jušen gisun
Jurchen
Tungusic (Jurchen-Manchu) · historical / hidden variety
Jurchen was the Tungusic language of the Jurchen people, ancestors of the Manchus, who established the Jin dynasty (1115-1234) ruling north China and overthrew the Liao Khitan. Two Jurchen scripts were created — Large Script in 1119 by Wanyan Xiyin (combining Khitan-style elements with Chinese characters), Small Script in 1138 — both derived from Khitan and Chinese. After the fall of the Jin to the Mongols, the language survived among Northeast Asian Jurchen tribes and ultimately gave rise to Manchu (mnc) which Nurhaci's heirs used to conquer Ming China and found the Qing dynasty (1644-1912). Best known from the Jin Veritable Records and the trilingual Yongning Temple inscription of 1413.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Jurchen
Sources
- Kane (1989) The Sino-Jurchen Vocabulary of the Bureau of Interpreters
- Jin (1984) Nüzhen yu jiang yi
- Glottolog: jurc1239
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Tungusic (Jurchen-Manchu)
| Meaning | Jurchen | Manchu | Sibe | Udege | Nanai | Proto-Tungusic | Oroqen |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | muke /muke/ | ᠮᡠᡴᡝ /mukə/ | ᠮᡠᡣᡝ /mukʰu/ | ули /uli/ | муэ /mue/ | *mū /mū/ | muu /muu/ |
| Fire | to /to/ | ᡨᡠᠸᠠ /tuwa/ | ᡨᡠᠸᠠ /tʰuɑ/ | то̄ /toː/ | тава /tava/ | *tawa /tawa/ | tɔɣɔ /tɔɣɔ/ |
| Sun | še'un /ʃeun/ | ᡧᡠᠨ /ʃun/ | ᡧᡠᠨ /sun/ | сӯ /suː/ | сиун /siun/ | *sigūn /sigūn/ | dɪlatʃa /dɪlatʃa/ |
| Moon | bia /bia/ | ᠪᡳᠶᠠ /bija/ | ᠪᡳᠶᠠ /biɑ/ | биа /bia/ | биа /bia/ | *bēga /bēga/ | bɛga /bɛɡa/ |
| Star | ušiha /uʃixa/ | ᡠᠰᡳᡥᠠ /usiˈχa/ | ᡠᠰᡳᡥᠠ /usxɑ/ | ваикта /ˈwaikta/ | хосикта /xosikta/ | *xōsikta /xoːsikta/ | ɔʃɪkta /ɔʃɪkta/ |
| Night | dobori /dobori/ | ᡩᠣᠪᠣᡵᡳ /dobori/ | ᡩᠣᠪᠣᡵᡳ /dœviri/ | догбо /doɡbo/ | долбо /dolbo/ | *dolbo /dolbo/ | dɔlbɔ /dɔlbɔ/ |
| Rain | agu /aɡu/ | ᠠᡤᠠ /aɡa/ | ᠠᡤᠠ /ɑɣɑ/ | тигдэ /tiɡde/ | тугдэ /tuɡdə/ | *tigde /tiɡde/ | tigdə /tiɡdə/ |
| Snow | imanggi /imaŋɡi/ | ᠨᡳᠮᠠᠩᡤᡳ /nimaŋɡi/ | ᠨᡳᠮᠠᠩᡤᡳ /nimɑŋ/ | има̄ /imaː/ | симата /simata/ | *imana /imana/ | ɪmana /ɪmana/ |
| Wind | edu /ədu/ | ᡝᡩᡠᠨ /ədun/ | ᡠᡩᡠᠨ /udun/ | эди /ədi/ | хэдун /hədũ/ | *xedün /xedyn/ | ədin /ədin/ |
