ᠰᡞᠪᡝ ᡤᡞᠰᡠᠨ
Sibe
Tungusic > Southern Tungusic > Manchu-Sibe
Sibe (Xibe) is a Tungusic language spoken by roughly 25,000–30,000 people in Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County, Xinjiang, descended from the population of bannermen relocated from Manchuria in 1764. It is the direct living descendant of literary Manchu — the lexicon is largely inherited intact — but has diverged phonologically: Manchu *ki, *ke, *gi, *ge palatalize to /tɕ, dʑ/ after vowels (so muke 'water' → /mutɕə/, wargi 'west' → /wartɕi/), the vowel inventory expanded from six to eight (adding /y, œ/), and intervocalic fricatives voice ([s]→[z], [x]→[ɣ]/[ʁ]). The imperfective verbal suffix -mbi often reduces to -m in colloquial speech. Sibe is still written in the Manchu script with two added letters, and Qapqal supports a Sibe-medium primary education and a Sibe-language newspaper (Cabcal Serkin) — making it one of the very few Tungusic languages with active intergenerational transmission.
Where it is spoken
Han character readings in Sibe
| Character | Meaning | Reading | Form | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | one | ᠡᠮᡠemu | /əmu/ | |
| 二 | two | ᠵᡠᠸᡝjuwe | /dʑuwə/ | |
| 三 | three | ᡳᠯᠠᠨilan | /ilan/ | |
| 四 | four | ᡩᡠᡳᠨduin | /duin/ | |
| 五 | five | ᠰᡠᠨᠵᠠsunja | /sundʑa/ | |
| 六 | six | ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡠᠨninggun | /niŋɢun/ | |
| 七 | seven | ᠨᠠᡩᠠᠨnadan | /nadan/ | |
| 八 | eight | ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨjakūn | /dʑakɯn/ | |
| 九 | nine | ᡠᠶᡠᠨuyun | /ujun/ | |
| 十 | ten | ᠵᡠᠸᠠᠨjuwan | /dʑuwan/ | |
| 天 | sky | ᠠᠪᡴᠠabka | /apka/ | |
| 地 | ground | ᠨᠠna | /na/ | |
| 日 | sun | ᡧᡠᠨšun | /ɕun/ | |
| 月 | moon | ᠪᡳᠶᠠbiya | /bija/ | |
| 山 | mountain | ᠠᠯᡳᠨalin | /alin/ | |
| 海 | sea | ᠮᡝᡩᡝᡵᡳmederi | /mədəri/ | |
| 水 | water | ᠮᡠᡴᡝmuke | /mutɕə/ | |
| 火 | fire | ᡨᡠᠸᠠtuwa | /tuwa/ | |
| 木 | tree | ᠮᠣᠣmoo | /mɔː/ | |
| 土 | soil | ᠪᠣᡳᡥᠣᠨboihon | /bɔiʁɔn/ | |
| 牛 | ox | ᡳᡥᠠᠨihan | /iʁan/ | |
| 虎 | tiger | ᡨᠠᡧᠠtasha | /taɕa/ | |
| 龍 | dragon | ᠮᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳmuduri | /muduri/ | |
| 蛇 | snake | ᠮᡝᡳᡥᡝmeihe | /məix/ | |
| 馬 | horse | ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨmorin | /mɔrin/ | |
| 羊 | sheep | ᡥᠣᠨᡳᠨhonin | /χɔnin/ | |
| 犬 | dog | ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨindahūn | /indaʁun/ | |
| 貓 | cat | ᡴᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝkesike | /kəsitɕə/ | |
| 鳥 | bird | ᡤᠠᡧᠠgasha | /ɢaɕa/ | |
| 魚 | fish | ᠨᡳᠮᠠᡥᠠnimaha | /nimaʁa/ | |
| 頭 | head | ᡠᠵᡠuju | /udʑu/ | |
| 目 | eye | ᠶᠠᠰᠠyasa | /jaza/ | |
| 耳 | ear | ᡧᠠᠨšan | /ɕan/ | |
