jušen gisun
Jurchen
Tungusic > Southern Tungusic (ancestor of Manchu)
Jurchen (jušen gisun) was a Tungusic language spoken by the Jurchen people who founded the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) and later the Later Jin / Qing dynasty. It is documented primarily through the 女真譯語, a Ming-era Bureau of Translators glossary of roughly 900 words with Chinese-character phonetic transcriptions, and through the Jurchen large script. Because Jurchen is the direct ancestor of Manchu, many lexical items are shared; the forms below follow Kane's 1989 transliteration where attested, otherwise the Manchu cognate is used only when its Jurchen provenance is secure. A large proportion of the 59 Hanmap characters remain undocumented in surviving glossaries.
Where it is spoken
Han character readings in Jurchen
| Character | Meaning | Reading | Form | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | one | emu | /emu/ | |
| 二 | two | juwe | /dʑuwe/ | |
| 三 | three | ilan | /ilan/ | |
| 四 | four | duin | /duin/ | |
| 五 | five | sunja | /sundʑa/ | |
| 六 | six | ninggun | /niŋɡun/ | |
| 七 | seven | nadan | /nadan/ | |
| 八 | eight | jakūn | /dʑakɯn/ | |
| 九 | nine | uyun | /ujun/ | |
| 十 | ten | juwan | /dʑuwan/ | |
| 天 | sky | abka | /abka/ | |
| 地 | ground | na | /na/ | |
| 日 | sun | šun | /ʃun/ | |
| 月 | moon | biya | /bija/ | |
| 山 | mountain | alin | /alin/ | |
| 海 | sea | mederi | /mederi/ | |
| 水 | water | muke | /muke/ | |
| 火 | fire | tuwa | /tuwa/ | |
| 木 | tree | moo | /moː/ | |
| 土 | soil | boihon | /boixon/ | |
| 鐵 | iron | sele | /sələ/ | |
| 雪 | snow | imanggi | /imaŋɡi/ | |
| 牛 | ox | ihan | /ixan/ | |
| 虎 | tiger | tasha | /taʃa/ | |
| 龍 | dragon | muduri | /muduri/ | |
| 蛇 | snake | meihe | /meixe/ | |
| 馬 | horse | morin | /morin/ | |
| 羊 | sheep | honin | /xonin/ | |
| 犬 | dog | indahūn | /indaxɯn/ | |
| 豬 | pig | ulgiyan | /ulɡijan/ | |
| 鳥 | bird | gasha | /ɡaʃa/ | |
| 魚 | fish | nimaha | /nimaxa/ | |
| 頭 | head | uju | /udʑu/ | |
| 目 | eye | yasa | /jasa/ | |
| 耳 | ear | šan | /ʃan/ | |
| 口 | mouth | angga | /aŋɡa/ | |
| 牙 | tooth | weihe | /weixe/ | |
| 心 | heart | niyaman | /niaman/ | |
| 手 | hand | gala | /ɡala/ | |
| 足 | foot | bethe | /betxe/ | |
| 血 | blood | senggi | /səŋɡi/ | |
| 肉 | meat | yali | /jali/ | |
| 人 | person | niyalma | /njalma/ | |
| 門 | door, gate | uce | /utɕe/ | |
| 年 | year | aniya | /anja/ | |
| 生 | live, be born | banji- | /bandʑi-/ | |
| 行 | go | yabu- | /jabu-/ | |
| 来 | come | ji- | /dʑi-/ | |
| 去 | leave | gene- | /ɡənə-/ | |
| 走 | run | suju- | /sudʑu-/ | |
| 坐 | sit | te- | /te-/ | |
| 立 | stand | ili- | /ili-/ | |
| 見 | see | sabu- | /sabu-/ | |
| 聞 | hear | donji- | /dondʑi-/ | |
| 食 | eat | je- | /dʑe-/ | |
| 飲 | drink | omi- | /omi-/ | |
| 黑 | black | sahaliyan | /saxalijan/ | |
| 紅 | red | fulgiyan | /fulɡijan/ | |
| 大 | big | amba | /amba/ | |
| 長 | long | golmin | /ɡolmin/ | |
| 上 | up | dele | /dələ/ | |
| 下 | down | fejile | /fəjilə/ | |
| 左 | left | hashū | /haʃɯ/ | |
| 右 | right | ici | /itɕi/ | |
| 中 | middle | dulin | /dulin/ | |
| 央 | center | dulimbai | /dulimbai/ | |
| 東 | east | dergi | /dərɡi/ | |
| 西 | west | wargi | /warɡi/ | |
| 南 | south | julergi | /dʑulərɡi/ | |
| 北 | north | amargi | /amarɡi/ | |
| 我 | I, me | bi | /bi/ | |
| 你 | you | ši | /ʃi/ | |
| 有 | have; there is | bi- | /bi-/ |
Sources
- Kane, Daniel. The Sino-Jurchen Vocabulary of the Bureau of Interpreters. Indiana University, 1989.
