēñē /meːɲeː/ | waldarra /waldaɾa/ |
| Star | алаӈ /alaŋ/ | ӄоʼ /qoʔ/ | botto /botːo/ | hotuŋ /hotuŋ/ | *bituqen /bituqen/ | *scär /stsər/ | miburlda thungalda /mibuɭda t̪uŋalda/ |
| Night | си /si/ | си /si/ | bini /bini/ | sonə /sonə/ | *beRŋi /beʀŋi/ | *wyäṣi /wjəʂi/ | ngimi /ŋimi/ |
| Snow | тик /tik/ | тик /tik/ | — | ʥasɵŋ /dʑasɵŋ/ | *SuReNa /SuReNa/ | — | — |
| Mother | ам /am/ | ам /am/ | nai /nai/ | amə /amə/ | *ina /ina/ | *mācer /maːtser/ | ngamathu /ŋamat̪u/ |
| Father | оп /op/ | об /oːp/ | tama /tama/ | abo /abo/ | *ama /ama/ | *āppo /aːppo/ | kanthathu /kant̪at̪u/ |
| I | ай /aj/ | ат /aʔt/ | ka-ina /kaina/ | bǔ /bǔ/ | *aku /aku/ | *ñäś /ɲəɕ/ | ngada /ŋada/ |
| You | у /uː/ | у /uː/ | ijo /ijo/ | ʨǐ /tɕǐ/ | *iSu /iSu/ | *tuwe /tuwe/ | nyingka /ɲiŋka/ |
| We | этн /ətn/ | әтн /ɤtn/ | totto / namo /toto / namo/ | bədə /bədə/ | *kita / *kami /kita / kami/ | — /—/ | ngakulda / ngalda /ŋakulda / ŋalda/ |
| Name | и /iː/ | и /iʔ/ | naan /naːn/ | narə /narə/ | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ | *ñēmä /ɲeːmə/ | nida /nida/ |
| Eye | ден /den/ | де /de/ | macha /matʃa/ | nəduŋ /nəduŋ/ | *maCa /maCa/ | *ëk /ək/ | miburlda /mibuɭda/ |
| Ear | охти /oχti/ | огдэ /oɡde/ | charrina /tʃarːina/ | ʨiχaŋ /tɕiχaŋ/ | *Caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | *kleutsān /kleutsaːn/ | — |
| Tooth | ит /it/ | ит /jit/ | sien /sien/ | duŋ /duŋ/ | *nipen /nipen/ | *keme /keme/ | damanda /damanda/ |
| Tongue | эй /ej/ | эй /ej/ | tacira /tatsira/ | kalaŋ /kalaŋ/ | *Sema /Sema/ | *käntwo /kəntwo/ | jalngantha /ɟalŋant̪a/ |
| Hand | хы /xɨ/ | тыр /tɯr/ | rima /rima/ | χar /χar/ | *lima /lima/ | *ṣar /ʂar/ | — /—/ |
| Foot | бул /bul/ | киʼсь /kʲiʔɕ/ | asiel /asiel/ | kual /kual/ | *qaqay /qaqay/ | *peine /peine/ | — |
| Heart | кутʼ /kutʼ/ | суӈ /suŋ/ | — /—/ | ʥirgə /dʑirɡə/ | *pusuq /pusuq/ | *āräñce /aːrəɲtse/ | — /—/ |
| Bone | аʼт /aʔt/ | аʼт /aʔt/ | ot /ot/ | iasuŋ /iasuŋ/ | *CuqelaN /CuqelaN/ | *āyä /aːjə/ | julda /ɟulda/ |
| Blood | сур /sur/ | сюль /ɕuʎ/ | taga /taɡa/ | ʨisuŋ /tɕisuŋ/ | *daRaq /daRaq/ | *yä́sar /jə́sar/ | kandu /kandu/ |
| Love | — /—/ | синьси /sinʲsi/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Tree | ос /os/ | оксь /oksʲ/ | baron /baron/ | mutoŋ /mutoŋ/ | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Dog | тʼип /tʼip/ | тип /tip/ | mado /mado/ | noɢoi /noɢoi/ | *asu /asu/ | *ku /ku/ | — /—/ |
| Cat | — /—/ | кошка /koʂka/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Fish | ис /is/ | ись /jiɕ/ | ci /tsi/ | ʥilɣasuŋ /dʑilɣasuŋ/ | *Sikan /Sikan/ | — /—/ | yakuri /jakuɾi/ |
| Egg | еӈ /eːŋ/ | эʼй /ɛʔj/ | rini /rini/ | əndəgi /əndəɡi/ | *qiCeluR /qicəlur/ | — | — |
| House | хус /xus/ | куьсь /kusʲ/ | don /don/ | gər /ɡər/ | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ | *wostŭ /wostu/ | — /—/ |
| Eat | фен /fen/ | сьел /sʲel/ | maan /maːn/ | nda- /nda/ | *kaen /kaen/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Drink | эт /et/ | уьлся /ulʲsʲa/ | minum /minum/ | u- /u/ | *inum /inum/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| One | хуса /xusa/ | ӄусь /qusʲ/ | nata /nata/ | nəgə /nəɡə/ | *isa /isa/ | *sems /sems/ | — /—/ |
| Two | хынам /xɨnam/ | ын /ɯːn/ | naroa /naroa/ | ɢuar /ɢuar/ | *duSa /duSa/ | *wë /wə/ | kiyarrngka /kijaɾŋka/ |
| Three | доӈ /doŋ/ | доӈ /dɔŋ/ | torro /torːo/ | ɢuraŋ /ɢuraŋ/ | *telu /telu/ | *treyä /trejə/ | — /—/ |
| Five | хак /xaːk/ | ӄак /qaːk/ | nachab /natʃab/ | tawuŋ /tawuŋ/ | *lima /lima/ | *pʼä́ñćä /pʲə́ɲtɕə/ | — |
| Hello | — /—/ | торова /torova/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | — /—/ | асьх /asʲx/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Good | — /—/ | аӄта /aqta/ | — /—/ | saŋ /saŋ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Red | сулʲ /sulʲ/ | сюлем /sjulem/ | makakas /makakas/ | fulaŋ /fulaŋ/ | *ma-iRaq /ma-iRaq/ | *rŭtäre /rutəre/ | kandukandu /kandukandu/ |
| Cuckoo | хохпынʲ /xoxpɨɲ/ | ӄоӄпунь /qɔqˈpunʲ/ | — | — | — | — | — |
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