Akhazà
Kiakha
Kichina-Kitibeti (Loloish, Hani)
Akha ni lugha ya Kisino-Tibeti ya kundi la Loloish (tawi la Yi) inayozungumzwa kwenye mipaka ya nyanda za juu za Yunnan (China), Jimbo la Shan nchini Myanmar, kaskazini mwa Thailand (Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai), Laos, na Vietnam. Ina uhusiano wa karibu na Hani huko Yunnan; kwa pamoja zinaunda kundi la Hani-Akha. Ina toni tatu zinazotofautisha maana, mpangilio wa maneno wa SOV, na vihusishi vingi vinavyofuata kitenzi mwishoni. Jamii ya Akha ni maarufu kwa Njia ya Akha (Akha Way) ya ukoo wa mababu, inayoghanwa kama mnyororo unaorudi nyuma zaidi ya vizazi sitini.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kiakha
Vyanzo
- Akha Bible (Baptist orthography), bible.com version 1722; Inga-Lill Hansson 1989, Akha phonology/lexicon (via STEDT, "Hansson 89 AHKP"); James A. Matisoff 1972/1974 Akha data (via STEDT)
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Kichina-Kitibeti (Loloish, Hani)
| Maana | Kiakha | Kihani | Kiyi | Kizaiwa | Kilhomi | Kitibeti | Kijino |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | i cuq /i˥tɕṵ˨˩/ | wulquvq /u˥˥tɕʰu˧˩/ | ꒉ /ʑɿ˧˧/ | wuì /ʋui˥˩/ | ཆུ་ /tɕʰu˥/ | ཆུ /tɕʰu˥/ | ji31tʃho55 /ji˧˩tʃʰo˥˥/ |
| Moto | mi dza /mi˨˩dza˨˩/ | miqzaq /mi˧˩dza˧˩/ | ꃆꄔ /mu˨˩tu˥/ | myi /mji˨˩/ | མེ་ /me˥/ | མེ /me˩˧/ | mi33 /mi˧˧/ |
| Jua | nah ma /nɔ˥ma˧/ | naolma /nɔ˥˥ma˧˧/ | ꉘꁮ /ho˧˧bu˧˧/ | buì /pui˥˩/ | ཉི་མ་ /ɲi˥ma˩/ | ཉི་མ /ɲima/ | ȵɔ35 /ɲɔ˧˥/ |
| Mwezi | ba la /ba˧la˧/ | bala /ba˧˧la˧˧/ | ꆪ /ɬɯ˨˩/ | lhamó /lŏ̱˥˥mo˥˥/ | ཟླ་བ་ /dawa˩/ | ཟླ་བ /tawa˩˧/ | pu33ɬa44 /pu˧˧ɬa˦˦/ |
| Nyota | aqgeu /a˨˩ɡɯ˥/ | aqgeel /a˧˩ɡɯ˥˥/ | ꃅꏸ /mu˧˧tɕɿ˧˧/ | kyoi /kjoi˥˥/ | སྐར་མ /karma˥/ | སྐར་མ /karma˥/ | pu33ke33 /pu˧˧ke˧˧/ |
| Usiku | uchi /u˧tɕi˧/ | aoqqivq /ɔ˧˩tɕi˧˩/ | ꃅꌋ /mu˧˧si˧˧/ | myinle /mjin˥˥le˨˩/ | མཚན་མོ /tsʰemːu˥/ | མཚན་མོ /tsʰɛ̃˥mo˥/ | mi33tɕhø33 /mi˧˧tɕʰø˧˧/ |