| Earth | na /na/ | ᠪᠣᡳᡥᠣᠨ /boihon/ | ᠨᠠ /na/ | на̄ /naː/ | на /na/ | *nā /naː/ | tʊkala /tʊkala/ |
| Stone | uhe /uxə/ | ᠸᡝᡥᡝ /wəxə/ | ᠸᡝᡥᡝ /vɘɣɘ/ | — | дёло /dʒolo/ | *ǯolo /dʒolo/ | dʒɔlɔ /dʒɔlɔ/ |
| Sea | mede /mədə/ | ᠮᡝᡩᡝᡵᡳ /mətəri/ | ᠮᡝᡩᡝᡵᡳ /mɘdɘrj/ | наму /namu/ | намо /namo/ | *lāmu /lāmu/ | dalaj /dalaj/ |
| Mother | eme /eme/ | ᡝᠨᡳᠶᡝ /ənijə/ | ᡝᠨᡞᠶᡝ /ɘni/ | энэ /ene/ | энин /ənin/ | *eńi /eńi/ | ənin /ənin/ |
| Father | ama /ama/ | ᠠᠮᠠ /ama/ | ᠠᠮᠠ /ɑmɘ/ | ама /ama/ | ама /ama/ | *ama /ama/ | amɪn /amɪn/ |
| Daughter | saran jui /saran dʒui/ | ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ ᠵᡠᡳ /sarɡan dʒui/ | ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ ᠵᡠᡳ /sarɢan dʒui/ | — | асиа пиктэ /asia piktə/ | — | axakan utə /axakan utə/ |
| I | bi /bi/ | ᠪᡳ /bi/ | ᠪᡳ /bi/ | би /bi/ | ми /mi/ | *bi /bi/ | bii /bii/ |
| You | ši /ʃi/ | ᠰᡳ /si/ | ᠰᡳ /ɕi/ | си /si/ | си /si/ | *si /si/ | ʃii /ʃii/ |
| We | — /—/ | ᠮᡠᠰᡝ / ᠪᡝ /musə / bə/ | ᠮᡠᠰᡝ / ᠪᡝ /mɘs / bo/ | минти / бу /minti / bu/ | буэ /buə/ | *münti / *büe /mynti / bye/ | buu / mir /buu / mir/ |
| Name | gebu /ɡəbu/ | ᡤᡝᠪᡠ /ɡəbu/ | ᡤᡝᠪᡠ /ɡɘv/ | гэгби /ɡəɡbi/ | гэрбу /ɡərˈbu/ | *gerbū /gerbū/ | gərbi /ɡərbi/ |
| Head | uju /udʒu/ | ᡠᠵᡠ /udʒu/ | ᡠᠵᡠ /udʐo/ | дили /dili/ | дили /dili/ | *dili /dili/ | dɪl /dɪl/ |
| Eye | yasa /jasa/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠠ /jasa/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠠ /jɑs/ | яа /jaː/ | насал /nasal/ | *ńāsa /ńāsa/ | jɛɛʃa /jɛɛʃa/ |
| Ear | šan /ʃan/ | ᡧᠠᠨ /ʃan/ | ᡧᠠᠨ /sɑn/ | куай /kuʔai/ | сиан /sian/ | *sian /sian/ | ʃɛɛn /ʃɛɛn/ |
| Nose | sunggi /suŋɡi/ | ᠣᡶᠣᡵᠣ /oforo/ | ᠣᡶᠣᡵᠣ /ovur/ | — | опоро /oporo/ | — | ɔŋɔktɔ /ɔŋɔktɔ/ |
| Mouth | angga /aŋɡa/ | ᠠᠩᡤᠠ /aŋɡa/ | ᠠᠩᡤᠠ /ɑŋ/ | аӈма /aŋma/ | аӈма /aŋma/ | *amŋa /amŋa/ | amŋa /amŋa/ |
| Tooth | weihe /wəixə/ | ᠸᡝᡳᡥᡝ /weixe/ | ᠸᡝᡳᡥᡝ /vix/ | икте /ikte/ | хуктэ /xuktə/ | *iːkte /iːkte/ | iktə /iktə/ |
| Tongue | ilenggi /iləŋɡi/ | ᡳᠯᡝᠩᡤᡠ /ilɤŋɡu/ | ᡳᠯᡝᠩᡤᡠ /iliŋ/ | иӈи /iŋi/ | сиӈму /siŋmu/ | *ilŋu /ilŋu/ | iŋi /iŋi/ |
| Hand | gala /ɡala/ | ᡤᠠᠯᠠ /ɡala/ | ᡤᠠᠯᠠ /ɡɑl/ | ӈала /ŋala/ | ӈа̄ла /ŋaːla/ | *ŋāla /ŋāla/ | ŋaala /ŋaala/ |
