Pulik'la'
Kiyurok
Algiki
Yurok (Pulik'la') ni mmoja wa wanachama wawili walionusurika wa tawi la "Ritwan" la familia ya Algic (mwingine akiwa Wiyot, ambaye sasa ametoweka kama lugha ya kwanza tangu 1962). Familia ya Algic inajumuisha Kialgonquia (~lugha 30 hai za mashariki/kati ya Amerika Kaskazini), Wiyot, na Yurok — Yurok na Wiyot zilizungumzwa kaskazini-magharibi mwa California, umbali mkubwa kutoka maeneo makuu ya asili ya Kialgonquia, jambo linaloleta mojawapo ya mafumbo makubwa ya isimu ya kihistoria. Yurok ya kisasa ni kisa hai cha mafanikio ya uhuishaji wa lugha: programu za lugha za kikabila, Mahakama ya Kikabila ya Yurok (inayoendesha shughuli zake kwa sehemu kwa Yurok), na programu ya Yurok ya Shule ya Sekondari ya Hoopa Valley huzalisha ~wazungumzaji vijana 50. Kiisimu, Yurok huhifadhi sifa za kale za Algic (jinsia ya nomino ya kilicho hai-kisicho hai, vitenzi polisintetiki) lakini inaonyesha tofauti kubwa na Kialgonquia.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kiyurok
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Algiki
| Maana | Kiyurok | Kimaliseet-Passamaquoddy | Kitojolabal | Kithompson | Kimenominee | Kicora | Kiatikamekw |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | paaʼ /paːʔ/ | samaqan /samakʷan/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | qʷúʔ /qʷuʔ/ | nepāew /nəpaːew/ | hapɨn /hapɨn/ | nipi /nipi/ |
| Moto | meʼlonok /meʔlonok/ | sqot /skʷot/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | ʕʷyə́p /ʕʷjəp/ | eskotēw /eskoteːw/ | taʼai /taʔai/ | ickote /iʃkote/ |
| Jua | woygey /wojɡej/ | kisuhs /kisuhs/ | kʼakʼu /kʼakʼu/ | sk̓ʷák̓ʷest /skʼʷakʼʷest/ | kēsoq /keːsoʔ/ | tahaapuá /tahaːpwa/ | pisimw /pisimʷ/ |
| Mwezi | wonewsleg /wonewsleɡ/ | nipawset /nipawset/ | ixaw /iʃaw/ | máʕxetn /maʕxetn/ | tepāhkēsoq /tepaːhkeːsoʔ/ | mɨhka /mɨhka/ | tipiskaw pisim /tipiskaw pisim/ |
| Nyota | kesʼoh /kesʔoh/ | possesom /possesom/ | kʼanal /kʼanal/ | nkʷəkʷúsn̓ /nkʷəkʷusnˀ/ | anaeq /anæʔ/ | sɨɨrabe /sɨːˈrabe/ | atcakoc /atʃakoʃ/ |
| Usiku | nascewen /nastsewen/ | nipayiw /nipajiw/ | aʼkwal /aʔkʷal/ | sitist /sitist/ | tepāhkeh /tepaːhkeh/ | tika /tika/ | tipisko /tipisko/ |
| Mvua | ten /ten/ | — | — | stékɬ /stekɬ/ | — | biite /biːte/ | kimiwon /kimiwon/ |
| Theluji | roreer /ɹɔɹiɹ/ | wast /wast/ | sakal kʼinal /sakal kʼinal/ | swúxwt /swuxʷt/ | kōn /koːn/ | seeri /seːɾi/ | kon /kon/ |
| Upepo | rookw /ɹɔːkʷ/ | — | ikʼ /ʔikʼ/ | snéw̓t /snewˀt/ | — | eeca /eːka/ | rotin /ɾotin/ |
| Udongo | hlkehl /ɬkeɬ/ | ktahkomiq /ktahkomikʷ/ | luʼum /luʔum/ | tmíxw /tmixʷ/ | ahkēw /ahkeːw/ | chuej /tʃweh/ | aski /aski/ |