- 女真譯語 (Nüzhen Yiyu), Ming Bureau of Translators / Bureau of Interpreters, c. 1500.
- 金啟孮 (Jin Qizong). 女真文辭典 (Dictionary of the Jurchen Script). Wenwu Press, Beijing, 1984.
- Grube, Wilhelm. Die Sprache und Schrift der Jučen. Leipzig, 1896.
- Wiktionary: Jurchen language entries (cross-checked against Kane and 女真譯語).
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Tungusic (Jurchen-Manchu)
| Meaning | Jurchen | Manchu | Sibe | Udege | Nanai | Proto-Tungusic | Oroqen |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | muke /muke/ | ᠮᡠᡴᡝ /mukə/ | ᠮᡠᡣᡝ /mukʰu/ | ули /uli/ | муэ /mue/ | *mū /mū/ | muu /muu/ |
| Fire | to /to/ | ᡨᡠᠸᠠ /tuwa/ | ᡨᡠᠸᠠ /tʰuɑ/ | то̄ /toː/ | тава /tava/ | *tawa /tawa/ | tɔɣɔ /tɔɣɔ/ |
| Sun | še'un /ʃeun/ | ᡧᡠᠨ /ʃun/ | ᡧᡠᠨ /sun/ | сӯ /suː/ | сиун /siun/ | *sigūn /sigūn/ | dɪlatʃa /dɪlatʃa/ |
| Moon | bia /bia/ | ᠪᡳᠶᠠ /bija/ | ᠪᡳᠶᠠ /biɑ/ | биа /bia/ | биа /bia/ | *bēga /bēga/ | bɛga /bɛɡa/ |
| Star | ušiha /uʃixa/ | ᡠᠰᡳᡥᠠ /usiˈχa/ | ᡠᠰᡳᡥᠠ /usxɑ/ | ваикта /ˈwaikta/ | хосикта /xosikta/ | *xōsikta /xoːsikta/ | ɔʃɪkta /ɔʃɪkta/ |
| Night | dobori /dobori/ | ᡩᠣᠪᠣᡵᡳ /dobori/ | ᡩᠣᠪᠣᡵᡳ /dœviri/ | догбо /doɡbo/ | долбо /dolbo/ | *dolbo /dolbo/ | dɔlbɔ /dɔlbɔ/ |
| Rain | agu /aɡu/ | ᠠᡤᠠ /aɡa/ | ᠠᡤᠠ /ɑɣɑ/ | тигдэ /tiɡde/ | тугдэ /tuɡdə/ | *tigde /tiɡde/ | tigdə /tiɡdə/ |
| Snow | imanggi /imaŋɡi/ | ᠨᡳᠮᠠᠩᡤᡳ /nimaŋɡi/ | ᠨᡳᠮᠠᠩᡤᡳ /nimɑŋ/ | има̄ /imaː/ | симата /simata/ | *imana /imana/ | ɪmana /ɪmana/ |
| Wind | edu /ədu/ | ᡝᡩᡠᠨ /ədun/ | ᡠᡩᡠᠨ /udun/ | эди /ədi/ | хэдун /hədũ/ | *xedün /xedyn/ | ədin /ədin/ |
| Earth | na /na/ | ᠪᠣᡳᡥᠣᠨ /boihon/ | ᠨᠠ /na/ | на̄ /naː/ | на /na/ | *nā /naː/ | tʊkala /tʊkala/ |
| Stone | uhe /uxə/ | ᠸᡝᡥᡝ /wəxə/ | ᠸᡝᡥᡝ /vɘɣɘ/ | — | дёло /dʒolo/ | *ǯolo /dʒolo/ | dʒɔlɔ /dʒɔlɔ/ |
| Sea | mede /mədə/ | ᠮᡝᡩᡝᡵᡳ /mətəri/ | ᠮᡝᡩᡝᡵᡳ /mɘdɘrj/ | наму /namu/ | намо /namo/ | *lāmu /lāmu/ | dalaj /dalaj/ |
| Mother | eme /eme/ | ᡝᠨᡳᠶᡝ /ənijə/ | ᡝᠨᡞᠶᡝ /ɘni/ | энэ /ene/ | энин /ənin/ | *eńi /eńi/ | ənin /ənin/ |
| Father | ama /ama/ | ᠠᠮᠠ /ama/ | ᠠᠮᠠ /ɑmɘ/ | ама /ama/ | ама /ama/ | *ama /ama/ | amɪn /amɪn/ |
| Daughter | saran jui /saran dʒui/ | ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ ᠵᡠᡳ /sarɡan dʒui/ | ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ ᠵᡠᡳ /sarɢan dʒui/ | — | асиа пиктэ /asia piktə/ | — | axakan utə /axakan utə/ |
| I | bi /bi/ | ᠪᡳ /bi/ | ᠪᡳ /bi/ | би /bi/ | ми /mi/ | *bi /bi/ | bii /bii/ |