| Foot | betie /bətie/ | ᠪᡝᡨᡥᡝ /pɤtʰxɤ/ | ᠪᡝᡨᡥᡝ /bɘtk/ | бэгди /beɡdi/ | бэгди /bəɡdi/ | *palgan /palgan/ | algan /alɡan/ |
| Heart | niema /niema/ | ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ /nijaman/ | ᠨᡞᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ /ɲiɑmɘn/ | мява /mjawa/ | миаван /miavan/ | *mēwan /mēwan/ | mɛɣan /mɛɣan/ |
| Bone | giranggi /ɡiraŋɡi/ | ᡤᡳᡵᠠᠩᡤᡳ /ɡiraŋɡi/ | ᡤᡳᡵᠠᠩᡤᡳ /ɡirɑŋ/ | гиама /ɡiama/ | гирмакса /ɡirmaksa/ | *giramsa /ɡiramsa/ | gɪramna /ɡɪramna/ |
| Blood | šenggi /ʃəŋɡi/ | ᠰᡝᠩᡤᡳ /səŋɡi/ | ᠰᡝᠩᡤᡳ /ɕiŋ/ | сакиа /sakia/ | сэксэ /səksə/ | *sekse /sekse/ | ʃəəkʃə /ʃəəkʃə/ |
| Love | beyimbi /bəjimbi/ | ᡥᠠᡳᡵᠠᠮᠪᡳ /xairambi/ | — /—/ | чисанай /tʃisanaj/ | улэ̄сиури /uləːsiuri/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Tree | mo /mo/ | ᠮᠣᠣ /moː/ | — /—/ | мо̄ /moː/ | мо̄ /moː/ | *mō /mō/ | mɔɔ /mɔɔ/ |
| Dog | indahu /indaxu/ | ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨ /indaxuːn/ | ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨ /jonxun/ | инʼаи /inʔai/ | инда /inda/ | *ŋinda /ŋinda/ | ŋanakin /ŋanakin/ |
| Cat | hacu /xatʃu/ | ᡴᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝ /kəsikə/ | ᡴᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝ /kəsikə/ | кошк /koʃk/ | кэксэ /kəksə/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Fish | nimuha /nimuxa/ | ᠨᡳᠮᠠᡥᠠ /nimaxa/ | ᠨᡳᠮᠠᡥᠠ /nimxa/ | сугдя /suɡdʑa/ | согдата /sɔɡdata/ | *ollo /ollo/ | ɔlɔ /ɔlɔ/ |
| Horse | muri /muri/ | ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ /morin/ | ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ /morin/ | — | морин /morin/ | *murin /murin/ | mʊrɪn /mʊrɪn/ |
| House | bo /bo/ | ᠪᠣᠣ /boː/ | ᠪᠣᠣ /bo/ | ӡугди /dʒuɡdi/ | дё̄ /dʒoː/ | *ʒūg /dʒuːɡ/ | dʒuu /dʒuu/ |
| Honey | hitsu /xitsu/ | ᡥᡳᠪᠰᡠ /xibsu/ | ᡥᡳᠪᠰᡠ /xibsu/ | — | киаксо /kiaksɔ/ | — | — |
| Salt | datsu /datsu/ | ᡩᠠᠪᠰᡠᠨ /dabsun/ | ᡩᠠᠪᠰᡠᠨ /dɑvsun/ | — | даосон /daoson/ | — | katagan /kataɡan/ |
| Rice | bele /bələ/ | ᠪᡝᠯᡝ /bələ/ | ᠪᡝᠯᡝ /bələ/ | — | — | — | kandu /kandu/ |
| Iron | sele /sele/ | ᠰᡝᠯᡝ /sələ/ | ᠰᡝᠯᡝ /sələ/ | сэлэ /sələ/ | сэлэ /sələ/ | *sele /sele/ | ʃələ /ʃələ/ |