| Jiwe | haʼaag /haʔaːɣ/ | ponapsq /ponapskʷ/ | ton /ton/ | sxén̓x /sxenˀx/ | aqsan /aʔsan/ | teté /teˈte/ | asini /asini/ |
| Bahari | peeshkaahl /piʃkaːɬ/ | supeq /supekʷ/ | niwan paman jaʼ /niwan paman haʔ/ | — | kaeqcekam /kæʔtʃekam/ | muájete /mwaˈhete/ | kitcikami /kitʃikami/ |
| Mama | kokos /kokos/ | wikuwossit /wikuwossit/ | nan /nan/ | skíxzeʔ /skixzeʔ/ | nekīah /nekiːah/ | naana /naːna/ | okawi /okawi/ |
| Baba | nopew /nopew/ | mihtaqsit /mihtakʷsit/ | tat /tat/ | sqáczeʔ /sqatszeʔ/ | nōhnāeh /noːhnaːeh/ | hahuá /hahwa/ | otawi /otawi/ |
| Binti | ʼne-meʼy /ʔnemeʔj/ | ntus /ntus/ | ʼixukil /ʔiʃukil/ | — | — | — | otanis /otaːnis/ |
| Mimi | nek /nek/ | nil /nil/ | keʼn /keʔn/ | encwe /ʔəntʃwe/ | nenah /nɛnah/ | neʼu /ˈneʔu/ | nir /niɾ/ |
| Wewe | keʼl /keʔl/ | kil /kil/ | weʼn /weʔn/ | enwi /ʔənwi/ | kenah /kɛnah/ | aʼu /ˈaʔu/ | kir /kiɾ/ |
| Sisi | nekah /nekah/ | kilun / nilun /kilun / nilun/ | keʼntik / keʼntikon /keʔntik / keʔntikon/ | nemimlh /nəmimɬ/ | kenaq / nenaq /kɛnaʔ / nɛnaʔ/ | ta /ta/ | kirano / ninan /kiɾano / ninan/ |
| Jina | ʼerʼwerhł /ʔerʔwerɬ/ | wisuwon /wisuwon/ | bʼiʼil /ɓiʔil/ | skʷést /skʷest/ | -esian /ɛsian/ | yeuwa /ˈjeuwa/ | icinikatewin /iʃinikatewin/ |
| Mtu | ʼoohl /ʔɔːɬ/ | pomawsuwin /pomawsuwin/ | winkil /winkil/ | — | — | tebi /tebi/ | iriniw /iɾiniw/ |
| Kichwa | mohlkwoh /mɔlkʷɔh/ | woniyakon /wonijakon/ | ʼolom /ʔolom/ | — | — | muʼú /muˈʔu/ | octikwaninan /oʃtikwaninan/ |
| Jicho | lekwsh /lekwʃ/ | ʼsisoq /sisokʷ/ | satej /sateh/ | nk̓ʷətƛ̓ustn /nkʼʷətɬʼustn/ | oskēsek /oskeːsek/ | húi /hwi/ | ockicikonan /oʃkiʃikonan/ |
| Sikio | chpegarʼ /tʃpeɣeʔɹ/ | ʼcalokoss /tʃalokoss/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | ƛ̓én̓i /tɬʼenˀi/ | — | naxai /naʃai/ | otokainan /otokainan/ |
| Pua | ʼner-pʼernʼ /ʔnɚpʼɚʔn/ | wihton /wihton/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | sp̓saq̓s /spʼsaqʼs/ | — | tzúʼuri /ˈtsuʔuri/ | okotinan /okotinan/ |
| Mdomo | ʼne-luehl /ʔneluɬ/ | ʼtun /tun/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | spléwcin /splewtsin/ | — | teni /teni/ | otoninan /otoninan/ |
| Jino | rpelh /rpeɬ/ | wipit /wipit/ | ex /eʃ/ | xyexw /χjeχʷ/ | wēpet /weːpet/ | tame /tame/ | wipit /wipit/ |
| Ulimi | ipl /ipɬ/ | wilol /wilol/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | teleʼ /təɬeʔ/ | tēnaniw /teːnaniw/ | nanu /nanu/ | oterininan /oteɾininan/ |
| Mkono | mehl /mehl/ | ʼpihtin /pihtin/ | kʼabʼ /kʼaɓ/ | kéyx /kejx/ | onehkeh /onehkeh/ | mam /mam/ | otcitcinan /otʃitʃinan/ |
| Mguu | mechkah /metʃkah/ | ʼsit /sit/ | ok /ok/ | sqwaxt /sqʷaxt/ | osēt /oseːt/ | ɨɨka /ɨːka/ | osit /osit/ |