| You | ši /ʃi/ | ᠰᡳ /si/ | ᠰᡳ /ɕi/ | си /si/ | си /si/ | *si /si/ | ʃii /ʃii/ |
| We | — /—/ | ᠮᡠᠰᡝ / ᠪᡝ /musə / bə/ | ᠮᡠᠰᡝ / ᠪᡝ /mɘs / bo/ | минти / бу /minti / bu/ | буэ /buə/ | *münti / *büe /mynti / bye/ | buu / mir /buu / mir/ |
| Name | gebu /ɡəbu/ | ᡤᡝᠪᡠ /ɡəbu/ | ᡤᡝᠪᡠ /ɡɘv/ | гэгби /ɡəɡbi/ | гэрбу /ɡərˈbu/ | *gerbū /gerbū/ | gərbi /ɡərbi/ |
| Head | uju /udʒu/ | ᡠᠵᡠ /udʒu/ | ᡠᠵᡠ /udʐo/ | дили /dili/ | дили /dili/ | *dili /dili/ | dɪl /dɪl/ |
| Eye | yasa /jasa/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠠ /jasa/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠠ /jɑs/ | яа /jaː/ | насал /nasal/ | *ńāsa /ńāsa/ | jɛɛʃa /jɛɛʃa/ |
| Ear | šan /ʃan/ | ᡧᠠᠨ /ʃan/ | ᡧᠠᠨ /sɑn/ | куай /kuʔai/ | сиан /sian/ | *sian /sian/ | ʃɛɛn /ʃɛɛn/ |
| Nose | sunggi /suŋɡi/ | ᠣᡶᠣᡵᠣ /oforo/ | ᠣᡶᠣᡵᠣ /ovur/ | — | опоро /oporo/ | — | ɔŋɔktɔ /ɔŋɔktɔ/ |
| Mouth | angga /aŋɡa/ | ᠠᠩᡤᠠ /aŋɡa/ | ᠠᠩᡤᠠ /ɑŋ/ | аӈма /aŋma/ | аӈма /aŋma/ | *amŋa /amŋa/ | amŋa /amŋa/ |
| Tooth | weihe /wəixə/ | ᠸᡝᡳᡥᡝ /weixe/ | ᠸᡝᡳᡥᡝ /vix/ | икте /ikte/ | хуктэ /xuktə/ | *iːkte /iːkte/ | iktə /iktə/ |
| Tongue | ilenggi /iləŋɡi/ | ᡳᠯᡝᠩᡤᡠ /ilɤŋɡu/ | ᡳᠯᡝᠩᡤᡠ /iliŋ/ | иӈи /iŋi/ | сиӈму /siŋmu/ | *ilŋu /ilŋu/ | iŋi /iŋi/ |
| Hand | gala /ɡala/ | ᡤᠠᠯᠠ /ɡala/ | ᡤᠠᠯᠠ /ɡɑl/ | ӈала /ŋala/ | ӈа̄ла /ŋaːla/ | *ŋāla /ŋāla/ | ŋaala /ŋaala/ |
| Foot | betie /bətie/ | ᠪᡝᡨᡥᡝ /pɤtʰxɤ/ | ᠪᡝᡨᡥᡝ /bɘtk/ | бэгди /beɡdi/ | бэгди /bəɡdi/ | *palgan /palgan/ | algan /alɡan/ |
| Heart | niema /niema/ | ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ /nijaman/ | ᠨᡞᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ /ɲiɑmɘn/ | мява /mjawa/ | миаван /miavan/ | *mēwan /mēwan/ | mɛɣan /mɛɣan/ |
| Bone | giranggi /ɡiraŋɡi/ | ᡤᡳᡵᠠᠩᡤᡳ /ɡiraŋɡi/ | ᡤᡳᡵᠠᠩᡤᡳ /ɡirɑŋ/ | гиама /ɡiama/ | гирмакса /ɡirmaksa/ | *giramsa /ɡiramsa/ | gɪramna /ɡɪramna/ |
| Blood | šenggi /ʃəŋɡi/ | ᠰᡝᠩᡤᡳ /səŋɡi/ | ᠰᡝᠩᡤᡳ /ɕiŋ/ | сакиа /sakia/ | сэксэ /səksə/ | *sekse /sekse/ | ʃəəkʃə /ʃəəkʃə/ |
| Love | beyimbi /bəjimbi/ | ᡥᠠᡳᡵᠠᠮᠪᡳ /xairambi/ | — /—/ | чисанай /tʃisanaj/ | улэ̄сиури /uləːsiuri/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Tree | mo /mo/ | ᠮᠣᠣ /moː/ | — /—/ | мо̄ /moː/ | мо̄ /moː/ | *mō /mō/ | mɔɔ /mɔɔ/ |
| Dog | indahu /indaxu/ | ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨ /indaxuːn/ | ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨ /jonxun/ | инʼаи /inʔai/ | инда /inda/ | *ŋinda /ŋinda/ | ŋanakin /ŋanakin/ |