| Eat | jefu /dʒefu/ | ᠵᡝᠮᠪᡳ /dʒəmbi/ | ᠵᡝᠮᠪᡞ /dʒəmbi/ | джевэ /dʒevə/ | депӯри /dʲəpuːri/ | *ǰep- /ǰep/ | dʒəb /dʒəb/ |
| Drink | umi /umi/ | ᠣᠮᡳᠪᡳ /omibi/ | ᠣᠮᡳᠪᡞ /omibi/ | уми /umi/ | омиори /omiori/ | *umi- /umi/ | um /um/ |
| Sleep | dedu /dədu/ | ᠠᠮᡤᠠᠮᠪᡳ /amɢambi/ | ᠠᠮᡤᠠᠮᠪᡳ /amɢambi/ | — | а̄ори /aːori/ | *ām- /aːm/ | aaʃɪn /aaʃɪn/ |
| One | emu /emu/ | ᠡᠮᡠ /əmu/ | ᡝᠮᡠ /əmu/ | омо /omo/ | эмун /əmun/ | *emun /emun/ | umun /umun/ |
| Two | jue /dʒue/ | ᠵᡠᠸᡝ /dʒuwə/ | ᠵᡠᠸᡝ /dʐu/ | ӡӯ /dʒuː/ | дюэр /dʒuˈər/ | *ǰör /ǰör/ | dʒuur /dʒuur/ |
| Three | ilan /ilan/ | ᡳᠯᠠᠨ /ilan/ | ᡳᠯᠠᠨ /ilɑn/ | ила /ila/ | илан /ilan/ | *ilan /ilan/ | ɪlan /ɪlan/ |
| Four | duin /duin/ | ᡩᡠᡳᠨ /duin/ | ᡩᡠᡳᠨ /dujin/ | дӣ /diː/ | дуин /duin/ | *dügin /dyɡin/ | dijin /dijin/ |
| Five | šunja /ʃundʒa/ | ᠰᡠᠨᠵᠠ /sundʒa/ | ᠰᡠᠨᠵᠠ /sundʐɑ/ | туӈа /tuŋa/ | тойӈга /tojŋɡa/ | *tuńga /tuńga/ | tʊŋŋa /tʊŋŋa/ |
| Hundred | tanggu /taŋɡu/ | ᡨᠠᠩᡤᡡ /taŋɡuː/ | ᡨᠠᠩᡤᡡ /taŋɡuː/ | таӈгу /taŋɡu/ | таӈго /taŋɡo/ | *taŋgū /taŋɡuː/ | ɲamaadʒɪ /ɲamaadʒɪ/ |
| Hello | — /—/ | ᠰᡳ ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /si sain/ | — /—/ | бандиба /bandiba/ | банди-банди /bandi bandi/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | — /—/ | ᠪᠠᠨᡳᡥᠠ /banixa/ | ᠪᠠᠨᡳᡥᠠ /banixa/ | нюхча /ɲuxtʃa/ | банихан /banihan/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Good | sain /sain/ | ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /sain/ | ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /sɑn/ | ая /aja/ | улэ̄н /uləːn/ | *aya /aja/ | aja /aja/ |
| New | ice /itʃə/ | ᡳᠴᡝ /itʃə/ | ᡳᠴᡝ /itʂʰɘ/ | имэхи /iməxi/ | сикӯн /sikuːn/ | *xirkekǖn /xirkekyːn/ | irkəkin /irkəkin/ |
| Red | fulian /fulian/ | ᡶᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ /fulɡijan/ | ᡶᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ /fɘlɡiɑn/ | хулалиғи /xulaliɣi/ | сэ̄гден /səːɡdʲən/ | *pula /pula/ | ʊlaarɪn /ʊlaarɪn/ |
| White | šanggia /ʃaŋɡia/ | ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ /ʃaŋɡijan/ | ᡧᠠᠨᠶᠠᠨ /ʃanjan/ | чалиги /tʃaliɡi/ | ча̄гдян /tʃaːɡdʲan/ | — | bagdarɪn /baɡdarɪn/ |