| 口 | mouth | ᠠᠩᡤᠠangga | /aŋɢa/ | |
| 心 | heart | ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨniyaman | /ɲaman/ | |
| 手 | hand | ᡤᠠᠯᠠgala | /ɢala/ | |
| 足 | foot | ᠪᡝᡨᡥᡝbethe | /bətxə/ | |
| 血 | blood | ᠰᡝᠩᡤᡳsenggi | /səŋɣi/ | |
| 肉 | meat | ᠶᠠᠯᡳyali | /jali/ | |
| 人 | person | ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠniyalma | /ɲalma/ | |
| 年 | year | ᠠᠨᡳᠶᠠaniya | /anʲ/ | |
| 行 | go | ᠶᠠᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳyabumbi | /jawum/ | |
| 行 | row | ᡶᠠᡳᡩᠠᠨfaidan | /faidan/ | |
| 来 | come | ᠵᡳᠮᠪᡳjimbi | /dʑim/ | |
| 去 | leave | ᡤᡝᠨᡝᠮᠪᡳgenembi | /ɡənəm/ | |
| 走 | run | ᠰᡠᠵᡠᠮᠪᡳsujumbi | /sudʑum/ | |
| 坐 | sit | ᡨᡝᠮᠪᡳtembi | /təm/ | |
| 立 | stand | ᡳᠯᡳᠮᠪᡳilimbi | /ilim/ | |
| 見 | see | ᠰᠠᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳsabumbi | /sabum/ | |
| 聞 | hear | ᡩᠣᠨᠵᡳᠮᠪᡳdonjimbi | /dɔndʑim/ | |
| 食 | eat | ᠵᡝᠮᠪᡳjembi | /dʑəm/ | |
| 飲 | drink | ᠣᠮᡳᠮᠪᡳomimbi | /ɔmim/ | |
| 長 | long | ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨgolmin | /ɢɔlmin/ | |
| 上 | up | ᡩᡝᠯᡝdele | /dələ/ | |
| 下 | down | ᡶᡝᠵᡳᠯᡝfejile | /fədʑilə/ | |
| 左 | left | ᡥᠠᡧᡡhashū | /χaɕu/ | |
| 右 | right | ᡳᠴᡳici | /itɕi/ | |
| 中 | middle | ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠdulimba | /dulimba/ | |
| 中 | hit | ᡤᠣᡳᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳgoibumbi | /ɢɔibum/ | |
| 央 | center | ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳdulimbai | /dulimbai/ | |
| 東 | east | ᡩᡝᡵᡤᡳdergi | /dərɡi/ | |
| 西 | west | ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳwargi | /warɡi/ | |
| 南 | south | ᠵᡠᠯᡝᡵᡤᡳjulergi | /dʑulərɡi/ | |
| 北 | north | ᠠᠮᠠᡵᡤᡳamargi | /amarɡi/ |
Sources
- Wikipedia — Xibe language
- Jerry Norman, A Concise Manchu-English Lexicon (1978) — base lexicon inherited by Sibe
- An Jun & Zhao Zhizhong, 锡伯语口语研究 (Studies in Spoken Sibe), Ürümqi 2004 — phonology and *ki→tɕi shift
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Tungusic (Manchu-Nanai, Manchu — sister/dialect of Manchu)
| Meaning | Sibe | Manchu | Jurchen | Nanai | Proto-Tungusic | Oroqen | Udege |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ᠮᡠᡣᡝ /mukʰu/ | ᠮᡠᡴᡝ /mukə/ | muke /muke/ | муэ /mue/ | *mū /mū/ | muu /muu/ | ули /uli/ |
| Fire | ᡨᡠᠸᠠ /tʰuɑ/ | ᡨᡠᠸᠠ /tuwa/ | to /to/ | тава /tava/ | *tawa /tawa/ | tɔɣɔ /tɔɣɔ/ | то̄ /toː/ |
| Sun | ᡧᡠᠨ /sun/ | ᡧᡠᠨ /ʃun/ | še'un /ʃeun/ | сиун /siun/ | *sigūn /sigūn/ | dɪlatʃa /dɪlatʃa/ | сӯ /suː/ |
| Moon | ᠪᡳᠶᠠ /biɑ/ | ᠪᡳᠶᠠ /bija/ | bia /bia/ | биа /bia/ | *bēga /bēga/ | bɛga /bɛɡa/ | биа /bia/ |
| Star | ᡠᠰᡳᡥᠠ /usxɑ/ | ᡠᠰᡳᡥᠠ /usiˈχa/ | ušiha /uʃixa/ | хосикта /xosikta/ | *xōsikta /xoːsikta/ | ɔʃɪkta /ɔʃɪkta/ | ваикта /ˈwaikta/ |