| Cat | hacu /xatʃu/ | ᡴᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝ /kəsikə/ | ᡴᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝ /kəsikə/ | кошк /koʃk/ | кэксэ /kəksə/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Fish | nimuha /nimuxa/ | ᠨᡳᠮᠠᡥᠠ /nimaxa/ | ᠨᡳᠮᠠᡥᠠ /nimxa/ | сугдя /suɡdʑa/ | согдата /sɔɡdata/ | *ollo /ollo/ | ɔlɔ /ɔlɔ/ |
| Horse | muri /muri/ | ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ /morin/ | ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ /morin/ | — | морин /morin/ | *murin /murin/ | mʊrɪn /mʊrɪn/ |
| House | bo /bo/ | ᠪᠣᠣ /boː/ | ᠪᠣᠣ /bo/ | ӡугди /dʒuɡdi/ | дё̄ /dʒoː/ | *ʒūg /dʒuːɡ/ | dʒuu /dʒuu/ |
| Honey | hitsu /xitsu/ | ᡥᡳᠪᠰᡠ /xibsu/ | ᡥᡳᠪᠰᡠ /xibsu/ | — | киаксо /kiaksɔ/ | — | — |
| Salt | datsu /datsu/ | ᡩᠠᠪᠰᡠᠨ /dabsun/ | ᡩᠠᠪᠰᡠᠨ /dɑvsun/ | — | даосон /daoson/ | — | katagan /kataɡan/ |
| Rice | bele /bələ/ | ᠪᡝᠯᡝ /bələ/ | ᠪᡝᠯᡝ /bələ/ | — | — | — | kandu /kandu/ |
| Iron | sele /sele/ | ᠰᡝᠯᡝ /sələ/ | ᠰᡝᠯᡝ /sələ/ | сэлэ /sələ/ | сэлэ /sələ/ | *sele /sele/ | ʃələ /ʃələ/ |
| Eat | jefu /dʒefu/ | ᠵᡝᠮᠪᡳ /dʒəmbi/ | ᠵᡝᠮᠪᡞ /dʒəmbi/ | джевэ /dʒevə/ | депӯри /dʲəpuːri/ | *ǰep- /ǰep/ | dʒəb /dʒəb/ |
| Drink | umi /umi/ | ᠣᠮᡳᠪᡳ /omibi/ | ᠣᠮᡳᠪᡞ /omibi/ | уми /umi/ | омиори /omiori/ | *umi- /umi/ | um /um/ |
| Sleep | dedu /dədu/ | ᠠᠮᡤᠠᠮᠪᡳ /amɢambi/ | ᠠᠮᡤᠠᠮᠪᡳ /amɢambi/ | — | а̄ори /aːori/ | *ām- /aːm/ | aaʃɪn /aaʃɪn/ |
| One | emu /emu/ | ᠡᠮᡠ /əmu/ | ᡝᠮᡠ /əmu/ | омо /omo/ | эмун /əmun/ | *emun /emun/ | umun /umun/ |
| Two | jue /dʒue/ | ᠵᡠᠸᡝ /dʒuwə/ | ᠵᡠᠸᡝ /dʐu/ | ӡӯ /dʒuː/ | дюэр /dʒuˈər/ | *ǰör /ǰör/ | dʒuur /dʒuur/ |
| Three | ilan /ilan/ | ᡳᠯᠠᠨ /ilan/ | ᡳᠯᠠᠨ /ilɑn/ | ила /ila/ | илан /ilan/ | *ilan /ilan/ | ɪlan /ɪlan/ |
| Four | duin /duin/ | ᡩᡠᡳᠨ /duin/ | ᡩᡠᡳᠨ /dujin/ | дӣ /diː/ | дуин /duin/ | *dügin /dyɡin/ | dijin /dijin/ |
| Five | šunja /ʃundʒa/ | ᠰᡠᠨᠵᠠ /sundʒa/ | ᠰᡠᠨᠵᠠ /sundʐɑ/ | туӈа /tuŋa/ | тойӈга /tojŋɡa/ | *tuńga /tuńga/ | tʊŋŋa /tʊŋŋa/ |
| Hundred | tanggu /taŋɡu/ | ᡨᠠᠩᡤᡡ /taŋɡuː/ | ᡨᠠᠩᡤᡡ /taŋɡuː/ | таӈгу /taŋɡu/ | таӈго /taŋɡo/ | *taŋgū /taŋɡuː/ | ɲamaadʒɪ /ɲamaadʒɪ/ |