| Black | sahalian /saxalian/ | ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ /saχalijan/ | ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ /saχalijan/ | палиғи /paliɣi/ | сахарин /saxarin/ | *sakalīn /sakaliːn/ | kɔŋnɔrɪn /kɔŋnɔrɪn/ |
| Green | burha boco /burxa botʃo/ | ᠨᡳᠣᠸᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ /niowaŋɡijan/ | ᠨᡳᠣᠸᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ /nyŋɲiɑn/ | исэмпэ /isəmpə/ | нёӈгиан /nʲoŋɡian/ | — | tʃuturin /tʃuturin/ |
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Han readings compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Tungusic > Southern Tungusic (ancestor of Manchu)
| Character | Jurchen | Manchu | Sibe | Proto-Tungusic | Proto-Mongolic | Khitan | Proto-Japonic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | emu /emu/ | emu /emu/ | emu /əmu/ | *əmun /*əmun/ | *nigen /*niɡen/ | am /am/ | *pitə-tu /*pitə-tu/ |
| 二 | juwe /dʑuwe/ | juwe /dʒuwə/ | juwe /dʑuwə/ | *dʒuər /*dʒuər/ | *qoyar /*qojar/ | jur /dʒur/ | *puta /*puta/ |
| 三 | ilan /ilan/ | ilan /ilan/ | ilan /ilan/ | *ilan /*ilan/ | *gurba(n) /*ɡurban/ | hur /hur/ | *mi /*mi/ |
| 四 | duin /duin/ | duin /duin/ | duin /duin/ | *dügin /*dyɡin/ | *dörbe(n) /*dœrben/ | dur /dur/ | *jə /*jə/ |
| 五 | sunja /sundʑa/ | sunja /sundʒa/ | sunja /sundʑa/ | *tuɲga /*tuɲɡa/ | *tabu(n) /*tabun/ | tau /tʰau/ | *itu /*itu/ |
| 六 | ninggun /niŋɡun/ | ninggun /niŋɡun/ | ninggun /niŋɢun/ | *ɲuŋun /*ɲuŋun/ | *jirguɣa(n) /*dʒirɣuɣan/ | nil /nil/ | *mu /*mu/ |
| 七 | nadan /nadan/ | nadan /nadan/ | nadan /nadan/ | *nadan /*nadan/ | *doluɣa(n) /*doluɣan/ | dolo /dolo/ | *nana /*nana/ |
| 八 | jakūn /dʑakɯn/ | jakūn /dʒakʰuːn/ | jakūn /dʑakɯn/ | *dʒapkun /*dʒapkun/ | *nayima(n) /*najiman/ | — | *ja /*ja/ |
| 九 | uyun /ujun/ | uyun /ujun/ | uyun /ujun/ | *xəgün /*xəɡyn/ | *yersü(n) /*jersyn/ | is /is/ | *kəkənə /*kəkənə/ |
| 十 | juwan /dʑuwan/ | juwan /dʒuwan/ | juwan /dʑuwan/ | *dʒuwan /*dʒuwan/ | *harba(n) /*harban/ | par /par/ | *təwə /*təwə/ |
| 天 | abka /abka/ | abka /abka/ | abka /apka/ | *abka /*abka/ | *teŋri /*teŋri/ | teŋri /tʰeŋri/ | *ama /*ama/ |
| 地 | na /na/ | na /na/ | na /na/ | *na /*na/ | *gajar /*ɡadʒar/ | — | — |