| Mvua | u yeh /u˨˩jɛ˥/ | aoqsseil /ɔ˧˩ze˥˥/ | ꂷꉐ /ma˧˧ha˧˧/ | mau /mau˨˩/ | — | ཆར་པ /tɕʰaː˥pa˥/ | mi31tha55 /mi˧˩tʰa˥˥/ |
| Theluji | ngeh /ŋɛ˥/ | haqju /xa˧˩dʑu˧˧/ | ꃰ /vo˧˧/ | kyoq /kjoʔ˨˩/ | ཁ་བ /kʰawa˥/ | ཁ་བ /kʰawa˥/ | njɛ33ji44 /ɲɛ˧˧ji˦˦/ |
| Upepo | ja leh /dʑa˨˩lɛ˥/ | jaqleil /dʑa˧˩le˥˥/ | ꃅꆳ /mu˧˧ɬɿ˧˧/ | laì /lai˥˩/ | — | རླུང /luŋ˥/ | li31phjɐ33 /li˧˩pʰjɐ˧˧/ |
| Udongo | mi /mi˥/ | mil caq /mi˥˥tsʰa˧˩/ | ꊖ /tsa˧˧/ | myi-tse /mji˥˥tse̱˨˩/ | ས /sa˥/ | ས /sa˥/ | mi31tsha33 /mi˧˩tsʰa˧˧/ |
| Jiwe | ka lo /kʰa˨˩lo˧/ | haqluv /xa˧˩lu˧˧/ | ꇓ /lu˧˧/ | luqgok /luʔ˨˩kok˨˩/ | རྡོ་ /do˥/ | རྡོ /to˩˧/ | lo42mɔ44 /lo˦˨mɔ˦˦/ |
| Mlima | gaw jaw /ɡɔ˨˩dʑɔ˨˩/ | haolgaoq /xɔ˥˥ɡɔ˧˩/ | ꁧ /bo˧˧/ | bùm /pum˥˩/ | — | རི /ri˩˧/ | ɣɯ31tha55 /ɣɯ˧˩tʰa˥˥/ |
| Bahari | i ma laq shaq /i˨˩ma˧la̰˧ʃa̰˧/ | lao'laoma /lɔ˧˧lɔ˧˧ma˧˧/ | — | — | — | རྒྱ་མཚོ /tʃatsʰo˩˧/ | lɐ31mɔ33 /lɐ˧˩mɔ˧˧/ |
| Mama | a ma /a˧ma˧/ | aqma /a˧˩ma˧˧/ | ꀉꂿ /a˧˦mo˧˧/ | înu /i˥˥nu˨˩/ | ཨ་མ་ /ʔama˩/ | ཨ་མ /ama˥/ | a33mɔ44 /a˧˧mɔ˦˦/ |
| Baba | a da /a˧da˧/ | aqda /a˧˩da˧˧/ | ꀉꄉ /a˧˦ta˧˧/ | îwa /i˥˥va˨˩/ | ཨ་པ་ /ʔapa˩/ | ཨ་ཕ /apʰa˥/ | a33pu33 /a˧˧pu˧˧/ |
| Binti | a boo /a˨˩bu˥/ | ssaqmiq /za˧˩mi˧˩/ | ꀋꃋ /a˨˩mɿ˧˧/ | myiwe zo /mji˨˩ve˨˩tso˨˩/ | — | བུ་མོ /pʰumo˥/ | zɔ33mi33 /zɔ˧˧mi˧˧/ |
| Mimi | nga /ŋa˧/ | ngal /ŋa˥˥/ | ꉢ /ŋa˧˧/ | ngò /ŋo˥˩/ | ང /ŋa˩/ | ང /ŋa˩˨/ | ŋɔ31 /ŋɔ˧˩/ |
| Wewe | naw /nɔ˧/ | nol /no˥˥/ | ꆏ /nɯ˧˧/ | nang /naŋ˥˥/ | ཁྱོད /kʰjø˥/ | ཁྱོད /cʰøː˥/ | nɐ31 /nɐ˧˩/ |
| Sisi | aduma / ngama /a˨˩du˧ma̰˨˩ / ŋa˧ma̰˨˩/ | ngaldu / ngalya /ŋa˥˥du˧˧ / ŋa˥˥ja˧˧/ | ꉪꊇ /ŋo˨˩ɣo˧˦/ | nga-nhung / ngamoq /ŋa˥˥n̥uŋ˥˥ / ŋa˥˥moʔ˥˥/ | — /—/ | ང་ཚོ /ŋa˩˧tsʰo˥/ | a33ŋ̊o33 / ŋa33jo31 /a˧˧ŋ̊o˧˧ / ŋa˧˧jo˧˩/ |
| Jina | myah /mjaŋ˥/ | milq /mi˥˥/ | ꂓ /m̥i˧˧/ | myìng /mjiŋ˥˩/ | མིང /miŋ˩/ | མིང /miŋ˥/ | a33mi33 /a˧˧mi˧˧/ |