| Hello | — /—/ | ᠰᡳ ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /si sain/ | — /—/ | бандиба /bandiba/ | банди-банди /bandi bandi/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | — /—/ | ᠪᠠᠨᡳᡥᠠ /banixa/ | ᠪᠠᠨᡳᡥᠠ /banixa/ | нюхча /ɲuxtʃa/ | банихан /banihan/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Good | sain /sain/ | ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /sain/ | ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /sɑn/ | ая /aja/ | улэ̄н /uləːn/ | *aya /aja/ | aja /aja/ |
| New | ice /itʃə/ | ᡳᠴᡝ /itʃə/ | ᡳᠴᡝ /itʂʰɘ/ | имэхи /iməxi/ | сикӯн /sikuːn/ | *xirkekǖn /xirkekyːn/ | irkəkin /irkəkin/ |
| Red | fulian /fulian/ | ᡶᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ /fulɡijan/ | ᡶᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ /fɘlɡiɑn/ | хулалиғи /xulaliɣi/ | сэ̄гден /səːɡdʲən/ | *pula /pula/ | ʊlaarɪn /ʊlaarɪn/ |
| White | šanggia /ʃaŋɡia/ | ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ /ʃaŋɡijan/ | ᡧᠠᠨᠶᠠᠨ /ʃanjan/ | чалиги /tʃaliɡi/ | ча̄гдян /tʃaːɡdʲan/ | — | bagdarɪn /baɡdarɪn/ |
| Black | sahalian /saxalian/ | ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ /saχalijan/ | ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ /saχalijan/ | палиғи /paliɣi/ | сахарин /saxarin/ | *sakalīn /sakaliːn/ | kɔŋnɔrɪn /kɔŋnɔrɪn/ |
| Green | burha boco /burxa botʃo/ | ᠨᡳᠣᠸᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ /niowaŋɡijan/ | ᠨᡳᠣᠸᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ /nyŋɲiɑn/ | исэмпэ /isəmpə/ | нёӈгиан /nʲoŋɡian/ | — | tʃuturin /tʃuturin/ |
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Han readings compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Tungusic > Southern Tungusic (ancestor of Manchu)
| Character | Jurchen | Manchu | Sibe | Proto-Tungusic | Proto-Mongolic | Khitan | Proto-Japonic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | emu /emu/ | emu /emu/ | emu /əmu/ | *əmun /*əmun/ | *nigen /*niɡen/ | am /am/ | *pitə-tu /*pitə-tu/ |
| 二 | juwe /dʑuwe/ | juwe /dʒuwə/ | juwe /dʑuwə/ | *dʒuər /*dʒuər/ | *qoyar /*qojar/ | jur /dʒur/ | *puta /*puta/ |
| 三 | ilan /ilan/ | ilan /ilan/ | ilan /ilan/ | *ilan /*ilan/ | *gurba(n) /*ɡurban/ | hur /hur/ | *mi /*mi/ |
| 四 | duin /duin/ | duin /duin/ | duin /duin/ | *dügin /*dyɡin/ | *dörbe(n) /*dœrben/ | dur /dur/ | *jə /*jə/ |
| 五 | sunja /sundʑa/ | sunja /sundʒa/ | sunja /sundʑa/ | *tuɲga /*tuɲɡa/ | *tabu(n) /*tabun/ | tau /tʰau/ | *itu /*itu/ |
| 六 | ninggun /niŋɡun/ | ninggun /niŋɡun/ | ninggun /niŋɢun/ | *ɲuŋun /*ɲuŋun/ | *jirguɣa(n) /*dʒirɣuɣan/ | nil /nil/ | *mu /*mu/ |