| Night | ᡩᠣᠪᠣᡵᡳ /dœviri/ | ᡩᠣᠪᠣᡵᡳ /dobori/ | dobori /dobori/ | долбо /dolbo/ | *dolbo /dolbo/ | dɔlbɔ /dɔlbɔ/ | догбо /doɡbo/ |
| Rain | ᠠᡤᠠ /ɑɣɑ/ | ᠠᡤᠠ /aɡa/ | agu /aɡu/ | тугдэ /tuɡdə/ | *tigde /tiɡde/ | tigdə /tiɡdə/ | тигдэ /tiɡde/ |
| Snow | ᠨᡳᠮᠠᠩᡤᡳ /nimɑŋ/ | ᠨᡳᠮᠠᠩᡤᡳ /nimaŋɡi/ | imanggi /imaŋɡi/ | симата /simata/ | *imana /imana/ | ɪmana /ɪmana/ | има̄ /imaː/ |
| Wind | ᡠᡩᡠᠨ /udun/ | ᡝᡩᡠᠨ /ədun/ | edu /ədu/ | хэдун /hədũ/ | *xedün /xedyn/ | ədin /ədin/ | эди /ədi/ |
| Earth | ᠨᠠ /na/ | ᠪᠣᡳᡥᠣᠨ /boihon/ | na /na/ | на /na/ | *nā /naː/ | tʊkala /tʊkala/ | на̄ /naː/ |
| Stone | ᠸᡝᡥᡝ /vɘɣɘ/ | ᠸᡝᡥᡝ /wəxə/ | uhe /uxə/ | дёло /dʒolo/ | *ǯolo /dʒolo/ | dʒɔlɔ /dʒɔlɔ/ | — |
| Mountain | ᠠᠯᡳᠨ /ɛlin/ | ᠠᠯᡳᠨ /alin/ | — | хурэн /xurən/ | *xöre /xøre/ | urə /urə/ | — |
| Sea | ᠮᡝᡩᡝᡵᡳ /mɘdɘrj/ | ᠮᡝᡩᡝᡵᡳ /mətəri/ | mede /mədə/ | намо /namo/ | *lāmu /lāmu/ | dalaj /dalaj/ | наму /namu/ |
| Mother | ᡝᠨᡞᠶᡝ /ɘni/ | ᡝᠨᡳᠶᡝ /ənijə/ | eme /eme/ | энин /ənin/ | *eńi /eńi/ | ənin /ənin/ | энэ /ene/ |
| Father | ᠠᠮᠠ /ɑmɘ/ | ᠠᠮᠠ /ama/ | ama /ama/ | ама /ama/ | *ama /ama/ | amɪn /amɪn/ | ама /ama/ |
| Daughter | ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ ᠵᡠᡳ /sarɢan dʒui/ | ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ ᠵᡠᡳ /sarɡan dʒui/ | saran jui /saran dʒui/ | асиа пиктэ /asia piktə/ | — | axakan utə /axakan utə/ | — |
| I | ᠪᡳ /bi/ | ᠪᡳ /bi/ | bi /bi/ | ми /mi/ | *bi /bi/ | bii /bii/ | би /bi/ |
| You | ᠰᡳ /ɕi/ | ᠰᡳ /si/ | ši /ʃi/ | си /si/ | *si /si/ | ʃii /ʃii/ | си /si/ |
| We | ᠮᡠᠰᡝ / ᠪᡝ /mɘs / bo/ | ᠮᡠᠰᡝ / ᠪᡝ /musə / bə/ | — /—/ | буэ /buə/ | *münti / *büe /mynti / bye/ | buu / mir /buu / mir/ | минти / бу /minti / bu/ |
| Name | ᡤᡝᠪᡠ /ɡɘv/ | ᡤᡝᠪᡠ /ɡəbu/ | gebu /ɡəbu/ | гэрбу /ɡərˈbu/ | *gerbū /gerbū/ | gərbi /ɡərbi/ | гэгби /ɡəɡbi/ |
| Person | ᠨᡞᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ /nɑn/ | ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ /nijalma/ | — | най /naj/ | *ńārī /ɲaːriː/ | bəjə /bəjə/ | нӣ /niː/ |
| Head | ᡠᠵᡠ /udʐo/ | ᡠᠵᡠ /udʒu/ | uju /udʒu/ | дили /dili/ | *dili /dili/ | dɪl /dɪl/ | дили /dili/ |
| Eye | ᠶᠠᠰᠠ /jɑs/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠠ /jasa/ | yasa /jasa/ | насал /nasal/ | *ńāsa /ńāsa/ | jɛɛʃa /jɛɛʃa/ | яа /jaː/ |
| Ear | ᡧᠠᠨ /sɑn/ | ᡧᠠᠨ /ʃan/ | šan /ʃan/ | сиан /sian/ | *sian /sian/ | ʃɛɛn /ʃɛɛn/ | куай /kuʔai/ |
| Nose | ᠣᡶᠣᡵᠣ /ovur/ | ᠣᡶᠣᡵᠣ /oforo/ | sunggi /suŋɡi/ | опоро /oporo/ | — | ɔŋɔktɔ /ɔŋɔktɔ/ | — |
| Mouth | ᠠᠩᡤᠠ /ɑŋ/ | ᠠᠩᡤᠠ /aŋɡa/ | angga /aŋɡa/ | аӈма /aŋma/ | *amŋa /amŋa/ | amŋa /amŋa/ | аӈма /aŋma/ |