| Mtu | tsaw /tsʰɔ˥/ | col /tsʰo˥˥/ | ꊿ /tsʰo˧˧/ | byù /pju˥˩/ | — | མི /mi/ | tshɐ35 /tsʰɐ˧˥/ |
| Kichwa | u du /u˨˩du˨˩/ | wuqduq /u˧˩du˧˩/ | ꀂꏾ /i˧˧tɕʰi˧˧/ | ulhum /u˨˩lu̱m˨˩/ | — | མགོ /ko˩˧/ | vu33khɛ33 /vu˧˧kʰɛ˧˧/ |
| Jicho | myaq /mja̰˧/ | miav /mja˧˧/ | ꑓ /ɲɔ˧˧/ | myoq /mjoʔ˨˩/ | མིག་ /mik˥/ | མིག /mik˩˧/ | mja42tsi44 /mja˦˨tsi˦˦/ |
| Sikio | na baw /na˨˩bɔ˥/ | naqbol /na˧˩bo˥˥/ | ꅻ /n̥ɯ˨˩/ | nophyo /no˨˩pʰjo˨˩/ | — | རྣ་བ /naba˥/ | na33kho55 /na˧˧kʰo˥˥/ |
| Pua | na meh /na˥mɤ˥/ | nalmeil /na˥˥me˥˥/ | ꅲ /n̥a˧˧/ | no /no˥˩/ | — | སྣ /na˥/ | nɔ33to44 /nɔ˧˧to˦˦/ |
| Mdomo | ka meh /kʰa˨˩mɤ˧/ | meiqbaoq /me˧˩bɔ˧˩/ | ꈂꀸ /kʰa˨˩pʰi˥/ | nhut /nu̱t˥˥/ | — | ཁ /kʰa˥/ | mø33mø33 /mø˧˧mø˧˧/ |
| Jino | seu /sɤ˨˩/ | seq /sɤ˧˩/ | ꎐꂷ /dʐɿ˧˧ma˧˧/ | zuì /tsui˥˩/ | སོ /so˥/ | སོ /so˥/ | a33tʃɯ33 /a˧˧tʃɯ˧˧/ |
| Ulimi | mela /mela˥/ | lalma /la˥˥ma˧˧/ | ꉐꆂ /ha˧˧nɛ˧˧/ | sho /ʃo˥˩/ | ལྕེ /tɕila˥/ | ལྕེ /tɕe˥/ | mø33khɹa33 /mø˧˧kʰɹa˧˧/ |
| Mkono | la pa /la˧pa˧/ | aqlavq /a˧˩la˧˩/ | ꇇ /lo˥/ | loq /loʔ˨˩/ | ལག་པ་ /lakpa˩/ | ལག་པ /lakpa˩˧/ | la33pu33 /la˧˧pu˧˧/ |
| Mguu | a kui /a˨˩kʰɯ˥/ | aqkeel /a˧˩kʰɯ˥˥/ | ꏸꑭ /tɕɿ˧˧ɕɿ˧˧/ | hkyî /kʰji˥˩/ | རྐང་པ /kaŋpa˥/ | རྐང་པ /kaŋ˥pa˥/ | ʃɔ33khi33 /ʃɔ˧˧kʰi˧˧/ |
| Moyo | nui ma /ne˧ma˧/ | neema /nɯ˧˧ma˧˧/ | ꉌꂵ /hɛ˧˧ma˥/ | nhiklhum /ni̱k˥˥lu̱m˨˩/ | སྙིང་ /ɲiŋ˥/ | སྙིང་ /ɲiŋ˥/ | pe33sɯ33 /pe˧˧sɯ˧˧/ |
| Mfupa | sha ye /ʃa˧je˧/ | saqyyuq /sa˧˩jø˧˩/ | ꃷꅍ /vu˨˩du˧˧/ | showui /ʃŏ˨˩ʋui˨˩/ | རུས་པ /ryːpa˥/ | རུས་པ /rypa˩˧/ | — /—/ |
| Damu | shi /ʃi˥/ | sivq /si˧˩/ | ꌦ /sɿ˧˧/ | sui /sui˨˩/ | ཁྲག /tʰak˥/ | ཁྲག /ʈʂʰaʔ˥˧/ | a33ɕi44 /a˧˧ɕi˦˦/ |
| Upendo | gaq /ɡaʔ˧/ | gaq /ɡa˧˩/ | ꉂ /ŋɡu˧˧/ | chyit /tʃi̱t˥˥/ | — /—/ | དགའ་པོ /kapo˩˧/ | mo44e33 /mo˦˦e˧˧/ |
| Mti | a baw /a˥bɔ˥/ | albol /a˥˥bo˥˥/ | ꌩꁧ /sɿ˧˧bo˧˧/ | sikgâm /sik˥˥kam˥˩/ | ཤིང་ /ɕiŋ˥/ | ཤིང་སྡོང་ /ɕiŋ˥toŋ˥/ | a33tsɯ33 /a˧˧tsɯ˧˧/ |