| 七 | nadan /nadan/ | nadan /nadan/ | nadan /nadan/ | *nadan /*nadan/ | *doluɣa(n) /*doluɣan/ | dolo /dolo/ | *nana /*nana/ |
| 八 | jakūn /dʑakɯn/ | jakūn /dʒakʰuːn/ | jakūn /dʑakɯn/ | *dʒapkun /*dʒapkun/ | *nayima(n) /*najiman/ | — | *ja /*ja/ |
| 九 | uyun /ujun/ | uyun /ujun/ | uyun /ujun/ | *xəgün /*xəɡyn/ | *yersü(n) /*jersyn/ | is /is/ | *kəkənə /*kəkənə/ |
| 十 | juwan /dʑuwan/ | juwan /dʒuwan/ | juwan /dʑuwan/ | *dʒuwan /*dʒuwan/ | *harba(n) /*harban/ | par /par/ | *təwə /*təwə/ |
| 天 | abka /abka/ | abka /abka/ | abka /apka/ | *abka /*abka/ | *teŋri /*teŋri/ | teŋri /tʰeŋri/ | *ama /*ama/ |
| 地 | na /na/ | na /na/ | na /na/ | *na /*na/ | *gajar /*ɡadʒar/ | — | — |
| 日 | šun /ʃun/ | šun /ʃun/ | šun /ɕun/ | *siun /*siun/ | *naran /*naran/ | nair /nair/ | *pi /*pi/ |
| 月 | biya /bija/ | biya /bija/ | biya /bija/ | *bēga /*beːɡa/ | *sara(n) /*saran/ | sair /sair/ | *tukuy /*tukui/ |
| 山 | alin /alin/ | alin /alin/ | alin /alin/ | *xada /*xada/ | *agula /*aɣula/ | ula /ʊla/ | *jama /*jama/ |
| 海 | mederi /mederi/ | mederi /medəri/ | mederi /mədəri/ | *lāmu /*laːmu/ | *dalai /*dalaj/ | — | *umi /*umi/ |
| 水 | muke /muke/ | muke /mukə/ | muke /mutɕə/ | *mū /*muː/ | *usu(n) /*usun/ | us /ʊs/ | *mintu /*mintu/ |
| 火 | tuwa /tuwa/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | *tōga /*toːɡa/ | *gal /*ɡal/ | gal /ɡal/ | *poy /*poi/ |
| 木 | moo /moː/ | moo /moː/ | moo /mɔː/ | *mō /*moː/ | *modu(n) /*modun/ | — | *kəy /*kəi/ |
| 土 | boihon /boixon/ | boihon /bojxon/ | boihon /bɔiʁɔn/ | *na /*na/ | *sirui /*siruj/ | — | *tuti /*tuti/ |
| 鐵 | sele /sələ/ | sele /sələ/ | — | *sele /*sele/ | *temür /*temyr/ | — | — |
| 雪 | imanggi /imaŋɡi/ | nimanggi /nimaŋɡi/ | — | *ximansa /*ximansa/ | *casun /*tʃasun/ | — | *joki /*joki/ |
| 牛 | ihan /ixan/ | ihan /ixan/ | ihan /iʁan/ | *xuker /*xuker/ | *hüker /*hyker/ | — | *usi /*usi/ |
| 虎 | tasha /taʃa/ | tasha /taʃa/ | tasha /taɕa/ | — | — | — | — |
| 龍 | muduri /muduri/ | muduri /muduri/ | muduri /muduri/ | *muduri /*muduri/ | — | — | — |
| 蛇 | meihe /meixe/ | meihe /məixə/ | meihe /məix/ | *müikī /*myikiː/ | *mogai /*moɣaj/ | — | — |
| 馬 | morin /morin/ | morin /morin/ | morin /mɔrin/ | *murin /*murin/ | *mori(n) /*morin/ | mori /mori/ | *uma /*uma/ |
| 羊 | honin /xonin/ | honin /xonin/ | honin /χɔnin/ | — | *honi(n) /*honin/ | — | *pitunsi /*pitunsi/ |
| 犬 | indahūn /indaxɯn/ | indahūn /indaxuːn/ | indahūn /indaʁun/ | *ŋinda /*ŋinda/ | *noxai /*noxaj/ | — | *enu /*enu/ |