| 日 | šun /ʃun/ | šun /ʃun/ | šun /ɕun/ | *siun /*siun/ | *naran /*naran/ | nair /nair/ | *pi /*pi/ |
| 月 | biya /bija/ | biya /bija/ | biya /bija/ | *bēga /*beːɡa/ | *sara(n) /*saran/ | sair /sair/ | *tukuy /*tukui/ |
| 山 | alin /alin/ | alin /alin/ | alin /alin/ | *xada /*xada/ | *agula /*aɣula/ | ula /ʊla/ | *jama /*jama/ |
| 海 | mederi /mederi/ | mederi /medəri/ | mederi /mədəri/ | *lāmu /*laːmu/ | *dalai /*dalaj/ | — | *umi /*umi/ |
| 水 | muke /muke/ | muke /mukə/ | muke /mutɕə/ | *mū /*muː/ | *usu(n) /*usun/ | us /ʊs/ | *mintu /*mintu/ |
| 火 | tuwa /tuwa/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | *tōga /*toːɡa/ | *gal /*ɡal/ | gal /ɡal/ | *poy /*poi/ |
| 木 | moo /moː/ | moo /moː/ | moo /mɔː/ | *mō /*moː/ | *modu(n) /*modun/ | — | *kəy /*kəi/ |
| 土 | boihon /boixon/ | boihon /bojxon/ | boihon /bɔiʁɔn/ | *na /*na/ | *sirui /*siruj/ | — | *tuti /*tuti/ |
| 鐵 | sele /sələ/ | sele /sələ/ | — | *sele /*sele/ | *temür /*temyr/ | — | — |
| 雪 | imanggi /imaŋɡi/ | nimanggi /nimaŋɡi/ | — | *ximansa /*ximansa/ | *casun /*tʃasun/ | — | *joki /*joki/ |
| 牛 | ihan /ixan/ | ihan /ixan/ | ihan /iʁan/ | *xuker /*xuker/ | *hüker /*hyker/ | — | *usi /*usi/ |
| 虎 | tasha /taʃa/ | tasha /taʃa/ | tasha /taɕa/ | — | — | — | — |
| 龍 | muduri /muduri/ | muduri /muduri/ | muduri /muduri/ | *muduri /*muduri/ | — | — | — |
| 蛇 | meihe /meixe/ | meihe /məixə/ | meihe /məix/ | *müikī /*myikiː/ | *mogai /*moɣaj/ | — | — |
| 馬 | morin /morin/ | morin /morin/ | morin /mɔrin/ | *murin /*murin/ | *mori(n) /*morin/ | mori /mori/ | *uma /*uma/ |
| 羊 | honin /xonin/ | honin /xonin/ | honin /χɔnin/ | — | *honi(n) /*honin/ | — | *pitunsi /*pitunsi/ |
| 犬 | indahūn /indaxɯn/ | indahūn /indaxuːn/ | indahūn /indaʁun/ | *ŋinda /*ŋinda/ | *noxai /*noxaj/ | — | *enu /*enu/ |
| 豬 | ulgiyan /ulɡijan/ | ulgiyan /ulɡijan/ | — | *ulgian /*ulɡian/ | *gakai /*ɡakaj/ | — | — |
| 鳥 | gasha /ɡaʃa/ | gasha /ɡaʃa/ | gasha /ɢaɕa/ | *gasa /*ɡasa/ | *sibawun /*sibaʊn/ | — | *təri /*təri/ |
| 魚 | nimaha /nimaxa/ | nimaha /nimaxa/ | nimaha /nimaʁa/ | *nimaka /*nimaka/ | *jigasu(n) /*dʒiɣasun/ | — | *iwo /*iwo/ |