| Tooth | ᠸᡝᡳᡥᡝ /vix/ | ᠸᡝᡳᡥᡝ /weixe/ | weihe /wəixə/ | хуктэ /xuktə/ | *iːkte /iːkte/ | iktə /iktə/ | икте /ikte/ |
| Tongue | ᡳᠯᡝᠩᡤᡠ /iliŋ/ | ᡳᠯᡝᠩᡤᡠ /ilɤŋɡu/ | ilenggi /iləŋɡi/ | сиӈму /siŋmu/ | *ilŋu /ilŋu/ | iŋi /iŋi/ | иӈи /iŋi/ |
| Hand | ᡤᠠᠯᠠ /ɡɑl/ | ᡤᠠᠯᠠ /ɡala/ | gala /ɡala/ | ӈа̄ла /ŋaːla/ | *ŋāla /ŋāla/ | ŋaala /ŋaala/ | ӈала /ŋala/ |
| Foot | ᠪᡝᡨᡥᡝ /bɘtk/ | ᠪᡝᡨᡥᡝ /pɤtʰxɤ/ | betie /bətie/ | бэгди /bəɡdi/ | *palgan /palgan/ | algan /alɡan/ | бэгди /beɡdi/ |
| Heart | ᠨᡞᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ /ɲiɑmɘn/ | ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ /nijaman/ | niema /niema/ | миаван /miavan/ | *mēwan /mēwan/ | mɛɣan /mɛɣan/ | мява /mjawa/ |
| Bone | ᡤᡳᡵᠠᠩᡤᡳ /ɡirɑŋ/ | ᡤᡳᡵᠠᠩᡤᡳ /ɡiraŋɡi/ | giranggi /ɡiraŋɡi/ | гирмакса /ɡirmaksa/ | *giramsa /ɡiramsa/ | gɪramna /ɡɪramna/ | гиама /ɡiama/ |
| Blood | ᠰᡝᠩᡤᡳ /ɕiŋ/ | ᠰᡝᠩᡤᡳ /səŋɡi/ | šenggi /ʃəŋɡi/ | сэксэ /səksə/ | *sekse /sekse/ | ʃəəkʃə /ʃəəkʃə/ | сакиа /sakia/ |
| Poop | ᡥᠠᠮᡠ /xamu/ | ᡥᠠᠮᡠ /xamu/ | — | амон /amon/ | — | — | — |
| Love | — /—/ | ᡥᠠᡳᡵᠠᠮᠪᡳ /xairambi/ | beyimbi /bəjimbi/ | улэ̄сиури /uləːsiuri/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | чисанай /tʃisanaj/ |
| Tree | — /—/ | ᠮᠣᠣ /moː/ | mo /mo/ | мо̄ /moː/ | *mō /mō/ | mɔɔ /mɔɔ/ | мо̄ /moː/ |
| Dog | ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨ /jonxun/ | ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨ /indaxuːn/ | indahu /indaxu/ | инда /inda/ | *ŋinda /ŋinda/ | ŋanakin /ŋanakin/ | инʼаи /inʔai/ |
| Cat | ᡴᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝ /kəsikə/ | ᡴᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝ /kəsikə/ | hacu /xatʃu/ | кэксэ /kəksə/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | кошк /koʃk/ |
| Fish | ᠨᡳᠮᠠᡥᠠ /nimxa/ | ᠨᡳᠮᠠᡥᠠ /nimaxa/ | nimuha /nimuxa/ | согдата /sɔɡdata/ | *ollo /ollo/ | ɔlɔ /ɔlɔ/ | сугдя /suɡdʑa/ |
| Bird | ᡤᠠᠰᡥᠠ /ɢasχa/ | ᡤᠠᠰᡥᠠ /ɢasχa/ | — | гаса /ɡasa/ | *gasa /gasa/ | tʃinəkə /tʃinəkə/ | — |
| Butterfly | ᡤᡝᡶᡝᡥᡝ /ɡəfəxə/ | ᡤᡝᡶᡝᡥᡝ /ɡəfəxə/ | — | ко̄ко̄ни /kɔːkɔːni/ | — | kɔldɪkan /kɔldɪkan/ | гэптэ /ɡəptə/ |
| Egg | ᡠᠮᡥᠠᠨ /umxan/ | ᡠᠮᡥᠠᠨ /umxan/ | — | омокта /ɔmɔkta/ | *umukta /umukta/ | ʊmʊkta /ʊmʊkta/ | умукта /umukta/ |
| Horse | ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ /morin/ | ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ /morin/ | muri /muri/ | морин /morin/ | *murin /murin/ | mʊrɪn /mʊrɪn/ | — |
| House | ᠪᠣᠣ /bo/ | ᠪᠣᠣ /boː/ | bo /bo/ | дё̄ /dʒoː/ | *ʒūg /dʒuːɡ/ | dʒuu /dʒuu/ | ӡугди /dʒuɡdi/ |
| Milk | ᠰᡠᠨ /sun/ | ᠰᡠᠨ /sun/ | — | молоко /mɔlɔkɔ/ | — | ukun /ukun/ | — |
| Honey | ᡥᡳᠪᠰᡠ /xibsu/ | ᡥᡳᠪᠰᡠ /xibsu/ | hitsu /xitsu/ | киаксо /kiaksɔ/ | — | — | — |