| 豬 | ulgiyan /ulɡijan/ | ulgiyan /ulɡijan/ | — | *ulgian /*ulɡian/ | *gakai /*ɡakaj/ | — | — |
| 鳥 | gasha /ɡaʃa/ | gasha /ɡaʃa/ | gasha /ɢaɕa/ | *gasa /*ɡasa/ | *sibawun /*sibaʊn/ | — | *təri /*təri/ |
| 魚 | nimaha /nimaxa/ | nimaha /nimaxa/ | nimaha /nimaʁa/ | *nimaka /*nimaka/ | *jigasu(n) /*dʒiɣasun/ | — | *iwo /*iwo/ |
| 頭 | uju /udʑu/ | uju /udʒu/ | uju /udʑu/ | *dil /*dil/ | *terixün /*terixyn/ | — | *kasira /*kasira/ |
| 目 | yasa /jasa/ | yasa /jasa/ | yasa /jaza/ | *jāsa /*jaːsa/ | *nidün /*nidyn/ | — | *ma /*ma/ |
| 耳 | šan /ʃan/ | šan /ʃan/ | šan /ɕan/ | *sēn /*seːn/ | *cikin /*tʃikin/ | — | *mimi /*mimi/ |
| 口 | angga /aŋɡa/ | angga /aŋɡa/ | angga /aŋɢa/ | *amŋa /*amŋa/ | *aman /*aman/ | — | *kutuy /*kutui/ |
| 牙 | weihe /weixe/ | weihe /wəixə/ | — | *xǖkte /*xyːkte/ | *sidün /*sidyn/ | — | *pa /*pa/ |
| 心 | niyaman /niaman/ | niyaman /njaman/ | niyaman /ɲaman/ | *mēwan /*meːwan/ | *jirüken /*dʒiryken/ | — | *kəkərə /*kəkərə/ |
| 手 | gala /ɡala/ | gala /ɡala/ | gala /ɢala/ | *ŋāla /*ŋaːla/ | *gar /*ɡar/ | — | *ta /*ta/ |
| 足 | bethe /betxe/ | bethe /bətxə/ | bethe /bətxə/ | *bəgdi /*bəɡdi/ | *köl /*kœl/ | — | *asi /*asi/ |
| 血 | senggi /səŋɡi/ | senggi /səŋɡi/ | senggi /səŋɣi/ | *sēksə /*seːksə/ | *cisu(n) /*tʃisun/ | — | *ti /*ti/ |
| 肉 | yali /jali/ | yali /jali/ | yali /jali/ | *uldʒə /*uldʒə/ | *mika(n) /*mikan/ | — | *sisi /*sisi/ |
| 人 | niyalma /njalma/ | niyalma /njalma/ | niyalma /ɲalma/ | *niama /*niama/ | *kümün /*kymyn/ | ku /kʰu/ | *pitə /*pitə/ |
| 門 | uce /utɕe/ | duka /duka/ | — | *örke /*œrke/ | *exüden /*exyden/ | — | *to /*to/ |
| 年 | aniya /anja/ | aniya /anja/ | aniya /anʲ/ | *aniganī /*aniɡaniː/ | *hon /*hon/ | — | *təsi /*təsi/ |
| 生 | banji- /bandʑi-/ | banjimbi /bandʒimbi/ | — | *baldi- /*baldi-/ | *töre- /*tœre-/ | — | *nar- /*nar-/ |
| 行 | yabu- /jabu-/ | yabumbi /jabumbi/ | yabumbi /jawum/ | *jabu- /*jabu-/ | *yabu- /*jabu-/ | — | *ik- /*ik-/ |
| 来 | ji- /dʑi-/ | jimbi /dʒimbi/ | jimbi /dʑim/ | *əmə- /*əmə-/ | *ire- /*ire-/ | — | *kə- /*kə-/ |
| 去 | gene- /ɡənə-/ | genembi /ɡənəmbi/ | genembi /ɡənəm/ | *ŋənə- /*ŋənə-/ | *od- /*od-/ | — | — |
| 走 | suju- /sudʑu-/ | sujumbi /sudʒumbi/ | sujumbi /sudʑum/ | *tuksa- /*tuksa-/ | *güyü- /*ɡyjy-/ | — | *pasir- /*pasir-/ |
| 坐 | te- /te-/ | tembi /təmbi/ | tembi /təm/ | *təgə- /*təɡə-/ | *saxu- /*saxu-/ | — | *wo- /*wo-/ |
