高麗時代韓國語
Goryeo Korean
Koreanic · historical / hidden variety
Goryeo Korean (고려어, ~918-1392) is the Early Middle Korean stage spoken during the Goryeo dynasty, transitional between Old Korean of unified Silla and the Late Middle Korean of the post-Hangul early Joseon. Pre-dating Hangul (1446), it was written by adapting Chinese characters via three systems: hyangchal (향찰, semantic + phonetic logographic mixing), idu (이두, Sinitic syntax with Korean grammatical particles spelled in Hanja), and gugyeol (구결, glossing aids for reading Classical Chinese). Primary linguistic corpus is the 鶏林類事 (Gyerim Yusa, 1103) by Sun Mu (孫穆), a Chinese-Korean glossary of ~350 words transcribed in Chinese characters. Goryeo also produced the Jikji 直指 (1377), the world's oldest surviving book printed with movable metal type — a Buddhist Seon canon predating Gutenberg by 78 years and inscribed in UNESCO Memory of the World 2001. Reconstruction follows Lee Ki-Moon (2003), Sasse (1976), and Sohn (1999).
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Goryeo Korean
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Koreanic
| Meaning | Goryeo Korean | Old Korean | Late Middle Korean | Proto-Koreanic | Early Modern Korean | Etruscan | Proto-Japonic-Koreanic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | 沒 /*mwol/ | 勿 /*muɾ/ | ·믈 /mɯl/ | *mɨr /mɨr/ | 믈 /mɯl/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Fire | 孛 /*pwol/ | 弗 /*puɾ/ | ·블 /pɯl/ | *pɨr /pɨr/ | 블 /pɯl/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Sun | 契 /*hʌi/ | 日 /*hai/ | ·ᄒᆡ /hʌj/ | *hʌy /hʌy/ | ᄒᆡ /hʌj/ | usil /ˈuzil/ | — /—/ |
| Moon | 妲 /*tʌl/ | 月羅理 /*tʌɾaɾi/ | ·ᄃᆞᆯ /tʌl/ | *tʌr /tʌr/ | 달 /tal/ | tiur /ˈtiur/ | — /—/ |
| Star | — /—/ | 星利 /*pjəli/ | :별 /pjəl/ | *pyər /pyər/ | 별 /pjəl/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Night | 監 /*pam/ | 夜音 /*pam/ | 밤 /pam/ | *pam /pam/ | 밤 /pam/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Rain | 霏微 /*piβi/ | — | 비 /pi/ | *pi /pi/ | 비 /pi/ | — | — |
| Snow | 嫩 /*nwun/ | — | 눈 /nun/ | *nun /nun/ | 눈 /nun/ | — | — |
| Wind | 孛纜 /*pʌɾʌm/ | — | ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷ /pʌɾʌm/ | — | 바람 /paɾam/ | — | — |
| Earth | 轄希 /*holki/ | — | ᄒᆞᆰ /hʌlk/ | — | 홁 /holk/ | — | — |
| Stone | 突 /*twol/ | — | 돓 /tolh/ | *tolh /tolh/ | 돌 /tol/ | — | — |
| Mountain | 每 /*mwoi/ | — | 뫼 /moj/ | — | 뫼 /moj/ | — | — |
| Mother | 丫彌 /*emi/ | 母史 /*əzi/ | ·어미 /ʌmi/ | *emi /emi/ | 어미 /ʌmi/ | ati /ˈati/ | *əma /əma/ |
| Father | 丫秘 /*api/ | 父 /*api/ | 아·비 /abi/ | *api /api/ | 아비 /abi/ | apa /ˈapa/ | *əpa /əpa/ |
| Daughter | 寶妲 /*pʌtʌl/ | — | ·ᄯᆞᆯ /stʌl/ | — | ᄯᆞᆯ /t͈ʌl/ | sech /sekʰ/ | — |
| I | 能 /*na/ | 吾 /*na/ | 나 /na/ | *na /na/ | 나 /na/ | mi /mi/ | — /—/ |
| You | 你 /*nə/ | 汝 /*nə/ | 너 /nə/ | *ne /ne/ | 너 /nə/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| We | — /—/ | — /—/ | 우리 /uɾi/ | *uri /uri/ | 우리 /uri/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Name | — /—/ | — /—/ | 일·훔 /iɾhum/ | — /—/ | 일홈 /irhom/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Head | 麻帝 /*mati/ | — | 머·리 /məɾi/ | *məri /məri/ | 머리 /məɾi/ | — | — |
| Eye | 嫩 /*nwun/ | 目 /*nun/ | ·눈 /nun/ | *nun /nun/ | 눈 /nun/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Ear | 愧 /*kuj/ | — | 귀 /kuj/ | — | 귀 /kwi/ | — | — |