| Salt | ᡩᠠᠪᠰᡠᠨ /dɑvsun/ | ᡩᠠᠪᠰᡠᠨ /dabsun/ | datsu /datsu/ | даосон /daoson/ | — | katagan /kataɡan/ | — |
| Rice | ᠪᡝᠯᡝ /bələ/ | ᠪᡝᠯᡝ /bələ/ | bele /bələ/ | — | — | kandu /kandu/ | — |
| Iron | ᠰᡝᠯᡝ /sələ/ | ᠰᡝᠯᡝ /sələ/ | sele /sele/ | сэлэ /sələ/ | *sele /sele/ | ʃələ /ʃələ/ | сэлэ /sələ/ |
| Silk | ᠰᡳᡵᡤᡝ /ɕirɡə/ | ᠰᡳᡵᡤᡝ /sirɡə/ | — | сэурэ /səurə/ | — | — | — |
| Book | ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ /bitʰə/ | ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ /bitxə/ | — | даӈса /daŋsa/ | — | bitəgə /bitəɣə/ | — |
| Eat | ᠵᡝᠮᠪᡞ /dʒəmbi/ | ᠵᡝᠮᠪᡳ /dʒəmbi/ | jefu /dʒefu/ | депӯри /dʲəpuːri/ | *ǰep- /ǰep/ | dʒəb /dʒəb/ | джевэ /dʒevə/ |
| Drink | ᠣᠮᡳᠪᡞ /omibi/ | ᠣᠮᡳᠪᡳ /omibi/ | umi /umi/ | омиори /omiori/ | *umi- /umi/ | um /um/ | уми /umi/ |
| Sleep | ᠠᠮᡤᠠᠮᠪᡳ /amɢambi/ | ᠠᠮᡤᠠᠮᠪᡳ /amɢambi/ | dedu /dədu/ | а̄ори /aːori/ | *ām- /aːm/ | aaʃɪn /aaʃɪn/ | — |
| One | ᡝᠮᡠ /əmu/ | ᠡᠮᡠ /əmu/ | emu /emu/ | эмун /əmun/ | *emun /emun/ | umun /umun/ | омо /omo/ |
| Two | ᠵᡠᠸᡝ /dʐu/ | ᠵᡠᠸᡝ /dʒuwə/ | jue /dʒue/ | дюэр /dʒuˈər/ | *ǰör /ǰör/ | dʒuur /dʒuur/ | ӡӯ /dʒuː/ |
| Three | ᡳᠯᠠᠨ /ilɑn/ | ᡳᠯᠠᠨ /ilan/ | ilan /ilan/ | илан /ilan/ | *ilan /ilan/ | ɪlan /ɪlan/ | ила /ila/ |
| Four | ᡩᡠᡳᠨ /dujin/ | ᡩᡠᡳᠨ /duin/ | duin /duin/ | дуин /duin/ | *dügin /dyɡin/ | dijin /dijin/ | дӣ /diː/ |
| Five | ᠰᡠᠨᠵᠠ /sundʐɑ/ | ᠰᡠᠨᠵᠠ /sundʒa/ | šunja /ʃundʒa/ | тойӈга /tojŋɡa/ | *tuńga /tuńga/ | tʊŋŋa /tʊŋŋa/ | туӈа /tuŋa/ |
| Hundred | ᡨᠠᠩᡤᡡ /taŋɡuː/ | ᡨᠠᠩᡤᡡ /taŋɡuː/ | tanggu /taŋɡu/ | таӈго /taŋɡo/ | *taŋgū /taŋɡuː/ | ɲamaadʒɪ /ɲamaadʒɪ/ | таӈгу /taŋɡu/ |
| Hello | — /—/ | ᠰᡳ ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /si sain/ | — /—/ | банди-банди /bandi bandi/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | бандиба /bandiba/ |
| Thank you | ᠪᠠᠨᡳᡥᠠ /banixa/ | ᠪᠠᠨᡳᡥᠠ /banixa/ | — /—/ | банихан /banihan/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | нюхча /ɲuxtʃa/ |
| Good | ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /sɑn/ | ᠰᠠᡳᠨ /sain/ | sain /sain/ | улэ̄н /uləːn/ | *aya /aja/ | aja /aja/ | ая /aja/ |
| New | ᡳᠴᡝ /itʂʰɘ/ | ᡳᠴᡝ /itʃə/ | ice /itʃə/ | сикӯн /sikuːn/ | *xirkekǖn /xirkekyːn/ | irkəkin /irkəkin/ | имэхи /iməxi/ |
| Red | ᡶᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ /fɘlɡiɑn/ | ᡶᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ /fulɡijan/ | fulian /fulian/ | сэ̄гден /səːɡdʲən/ | *pula /pula/ | ʊlaarɪn /ʊlaarɪn/ | хулалиғи /xulaliɣi/ |
| White | ᡧᠠᠨᠶᠠᠨ /ʃanjan/ | ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ /ʃaŋɡijan/ | šanggia /ʃaŋɡia/ | ча̄гдян /tʃaːɡdʲan/ | — | bagdarɪn /baɡdarɪn/ | чалиги /tʃaliɡi/ |