| 頭 | uju /udʑu/ | uju /udʒu/ | uju /udʑu/ | *dil /*dil/ | *terixün /*terixyn/ | — | *kasira /*kasira/ |
| 目 | yasa /jasa/ | yasa /jasa/ | yasa /jaza/ | *jāsa /*jaːsa/ | *nidün /*nidyn/ | — | *ma /*ma/ |
| 耳 | šan /ʃan/ | šan /ʃan/ | šan /ɕan/ | *sēn /*seːn/ | *cikin /*tʃikin/ | — | *mimi /*mimi/ |
| 口 | angga /aŋɡa/ | angga /aŋɡa/ | angga /aŋɢa/ | *amŋa /*amŋa/ | *aman /*aman/ | — | *kutuy /*kutui/ |
| 牙 | weihe /weixe/ | weihe /wəixə/ | — | *xǖkte /*xyːkte/ | *sidün /*sidyn/ | — | *pa /*pa/ |
| 心 | niyaman /niaman/ | niyaman /njaman/ | niyaman /ɲaman/ | *mēwan /*meːwan/ | *jirüken /*dʒiryken/ | — | *kəkərə /*kəkərə/ |
| 手 | gala /ɡala/ | gala /ɡala/ | gala /ɢala/ | *ŋāla /*ŋaːla/ | *gar /*ɡar/ | — | *ta /*ta/ |
| 足 | bethe /betxe/ | bethe /bətxə/ | bethe /bətxə/ | *bəgdi /*bəɡdi/ | *köl /*kœl/ | — | *asi /*asi/ |
| 血 | senggi /səŋɡi/ | senggi /səŋɡi/ | senggi /səŋɣi/ | *sēksə /*seːksə/ | *cisu(n) /*tʃisun/ | — | *ti /*ti/ |
| 肉 | yali /jali/ | yali /jali/ | yali /jali/ | *uldʒə /*uldʒə/ | *mika(n) /*mikan/ | — | *sisi /*sisi/ |
| 人 | niyalma /njalma/ | niyalma /njalma/ | niyalma /ɲalma/ | *niama /*niama/ | *kümün /*kymyn/ | ku /kʰu/ | *pitə /*pitə/ |
| 門 | uce /utɕe/ | duka /duka/ | — | *örke /*œrke/ | *exüden /*exyden/ | — | *to /*to/ |
| 年 | aniya /anja/ | aniya /anja/ | aniya /anʲ/ | *aniganī /*aniɡaniː/ | *hon /*hon/ | — | *təsi /*təsi/ |
| 生 | banji- /bandʑi-/ | banjimbi /bandʒimbi/ | — | *baldi- /*baldi-/ | *töre- /*tœre-/ | — | *nar- /*nar-/ |
| 行 | yabu- /jabu-/ | yabumbi /jabumbi/ | yabumbi /jawum/ | *jabu- /*jabu-/ | *yabu- /*jabu-/ | — | *ik- /*ik-/ |
| 来 | ji- /dʑi-/ | jimbi /dʒimbi/ | jimbi /dʑim/ | *əmə- /*əmə-/ | *ire- /*ire-/ | — | *kə- /*kə-/ |
| 去 | gene- /ɡənə-/ | genembi /ɡənəmbi/ | genembi /ɡənəm/ | *ŋənə- /*ŋənə-/ | *od- /*od-/ | — | — |
| 走 | suju- /sudʑu-/ | sujumbi /sudʒumbi/ | sujumbi /sudʑum/ | *tuksa- /*tuksa-/ | *güyü- /*ɡyjy-/ | — | *pasir- /*pasir-/ |
| 坐 | te- /te-/ | tembi /təmbi/ | tembi /təm/ | *təgə- /*təɡə-/ | *saxu- /*saxu-/ | — | *wo- /*wo-/ |
| 立 | ili- /ili-/ | ilimbi /ilimbi/ | ilimbi /ilim/ | *ili- /*ili-/ | *bos- /*bos-/ | — | *tat- /*tat-/ |
| 見 | sabu- /sabu-/ | sabumbi /sabumbi/ | sabumbi /sabum/ | *ičə- /*itʃə-/ | *üje- /*ydʒe-/ | — | *mi- /*mi-/ |