| Mbwa | a kui /a˨˩kʰɯ˨˩/ | aqkeeq /a˧˩kʰɯ˧˩/ | ꈌ /kʰɯ˧˧/ | hkuî /kʰui˨˩/ | ཁྱི་ /kʰi˥/ | ཁྱི /cʰi˥/ | khɯ33jo33 /kʰɯ˧˧jo˧˧/ |
| Paka | a mi /a˥mi˥/ | almil /a˥˥mi˥˥/ | ꀉꑐ /a˧˦ɲɛ˧˧/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ཞི་མི /ɕimi˩˧/ | jɔ31mɛ44 /jɔ˧˩mɛ˦˦/ |
| Samaki | nghasha /ŋa˥ʃa˥/ | ngaqdeil /ŋa˧˩de˥˥/ | ꉛ /hɯ˧˧/ | ngozo /ŋŏ˨˩tso˨˩/ | ན /na˥/ | ཉ /ɲa˥/ | ŋɔ33 /ŋɔ˧˧/ |
| Ndege | a ji /a˥dʑi˥/ | alzil /a˥˥dzi˥˥/ | — | nghoq /ŋo̱ʔ˥˥/ | — | བྱ /tʃʰa˩˧/ | ŋɑ33zɔ33 /ŋɑ˧˧zɔ˧˧/ |
| Yai | uq /ṵ˧/ | alwuv /a˥˥u˧˧/ | ꏿ /tɕʰi˨˩/ | au /a˨˩u˥˥/ | — | སྒོ་ང /koŋa˩˧/ | ɑ33vu33 /ɑ˧˧vu˧˧/ |
| Dubu | ka hm /kʰa˨˩hm̩˥/ | haq'aol /xa˧˩ɔ˥˥/ | ꊈ /ɣo˧˧/ | wàm /vam˥˩/ | དོམ /dom˩/ | དོམ /tom˩˧/ | a33ø44 /a˧˧ø˦˦/ |
| Farasi | maw /mɔ˨˩/ | moq /mo˧˩/ | ꃅ /mu˧˧/ | myang /mjaŋ˨˩/ | — | རྟ /ta˥/ | mjo33 /mjo˧˧/ |
| Nyumba | nyma /ɲma˧/ | laqhyul /la˧˩xø˥˥/ | ꑳ /ʑi˧˧/ | yhûm /ju̱m˥˩/ | ཁྱིམ་ /kʰim˥/ | ཁང་པ /kʰaŋpa˥/ | tso31 /tso˧˩/ |
| Maziwa | a coe /a˨˩tɕø˥/ | aqqul /a˧˩tɕʰu˥˥/ | — | naú /nau˥˥/ | — | འོ་མ /oma˥/ | mɛ44ji33 /mɛ˦˦ji˧˧/ |
| Asali | bya bya ui /bja˨˩bja˨˩ɯ˥/ | biaqeel /bja˧˩ɯ˥˥/ | ꐚꒉ /dʑi˧˧ʑɿ˧˧/ | — | — | སྦྲང་རྩི /ʈʂaŋ˩˧ tsi˥/ | — |
| Mvinyo | a gaq dza ui /a˨˩ɡa̰˨˩dza˥ɯ˥/ | — | — | — | — | རྒུན་ཆང་ /kỹ˩˨tɕaŋ/ | — |
| Chuma | shm /ʃm̩˥/ | saol /sɔ˥˥/ | — | shamtoq /ʃam˥˩to̱ʔ˥˥/ | — | ལྕགས /tɕaʔ˥˧/ | ɕɛ42 /ɕɛ˦˨/ |
| Kula | za /dza˧/ | zaq /dza˧˩/ | ꋠ /dzɯ˧˧/ | zo /tso˨˩/ | ཟ་ /sa˩/ | ཟ /sa˩˧/ | tsɔ33 /tsɔ˧˧/ |
| Kunywa | tu /tu˧/ | dol /do˥˥/ | ꅝ /ndo˧˧/ | shuq /ʃuʔ˥˥/ | འཐུང་ /tʰuŋ˩/ | འཐུང་ /tʰuŋ˥/ | tɐ42 /tɐ˦˨/ |
| Kulala | yuq /jṵ˨˩/ | yiuvq /ju˧˩/ | ꀀ /i˥/ | yhup /ju̱p˥˥/ | ཉལ་ /ɲal˩/ | ཉལ /ɲäː/ | ji44 /ji˦˦/ |
| Moja | ti /ti˧/ | qiq /tɕʰi˧˩/ | ꋍ /tsʰɿ˨˩/ | ra /ʒa˨˩/ | གཅིག་ /tɕik˥/ | གཅིག /tɕik˥/ | thi33 /tʰi˧˧/ |