| Black | ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ /saχalijan/ | ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ /saχalijan/ | sahalian /saxalian/ | сахарин /saxarin/ | *sakalīn /sakaliːn/ | kɔŋnɔrɪn /kɔŋnɔrɪn/ | палиғи /paliɣi/ |
| Green | ᠨᡳᠣᠸᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ /nyŋɲiɑn/ | ᠨᡳᠣᠸᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ /niowaŋɡijan/ | burha boco /burxa botʃo/ | нёӈгиан /nʲoŋɡian/ | — | tʃuturin /tʃuturin/ | исэмпэ /isəmpə/ |
| Computer | ᠪᠣᡩᠣᡨᡠᠨ /bodotun/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
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Han readings compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Tungusic > Southern Tungusic > Manchu-Sibe
| Character | Sibe | Manchu | Jurchen | Proto-Tungusic | Khitan | Proto-Mongolic | Japanese kun-yomi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | emu /əmu/ | emu /emu/ | emu /emu/ | *əmun /*əmun/ | am /am/ | *nigen /*niɡen/ | hito /çito/ |
| 二 | juwe /dʑuwə/ | juwe /dʒuwə/ | juwe /dʑuwe/ | *dʒuər /*dʒuər/ | jur /dʒur/ | *qoyar /*qojar/ | futa /ɸɯta/ |
| 三 | ilan /ilan/ | ilan /ilan/ | ilan /ilan/ | *ilan /*ilan/ | hur /hur/ | *gurba(n) /*ɡurban/ | mi /mi/ |
| 四 | duin /duin/ | duin /duin/ | duin /duin/ | *dügin /*dyɡin/ | dur /dur/ | *dörbe(n) /*dœrben/ | yo /jo/ |
| 五 | sunja /sundʑa/ | sunja /sundʒa/ | sunja /sundʑa/ | *tuɲga /*tuɲɡa/ | tau /tʰau/ | *tabu(n) /*tabun/ | itsu /itsɯ/ |
| 六 | ninggun /niŋɢun/ | ninggun /niŋɡun/ | ninggun /niŋɡun/ | *ɲuŋun /*ɲuŋun/ | nil /nil/ | *jirguɣa(n) /*dʒirɣuɣan/ | mu /mɯ/ |
| 七 | nadan /nadan/ | nadan /nadan/ | nadan /nadan/ | *nadan /*nadan/ | dolo /dolo/ | *doluɣa(n) /*doluɣan/ | nana /nana/ |
| 八 | jakūn /dʑakɯn/ | jakūn /dʒakʰuːn/ | jakūn /dʑakɯn/ | *dʒapkun /*dʒapkun/ | — | *nayima(n) /*najiman/ | ya /ja/ |
| 九 | uyun /ujun/ | uyun /ujun/ | uyun /ujun/ | *xəgün /*xəɡyn/ | is /is/ | *yersü(n) /*jersyn/ | kokono /kokono/ |
| 十 | juwan /dʑuwan/ | juwan /dʒuwan/ | juwan /dʑuwan/ | *dʒuwan /*dʒuwan/ | par /par/ | *harba(n) /*harban/ | tō /toː/ |
| 天 | abka /apka/ | abka /abka/ | abka /abka/ | *abka /*abka/ | teŋri /tʰeŋri/ | *teŋri /*teŋri/ | ame /ame/ |
| 地 | na /na/ | na /na/ | na /na/ | *na /*na/ | — | *gajar /*ɡadʒar/ | — |
| 日 | šun /ɕun/ | šun /ʃun/ | šun /ʃun/ | *siun /*siun/ | nair /nair/ | *naran /*naran/ | hi /çi/ |
| 月 | biya /bija/ | biya /bija/ | biya /bija/ | *bēga /*beːɡa/ | sair /sair/ | *sara(n) /*saran/ | tsuki /tsɯki/ |
| 山 | alin /alin/ | alin /alin/ | alin /alin/ | *xada /*xada/ | ula /ʊla/ | *agula /*aɣula/ | yama /jama/ |
| 海 | mederi /mədəri/ | mederi /medəri/ | mederi /mederi/ | *lāmu /*laːmu/ | — | *dalai /*dalaj/ | umi /ɯmi/ |