| Moyo | skoʼol /skoʔol/ | moshun /moshun/ | altzil /altsil/ | sxʷákʷukʷ /sxʷakʷukʷ/ | otēh /oteːh/ | hɨurí /hɨuri/ | otehinan /otehinan/ |
| Mfupa | werhlkerr /wɚɬkɚ/ | skonis /skonis/ | bakel /ɓakel/ | qʼwəqʼwul /qʼʷəqʼʷuʎ/ | ohkan /ohkan/ | ɨka /ɨka/ | oskaninan /oskaninan/ |
| Damu | pekoyek /pekojek/ | pokahkon /pokahkon/ | chikʼel /tʃikʼel/ | peteleʼ /pətəleʔ/ | meskoh /mɛskoh/ | xuuri /ʃuːɾi/ | miko /miko/ |
| Kinyesi | mol /mɔl/ | mickon /mitʃkon/ | kʼoy /kʼoj/ | paʕ̓ /paʕˀ/ | — | — | mei /mej/ |
| Upendo | choʼomi /tʃoʔomi/ | kseltom /kseltom/ | skʼana /skʼana/ | xámeʔs /χameʔs/ | kesāenemāew /kesaːenemaːew/ | kaʼna /kaʔna/ | sakihiwewin /sakihiwewin/ |
| Mti | kʼepoy /kʼepoj/ | opos /opos/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | sɣép /sɣep/ | metekoh /metekoh/ | kɨré /kɨre/ | mictikw /miʃtikʷ/ |
| Mbwa | chishʼah /tʃiʃʔah/ | olomuss /olomuss/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | sqáxa /sqaχa/ | anēm /aneːm/ | tsɨʼɨ /tsɨʔɨ/ | atimw /atimʷ/ |
| Paka | putuy /putuj/ | psuwis /psuwis/ | mis /mis/ | púsh /puʃ/ | — /—/ | mistú /mistu/ | minoc /minoʃ/ |
| Samaki | nepewiS /nepewiʃ/ | nomehs /nomehs/ | chay /tʃaj/ | sqyetn /sqjetn̩/ | namēs /nameːs/ | sasa /sasa/ | names /names/ |
| Ndege | chʼueʼchʼeesh /tʃʼuʔtʃʼiʃ/ | sips /sips/ | yal chan /jal tʃan/ | spz̓úz̓uʔ /spzˀuzˀuʔ/ | — | pinaʼa /ˈpinaʔa/ | pirecic /piɾeʃiʃ/ |
| Kipepeo | ʼwerrpʼ /ʔwɚːpʼ/ | amakehs /amakehs/ | pejpen /pehpen/ | nkíkax̣n̓i /nkikaχnˀi/ | mīmīkwǣw /miːmiːkwæːw/ | átzipaʼu /ˈatsipaʔu/ | kwakwapito /kwakwapito/ |
| Yai | ʼweryhl /ʔwɚjɬ/ | wawon /wawon/ | nolobʼ /noloɓ/ | heʔúšeʔ /heʔuʃeʔ/ | — | taʼu /taʔu/ | waw /waw/ |
| Dubu | chyerʼerʼy /tʃjɚʔɚʔj/ | muwin /muwin/ | oso /oso/ | spéʔec /speʔets/ | awǣhsaeh /awæːhsæh/ | juutzeʼe /huːtseʔe/ | masko /masko/ |
| Farasi | muelah /mulah/ | ahahs /ahahs/ | kawu /kawu/ | k̓əɬc̓esqáx̣aʔ /kʼəɬtsʼesqaχaʔ/ | — | cahuaáyuʼu /kawaˈajuʔu/ | atikw /atikʷ/ |
| Nyumba | kerwer /kerwer/ | wikuwam /wikuwam/ | naj /nah/ | citxw /tsitxʷ/ | wīkewam /wiːkewam/ | kíh /kih/ | mikiwam /mikiwam/ |
| Maziwa | newon /newɔn/ | molaqs /molakʷs/ | lech /letʃ/ | míl̓k /milˀk/ | — | léechi /ˈleːtʃi/ | tcotcocanapo /tʃotʃoʃanapo/ |
| Asali | repchem /reptʃem/ | amuwesipom /amuwesipom/ | chab /tʃaɓ/ | ƛ̓əxtmin /tɬʼəxtmin/ | — | sarate /saɾate/ | amo naminas /amo naminas/ |
| Chumvi | peeshkah /piʃkah/ | salawey /salawej/ | atsʼam /atsʼam/ | c̓ált /tsʼalt/ | sēwehtākan /seːwehtaːkan/ | unáj /unah/ | ciwotakan /ʃiwotakan/ |
| Mchele | raas /ɹaːs/ | aptelomultinewey /aptelomultinewej/ | ʼaros /ʔaros/ | — | manōmaeh /manoːmæh/ | — | miromin /miɾomin/ |