| 立 | ili- /ili-/ | ilimbi /ilimbi/ | ilimbi /ilim/ | *ili- /*ili-/ | *bos- /*bos-/ | — | *tat- /*tat-/ |
| 見 | sabu- /sabu-/ | sabumbi /sabumbi/ | sabumbi /sabum/ | *ičə- /*itʃə-/ | *üje- /*ydʒe-/ | — | *mi- /*mi-/ |
| 聞 | donji- /dondʑi-/ | donjimbi /dondʒimbi/ | donjimbi /dɔndʑim/ | *dōldi- /*doːldi-/ | *sonos- /*sonos-/ | — | *kik- /*kik-/ |
| 食 | je- /dʑe-/ | jembi /dʒəmbi/ | jembi /dʑəm/ | *dʒəp- /*dʒəp-/ | *ide- /*ide-/ | — | *kup- /*kup-/ |
| 飲 | omi- /omi-/ | omimbi /omimbi/ | omimbi /ɔmim/ | *umī- /*umiː-/ | *uxu- /*uxu-/ | — | *nəm- /*nəm-/ |
| 黑 | sahaliyan /saxalijan/ | sahaliyan /saxalijan/ | — | *sakalīn /*sakaliːn/ | *kara /*kara/ | — | *kuro /*kuro/ |
| 紅 | fulgiyan /fulɡijan/ | fulgiyan /fulɡijan/ | — | *pula /*pula/ | *hulaxan /*hulaxan/ | — | — |
| 大 | amba /amba/ | amba /amba/ | — | *amban /*amban/ | *yeke /*jeke/ | — | — |
| 長 | golmin /ɡolmin/ | golmin /ɡolmin/ | golmin /ɢɔlmin/ | *ŋōlimi /*ŋoːlimi/ | *urtu /*urtu/ | — | *nanka /*nanka/ |
| 上 | dele /dələ/ | dele /dələ/ | dele /dələ/ | *ugi /*uɡi/ | *degere /*deɡere/ | — | *upəy /*upəi/ |
| 下 | fejile /fəjilə/ | fejile /fədʒilə/ | fejile /fədʑilə/ | *xərgi /*xərɡi/ | *doxora /*doxora/ | — | *sita /*sita/ |
| 左 | hashū /haʃɯ/ | hashū /xaʃuː/ | hashū /χaɕu/ | *dʒəgün /*dʒəɡyn/ | *jegün /*dʒeɡyn/ | — | *pintari /*pintari/ |
| 右 | ici /itɕi/ | ici /itʃi/ | ici /itɕi/ | *aŋān /*aŋaːn/ | *baragun /*baraɣun/ | — | *minkiri /*minkiri/ |
| 中 | dulin /dulin/ | dulimba /dulimba/ | dulimba /dulimba/ | *dulin /*dulin/ | *dumda /*dumda/ | — | *naka /*naka/ |
| 央 | dulimbai /dulimbai/ | dulimbai /dulimbai/ | dulimbai /dulimbai/ | *dulin /*dulin/ | — | — | — |
| 東 | dergi /dərɡi/ | dergi /dərɡi/ | dergi /dərɡi/ | *dʒügün /*dʒyɡyn/ | *jegün /*dʒeɡyn/ | — | *pinkasi /*pinkasi/ |
| 西 | wargi /warɡi/ | wargi /warɡi/ | wargi /warɡi/ | — | *baragun /*baraɣun/ | — | *nisi /*nisi/ |
| 南 | julergi /dʑulərɡi/ | julergi /dʒulərɡi/ | julergi /dʑulərɡi/ | — | *emüne /*emyne/ | — | *minami /*minami/ |
| 北 | amargi /amarɡi/ | amargi /amarɡi/ | amargi /amarɡi/ | — | *hoyitu /*hojitu/ | — | *kita /*kita/ |
| 我 | bi /bi/ | bi /bi/ | — | *bi /*bi/ | *bi /*bi/ | — | — |
| 你 | ši /ʃi/ | si /si/ | — | *si /*si/ | *ci /*tʃi/ | — | — |
| 有 | bi- /bi-/ | bimbi /bimbi/ | — | *bi- /*bi-/ | — | — | *ar- /*ar-/ |
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