| 水 | muke /mutɕə/ | muke /mukə/ | muke /muke/ | *mū /*muː/ | us /ʊs/ | *usu(n) /*usun/ | mizu /midzɯ/ |
| 火 | tuwa /tuwa/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | tuwa /tuwa/ | *tōga /*toːɡa/ | gal /ɡal/ | *gal /*ɡal/ | hi /çi/ |
| 木 | moo /mɔː/ | moo /moː/ | moo /moː/ | *mō /*moː/ | — | *modu(n) /*modun/ | ki /ki/ |
| 土 | boihon /bɔiʁɔn/ | boihon /bojxon/ | boihon /boixon/ | *na /*na/ | — | *sirui /*siruj/ | tsuchi /tsɯtɕi/ |
| 牛 | ihan /iʁan/ | ihan /ixan/ | ihan /ixan/ | *xuker /*xuker/ | — | *hüker /*hyker/ | ushi /ɯɕi/ |
| 虎 | tasha /taɕa/ | tasha /taʃa/ | tasha /taʃa/ | — | — | — | tora /toɾa/ |
| 龍 | muduri /muduri/ | muduri /muduri/ | muduri /muduri/ | *muduri /*muduri/ | — | — | tatsu /tatsɯ/ |
| 蛇 | meihe /məix/ | meihe /məixə/ | meihe /meixe/ | *müikī /*myikiː/ | — | *mogai /*moɣaj/ | hebi /hebi/ |
| 馬 | morin /mɔrin/ | morin /morin/ | morin /morin/ | *murin /*murin/ | mori /mori/ | *mori(n) /*morin/ | uma /ɯma/ |
| 羊 | honin /χɔnin/ | honin /xonin/ | honin /xonin/ | — | — | *honi(n) /*honin/ | hitsuji /çitsɯdʑi/ |
| 犬 | indahūn /indaʁun/ | indahūn /indaxuːn/ | indahūn /indaxɯn/ | *ŋinda /*ŋinda/ | — | *noxai /*noxaj/ | inu /inɯ/ |
| 貓 | kesike /kəsitɕə/ | kesike /kəsikə/ | — | — | — | — | neko /neko/ |
| 鳥 | gasha /ɢaɕa/ | gasha /ɡaʃa/ | gasha /ɡaʃa/ | *gasa /*ɡasa/ | — | *sibawun /*sibaʊn/ | tori /toɾi/ |
| 魚 | nimaha /nimaʁa/ | nimaha /nimaxa/ | nimaha /nimaxa/ | *nimaka /*nimaka/ | — | *jigasu(n) /*dʒiɣasun/ | sakana /sakana/ |
| 頭 | uju /udʑu/ | uju /udʒu/ | uju /udʑu/ | *dil /*dil/ | — | *terixün /*terixyn/ | atama /atama/ |
| 目 | yasa /jaza/ | yasa /jasa/ | yasa /jasa/ | *jāsa /*jaːsa/ | — | *nidün /*nidyn/ | me /me/ |
| 耳 | šan /ɕan/ | šan /ʃan/ | šan /ʃan/ | *sēn /*seːn/ | — | *cikin /*tʃikin/ | mimi /mimi/ |
| 口 | angga /aŋɢa/ | angga /aŋɡa/ | angga /aŋɡa/ | *amŋa /*amŋa/ | — | *aman /*aman/ | kuchi /kɯtɕi/ |
| 心 | niyaman /ɲaman/ | niyaman /njaman/ | niyaman /niaman/ | *mēwan /*meːwan/ | — | *jirüken /*dʒiryken/ | kokoro /kokoɾo/ |
| 手 | gala /ɢala/ | gala /ɡala/ | gala /ɡala/ | *ŋāla /*ŋaːla/ | — | *gar /*ɡar/ | te /te/ |
| 足 | bethe /bətxə/ | bethe /bətxə/ | bethe /betxe/ | *bəgdi /*bəɡdi/ | — | *köl /*kœl/ | ashi /aɕi/ |
| 血 | senggi /səŋɣi/ | senggi /səŋɡi/ | senggi /səŋɡi/ | *sēksə /*seːksə/ | — | *cisu(n) /*tʃisun/ | chi /tɕi/ |
| 肉 | yali /jali/ | yali /jali/ | yali /jali/ | *uldʒə /*uldʒə/ | — | *mika(n) /*mikan/ | — |
| 人 | niyalma /ɲalma/ | niyalma /njalma/ | niyalma /njalma/ | *niama /*niama/ | ku /kʰu/ | *kümün /*kymyn/ | hito /çito/ |
