高句麗語
Goguryeo
Koreanic (debated; possible Japonic affinity) · historical / hidden variety
Goguryeo is the extinct language of the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea (1c. BCE - 668 CE). Its genetic affiliation is hotly contested — Beckwith (2004), Vovin (2013), and Whitman (2011) propose a Japonic relationship based on the famous numeral cognates 三=密 (mil) ↔ Old Japanese mi, 五=于次 (uci) ↔ itu, 七=難隱 (nanǝn) ↔ nana, 十=徳 (tǝk) ↔ töwo; other scholars place it as a sister of Korean or a Buyeo-family language. The corpus is ~80 toponyms in Samguk Sagi vol. 37, giving very thin basic-vocabulary attestation — hence most cells here are intentionally "—".
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Goguryeo
Sources
- Beckwith, Christopher I. (2004) Koguryo: The Language of Japan's Continental Relatives. Leiden: Brill
- Vovin, Alexander (2013) From Koguryo to Tamna. Korean Linguistics 15(2)
- Whitman, John (2011) Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan. Rice 4
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Koreanic (debated; possible Japonic affinity)
| Meaning | Goguryeo | Nicaraguan Sign Language | Tartessian | Liburnian | Messapic | Venetic | Scythian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | 買 /*mai/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ouriom /ˈouriom/ | — /—/ |
| Fire | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Sun | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Moon | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Star | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Night | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Mountain | 達 /*tara/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Mother | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | matur /ˈmatur/ | — /—/ |
| Father | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ana /ˈana/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| I | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | eχo /ˈexo/ | — /—/ |
| You | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| We | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Name | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Eye | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | spou /spu/ |
| Mouth | 古次 /*kutsi/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Tooth | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Tongue | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Hand | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Heart | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Bone | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Blood | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Love | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Tree | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Dog | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Cat | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Fish | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| House | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Eat | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Drink | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| One | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | arima /arima/ |
| Two | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Three | 密 /*mit/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Five | 于次 /*utsu/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Hello | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Good | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Red | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
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