| Chuma | pegemeepʼ /peɣemipʼ/ | olonahq /olonahkʷ/ | takʼin /takʼin/ | ʔík̓mn /ʔikʼmn/ | — | tepuústiʼi /tepuːstiʔi/ | piwapiskw /piwapiskʷ/ |
| Gurudumu | weeel /wiːl/ | wahkaliqs /wahkalikʷs/ | rweda /rweda/ | — | — | — | toro /toɾo/ |
| Kula | kepoyi /kepoji/ | mitsu /mitsu/ | waʼel /waʔel/ | ʔíqs /ʔiqs/ | mīcew /miːtʃew/ | kuá /kwa/ | mitciso /mitʃiso/ |
| Kunywa | kewolepi /kewolepi/ | lossomu /lossomu/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | ʔúqʷeʔ /ʔuqʷeʔ/ | menew /menew/ | hiʼi /hiʔi/ | minikwew /minikwew/ |
| Kulala | chkeyekʼ /tʃkejekʼ/ | — | wayel /wajel/ | ʕʷóy̓t /ʕʷojˀt/ | nepāw /nepaːw/ | cutzú /kuˈtsu/ | nipaw /nipaw/ |
| Moja | kohchew /kohtʃew/ | pesq /peskʷ/ | jun /hun/ | péyeʔ /pejeʔ/ | nekot /nekot/ | cei /tsei/ | peikw /pejkʷ/ |
| Mbili | naʼamoyʼ /naʔamoj/ | nis /nis/ | chabʼ /tʃaɓ/ | séye /seje/ | nīs /niːs/ | huapoa /waˈpoa/ | nicw /niʃʷ/ |
| Tatu | nahkseʼn /nahkseʔn/ | nihi /nihi/ | oxe /oʃe/ | keʔɬés /keʔɬes/ | nɛʔniw /nɛʔniw/ | waika /waika/ | nicto /niʃto/ |
| Nne | choʼoneʼn /tʃoʔoneʔn/ | new /new/ | chane /tʃane/ | mús /mus/ | nīw /niːw/ | muaacua /mwaːkwa/ | new /new/ |
| Tano | meruh /meruh/ | nan /nan/ | joʼe /hoʔe/ | cíykst /tsijkst/ | nyānan /njaːnan/ | ansɨbi /ansɨbi/ | niaran /niaɾan/ |
| Habari | aiy-yue-kwee /aj-juːkweː/ | qey /kʷej/ | lekilukʼ /lekilukʼ/ | weytk /wejtk/ | posoh /posoh/ | keʼkuanenki /keʔkwanenki/ | kwei /kwej/ |
| Asante | wokhlew /wokʰlew/ | woliwon /woliwon/ | yuj /juh/ | kʷukʷscémxʷ /kʷukʷstsemxʷ/ | wāēwāēnen /waːeːwaːeːnen/ | atsipiraá /atsipiraː/ | mikwetc /mikwetʃ/ |
| Nzuri | skuyahl /skujahl/ | woli /woli/ | lek /lek/ | y̓é /jˀe/ | menwāewen /menwaːewen/ | huáʼi /hwaʔi/ | mirwacin /miɾwaʃin/ |
| Mpya | chaʼanar /tʃaʔanaɹ/ | pileyu /pileju/ | yajkʼachil /jahkʼatʃil/ | cíyci /tsijtsi/ | — | jéjcua /ˈhehkwa/ | ocki /oʃki/ |
| Nyekundu | pekwoh /pekwoh/ | mqeyu /mkʷeju/ | chak /tʃak/ | cíqʷ /tsiqʷ/ | mɛhkon /mɛhkon/ | sabí /saˈbi/ | mikwaw /mikwaw/ |
| Nyeupe | muenchey /muntʃej/ | wapeyu /wapeju/ | sak /sak/ | píq /piq/ | — | cuaiina /kʷaiˈina/ | wapaw /wapaw/ |
| Nyeusi | loʼogey /loʔoɣej/ | mokoseweyu /mokoseweju/ | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ | hestə́ptəpt /hestəptəpt/ | — | súʼumuaraʼa /suʔumwaɾaʔa/ | makatewaw /makatewaw/ |
| Buluu | skoyon /skojon/ | musqonocihte /muskʷonotʃihte/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ | ʔesqʷəzqʷəzt /ʔesqʷəzqʷəzt/ | — | — | — |
| Kahawa | kopeen /kɔpin/ | kahpe /kahpe/ | kajpe /kahpe/ | kápi /kapi/ | — | — | kapi /kapi/ |
| Sukari | repchem /reptʃem/ | sukol /sukol/ | sakal askal /sakal ʔaskal/ | — | — | — | — |
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