| 年 | aniya /anʲ/ | aniya /anja/ | aniya /anja/ | *aniganī /*aniɡaniː/ | — | *hon /*hon/ | toshi /toɕi/ |
| 行 | yabumbi /jawum/ | yabumbi /jabumbi/ | yabu- /jabu-/ | *jabu- /*jabu-/ | — | *yabu- /*jabu-/ | iku /ikɯ/ |
| 行 | faidan /faidan/ | faidan /faidan/ | — | *ŋənə- /*ŋənə-/ | — | *yabu- /*jabu-/ | kudari /kɯdaɾi/ |
| 来 | jimbi /dʑim/ | jimbi /dʒimbi/ | ji- /dʑi-/ | *əmə- /*əmə-/ | — | *ire- /*ire-/ | kuru /kɯɾɯ/ |
| 去 | genembi /ɡənəm/ | genembi /ɡənəmbi/ | gene- /ɡənə-/ | *ŋənə- /*ŋənə-/ | — | *od- /*od-/ | saru /saɾɯ/ |
| 走 | sujumbi /sudʑum/ | sujumbi /sudʒumbi/ | suju- /sudʑu-/ | *tuksa- /*tuksa-/ | — | *güyü- /*ɡyjy-/ | hashiru /haɕiɾɯ/ |
| 坐 | tembi /təm/ | tembi /təmbi/ | te- /te-/ | *təgə- /*təɡə-/ | — | *saxu- /*saxu-/ | suwaru /sɯwaɾɯ/ |
| 立 | ilimbi /ilim/ | ilimbi /ilimbi/ | ili- /ili-/ | *ili- /*ili-/ | — | *bos- /*bos-/ | tatsu /tatsɯ/ |
| 見 | sabumbi /sabum/ | sabumbi /sabumbi/ | sabu- /sabu-/ | *ičə- /*itʃə-/ | — | *üje- /*ydʒe-/ | miru /miɾɯ/ |
| 聞 | donjimbi /dɔndʑim/ | donjimbi /dondʒimbi/ | donji- /dondʑi-/ | *dōldi- /*doːldi-/ | — | *sonos- /*sonos-/ | kiku /kikɯ/ |
| 食 | jembi /dʑəm/ | jembi /dʒəmbi/ | je- /dʑe-/ | *dʒəp- /*dʒəp-/ | — | *ide- /*ide-/ | kuu /kɯɯ/ |
| 飲 | omimbi /ɔmim/ | omimbi /omimbi/ | omi- /omi-/ | *umī- /*umiː-/ | — | *uxu- /*uxu-/ | nomu /nomɯ/ |
| 長 | golmin /ɢɔlmin/ | golmin /ɡolmin/ | golmin /ɡolmin/ | *ŋōlimi /*ŋoːlimi/ | — | *urtu /*urtu/ | nagai /naɡai/ |
| 上 | dele /dələ/ | dele /dələ/ | dele /dələ/ | *ugi /*uɡi/ | — | *degere /*deɡere/ | ue /ɯe/ |
| 下 | fejile /fədʑilə/ | fejile /fədʒilə/ | fejile /fəjilə/ | *xərgi /*xərɡi/ | — | *doxora /*doxora/ | shita /ɕita/ |
| 左 | hashū /χaɕu/ | hashū /xaʃuː/ | hashū /haʃɯ/ | *dʒəgün /*dʒəɡyn/ | — | *jegün /*dʒeɡyn/ | hidari /çidaɾi/ |
| 右 | ici /itɕi/ | ici /itʃi/ | ici /itɕi/ | *aŋān /*aŋaːn/ | — | *baragun /*baraɣun/ | migi /miɡi/ |
| 中 | dulimba /dulimba/ | dulimba /dulimba/ | dulin /dulin/ | *dulin /*dulin/ | — | *dumda /*dumda/ | naka /naka/ |
| 中 | goibumbi /ɢɔibum/ | goibumbi /ɡoibumbi/ | — | *dulin /*dulin/ | — | *dumda /*dumda/ | ataru /ataɾɯ/ |
| 央 | dulimbai /dulimbai/ | dulimbai /dulimbai/ | dulimbai /dulimbai/ | *dulin /*dulin/ | — | — | — |
| 東 | dergi /dərɡi/ | dergi /dərɡi/ | dergi /dərɡi/ | *dʒügün /*dʒyɡyn/ | — | *jegün /*dʒeɡyn/ | higashi /çiɡaɕi/ |
| 西 | wargi /warɡi/ | wargi /warɡi/ | wargi /warɡi/ | — | — | *baragun /*baraɣun/ | nishi /niɕi/ |
| 南 | julergi /dʑulərɡi/ | julergi /dʒulərɡi/ | julergi /dʑulərɡi/ | — | — | *emüne /*emyne/ | minami /minami/ |
| 北 | amargi /amarɡi/ | amargi /amarɡi/ | amargi /amarɡi/ | — | — | *hoyitu /*hojitu/ | kita /kita/ |
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