| 聞 | donji- /dondʑi-/ | donjimbi /dondʒimbi/ | donjimbi /dɔndʑim/ | *dōldi- /*doːldi-/ | *sonos- /*sonos-/ | — | *kik- /*kik-/ |
| 食 | je- /dʑe-/ | jembi /dʒəmbi/ | jembi /dʑəm/ | *dʒəp- /*dʒəp-/ | *ide- /*ide-/ | — | *kup- /*kup-/ |
| 飲 | omi- /omi-/ | omimbi /omimbi/ | omimbi /ɔmim/ | *umī- /*umiː-/ | *uxu- /*uxu-/ | — | *nəm- /*nəm-/ |
| 黑 | sahaliyan /saxalijan/ | sahaliyan /saxalijan/ | — | *sakalīn /*sakaliːn/ | *kara /*kara/ | — | *kuro /*kuro/ |
| 紅 | fulgiyan /fulɡijan/ | fulgiyan /fulɡijan/ | — | *pula /*pula/ | *hulaxan /*hulaxan/ | — | — |
| 大 | amba /amba/ | amba /amba/ | — | *amban /*amban/ | *yeke /*jeke/ | — | — |
| 長 | golmin /ɡolmin/ | golmin /ɡolmin/ | golmin /ɢɔlmin/ | *ŋōlimi /*ŋoːlimi/ | *urtu /*urtu/ | — | *nanka /*nanka/ |
| 上 | dele /dələ/ | dele /dələ/ | dele /dələ/ | *ugi /*uɡi/ | *degere /*deɡere/ | — | *upəy /*upəi/ |
| 下 | fejile /fəjilə/ | fejile /fədʒilə/ | fejile /fədʑilə/ | *xərgi /*xərɡi/ | *doxora /*doxora/ | — | *sita /*sita/ |
| 左 | hashū /haʃɯ/ | hashū /xaʃuː/ | hashū /χaɕu/ | *dʒəgün /*dʒəɡyn/ | *jegün /*dʒeɡyn/ | — | *pintari /*pintari/ |
| 右 | ici /itɕi/ | ici /itʃi/ | ici /itɕi/ | *aŋān /*aŋaːn/ | *baragun /*baraɣun/ | — | *minkiri /*minkiri/ |
| 中 | dulin /dulin/ | dulimba /dulimba/ | dulimba /dulimba/ | *dulin /*dulin/ | *dumda /*dumda/ | — | *naka /*naka/ |
| 央 | dulimbai /dulimbai/ | dulimbai /dulimbai/ | dulimbai /dulimbai/ | *dulin /*dulin/ | — | — | — |
| 東 | dergi /dərɡi/ | dergi /dərɡi/ | dergi /dərɡi/ | *dʒügün /*dʒyɡyn/ | *jegün /*dʒeɡyn/ | — | *pinkasi /*pinkasi/ |
| 西 | wargi /warɡi/ | wargi /warɡi/ | wargi /warɡi/ | — | *baragun /*baraɣun/ | — | *nisi /*nisi/ |
| 南 | julergi /dʑulərɡi/ | julergi /dʒulərɡi/ | julergi /dʑulərɡi/ | — | *emüne /*emyne/ | — | *minami /*minami/ |
| 北 | amargi /amarɡi/ | amargi /amarɡi/ | amargi /amarɡi/ | — | *hoyitu /*hojitu/ | — | *kita /*kita/ |
| 我 | bi /bi/ | bi /bi/ | — | *bi /*bi/ | *bi /*bi/ | — | — |
| 你 | ši /ʃi/ | si /si/ | — | *si /*si/ | *ci /*tʃi/ | — | — |
| 有 | bi- /bi-/ | bimbi /bimbi/ | — | *bi- /*bi-/ | — | — | *ar- /*ar-/ |
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