| Mouth | 邑 /*ip/ | — | 입 /ip/ | — | 입 /ip/ | — | — |
| Tooth | 你 /*ni/ | — /—/ | 니 /ni/ | *ni /ni/ | 니 /ni/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Tongue | 蝎 /*hjəl/ | — /—/ | 혀 /hjə/ | *hyəl /hjəl/ | 혀 /hjə/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Hand | 遜 /*swon/ | 孫 /*son/ | ·손 /son/ | *son /son/ | 손 /son/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Foot | 潑 /*pal/ | — | ·발 /pal/ | *par /par/ | 발 /pal/ | — | — |
| Heart | — /—/ | 心音 /*mʌsʌm/ | ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆷ /mʌzʌm/ | *mʌzʌm /mʌzʌm/ | 마음 /maɯm/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Bone | — /—/ | — /—/ | ·ᄲᅧ /spjə/ | *spyə /spjə/ | ᄲᅧ /p͈jə/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Blood | — /—/ | — /—/ | ·피 /pʰi/ | *pʰi /pʰi/ | 피 /pʰi/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Love | — /—/ | 思良 /*sjaɾaŋ/ | ᄉᆞ랑 /sʌɾaŋ/ | — /—/ | ᄉᆞ랑 /saɾaŋ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Tree | 南記 /*namki/ | 那木 /*namok/ | 나모 /namo/ | *namʌk /namʌk/ | 나모 /namo/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Dog | 家稀 /*kahi/ | 加伊 /*kahi/ | 가·히 /kahi/ | — /—/ | 개 /kɛ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Cat | 鬼尼 /*kwoni/ | — /—/ | :괴 /kwe/ | — /—/ | 괴앙이 /kweaŋi/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Fish | 姑記 /*kwoki/ | — /—/ | 믌고·기 /mɯlskoɡi/ | *mɨrkoki /mɨrkoki/ | 믈고기 /mɯlɡoɡi/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Bird | 賽 /*sai/ | — | 새 /saj/ | — | 새 /sɛ/ | — | — |
| Horse | 末 /*mʌl/ | — | ᄆᆞᆯ /mʌl/ | — | ᄆᆞᆯ /mal/ | — | — |
| House | 集 /*tɕip/ | 執 /*tɕip/ | 집 /tɕip/ | — /—/ | 집 /tɕip/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Salt | 蘇甘 /*swokwom/ | — | 소곰 /sokom/ | — | 소곰 /soɡom/ | — | — |
| Iron | 歲 /*swoi/ | 薩 /*so/ | ·쇠 /soj/ | — | 쇠 /swe/ | — | — |
| Eat | — /—/ | 食 /*məkta/ | 먹·다 /mʌk̚ta/ | *mek- /mek/ | 먹다 /mʌk̚t͈a/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Drink | 麻蛇 /*masi/ | 飲 /*maɕita/ | 마·시·다 /maɕita/ | — /—/ | 마시다 /maɕida/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| One | 河屯 /*hatwun/ | 一等 /*hʌnah/ | ᄒᆞ낳 /hʌna/ | *hʌnah /hʌnah/ | 하나 /hana/ | thu /θu/ | — /—/ |
| Two | 途孛 /*twubʌr/ | 二肹 /*tubɨɾ/ | :둟 /tulh/ | *tur /tur/ | 둘 /tul/ | zal /tsal/ | — /—/ |
| Three | 洒 /*sai/ | — /—/ | :셓 /səjh/ | *seyh /sejh/ | 세 /sej/ | ci /ki/ | — /—/ |
| Four | 迺 /*nəi/ | — | :넿 /nəjh/ | *neyh /nejh/ | 네 /nej/ | huth /huθ/ | — |
| Five | 打戌 /*tasʌs/ | — | 다ᄉᆞᆺ /tasʌs/ | *tasʌs /tasʌs/ | 다슷 /tasɯt/ | mach /max/ | — |
| Hundred | 醞 /*on/ | 百隱 /*on/ | 온 /on/ | *on /on/ | ᄇᆡᆨ /pɛk/ | — | — |
| Hello | — /—/ | — /—/ | 안녕ᄒᆞ쇼셔 /annjʌŋ hʌsjosjʌ/ | — /—/ | 안녕하시오 /annjʌŋhaɕio/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | — /—/ | — /—/ | 고맙ᄉᆞᆸ나이다 /komapsʌpnaita/ | — /—/ | 고맙소이다 /komapsoida/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Good | 朝勳 /*tjohɨn/ | 好 /*tjoh/ | :됴·타 /tjotʰa/ | — /—/ | 됴타 /tjotʰa/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Red | — /—/ | — /—/ | 븕·다 /pɨlkta/ | *pɨrk /pɨrk/ | 붉다 /pulkta/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| White | 漢 /*hʌin/ | — | ᄒᆡ다 /hʌjta/ | *hʌi /hʌi/ | 희다 /hɯjda/ | — | — |
| Black | 軻門 /*kəmɨn/ | — | 검다 /kəmta/ | — | 검다 /kəmta/ | — | — |
| Ninety-nine | 鴉訓鴉好 /*ahʌn ahop/ | — | 아ᄒᆞᆫ아홉 /ahʌnahop/ | — | 아흔아홉 /ahɯnahop/ | — | — |
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