| Mbili | nyi /ɲḭ˨˩/ | niq /ȵi˧˩/ | ꑍ /ɲi˨˩/ | í /i˥˥/ | གཉིས /ɲi˩/ | གཉིས /ɲiː˩˧/ | ni55 /ni˥˥/ |
| Tatu | sm /sm̩˥/ | saol /sɔ˥˥/ | ꌕ /sɔ˧˧/ | sum /sum˥˥/ | གསུམ /ʰsum˥/ | གསུམ /sum˥/ | sø33 /sø˧˧/ |
| Nne | oe /ø˨˩/ | yuvq /ø˧˩/ | ꇖ /lɿ˧˧/ | myi /mji˨˩/ | བཞི /ʃi˩/ | བཞི /ʑi˩˧/ | li33 /li˧˧/ |
| Tano | nga /ŋa˨˩/ | ngavq /ŋa˧˩/ | ꉬ /ŋɯ˧˧/ | ngo /ŋo˨˩/ | ལྔ /ʰŋa˥/ | ལྔ /ŋa˥/ | ŋɔ33 /ŋɔ˧˧/ |
| Mia | ya /ja˥/ | yal /ja˥˥/ | ꉐ /ha˧˧/ | rashô /ʒa˨˩ʃo˥˩/ | — | བརྒྱ /ca˩˧/ | ɕɔ33 /ɕɔ˧˧/ |
| Habari | u du la /u˧du˧la˧/ | niahuq mahuq /nia˧˧xu˧˩ ma˧˧xu˧˩/ | ꂿꎆꈐ /mo˧˧su˧˧kɤ˧˧/ | — /—/ | བཀྲ་ཤིས་བདེ་ལེགས /taɕi˥ tele˩/ | བཀྲ་ཤིས་བདེ་ལེགས /taɕi˥ telek˩˧/ | — /—/ |
| Asante | gv ya /ɡɯ˧ja˧/ | gaq sai /ɡa˧˩ sai/ | ꈀꎭꀕ /kʰa˧˦ʂa˧˧ʂa˧˧/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ཐུགས་རྗེ་ཆེ /tʰuktɕe˥ tɕʰe˥/ | — /—/ |
| Nzuri | jau /tɕau˧/ | xa /xa˧˧/ | ꉾ /xɯ˧˧/ | ge /ke˥˩/ | ཡག་པོ་ /jakpo˩/ | ཡག་པོ /jakpo˩˧/ | mɯ33 /mɯ˧˧/ |
| Mpya | shuiq /ʃɯ̰˨˩/ | siivq /sɿ˧˩/ | ꀊꏀ /a˧˧ʂɿ˥/ | asik /a˨˩sik˥˥/ | — | གསར་པ /saː˥pa˥/ | a33ɕi55 /a˧˧ɕi˥˥/ |
| Nyekundu | ne /ne˥/ | nil /ȵi˥˥/ | ꀊꅪ /a˧˧n̥i˧˧/ | ne /ne˥˩/ | དམར་པོ /mar˥pu˩/ | དམར་པོ /mar˥po˥/ | a33nɯ44 /a˧˧nɯ˦˦/ |
| Nyeupe | pyu /pʰju˥/ | piul /pʰju˥˥/ | ꀊꐎ /a˧˧tɕʰu˧˧/ | phju /pʰju˥˩/ | དཀར་པོ /kar˥pu˩/ | དཀར་པོ /kar˥ po˥/ | a33phɹo33 /a˧˧pʰɹo˧˧/ |
| Nyeusi | naq /na̰˧/ | nav /na˧˧/ | ꀉꆈ /a˧˦nɔ˧˧/ | noq /noʔ˨˩/ | — | ནག་པོ /naʔpo˩˧/ | a33na42 /a˧˧na˦˨/ |
| Kijani | nyoe /ɲø˧/ | niul /ɲu˥˥/ | ꀈꆧ /a˥ɬo˨˩/ | nyuì /ŋjui˥˩/ | — | ལྗང་ཁུ /tɕəŋ˩˧ku˥/ | a33ny55 /a˧˧ny˥˥/ |
| Buluu | nyoe /ɲø˧/ | peel /pʰɯ˥˥/ | ꀊꃴ /a˧˧vu˥/ | nyuì /ŋjui˥˩/ | — | སྔོན་པོ /ŋom˥po˥/ | a33lɯ33 /a˧˧lɯ˧˧/ |
| 99 | gʼoe tse gʼoe /ɣø˨˩tsʰe˥ɣø˨˩/ | — | ꈬꊰꈬ /ɡu˧˧ tsʰi˧˧ ɡu˧˧/ | — | — | དགུ་བཅུ་གོ་དགུ /ku˥tɕu˥ ko˥ ku˥/ | — |
Ukurasa 1/9
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