함경방언

Hamgyong Korean

Koreanic

FamilyKoreanic Speakers~3M ScriptHangul CountriesNorth Korea, China (Yanbian) Official inNo (regional) Vitalitysafe ISO 639-3kor

Hamgyong Korean (함경말 / 함경도 사투리) is the far-northeastern dialect group spoken in DPRK's Hamgyong-bukto and Hamgyong-namdo provinces and historically across the Korean diaspora in the Russian Far East and Central Asia (Koryo-mar 고려말). Its long isolation from the Sino-Korean prestige currents of the central peninsula preserved many archaic features lost in standard Seoul Korean: phonemic vowel/consonant length (tone-like quantity contrasts), an older negation pattern (안+verb retained where Seoul uses verb+지 않다), and a distinctive Tungusic / Manchu substrate from centuries of contact along the Tumen River. Heavily influenced by — and a partial source for — DPRK Munhwaeo (ko_kp), since the post-1945 northern political class drew on Hamgyong vocabulary. Several Hamgyong features survived in Soviet-deportation-descended Koryo-saram communities in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.

Where it is spoken

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87 core words in Hamgyong Korean

Water

물

mul

Fire

불

pul

Sun

해

hɛ

Moon

달

tal

Star

별

pjəl

Night

밤

pam

Rain

비

pi

Snow

눈

nun

Wind

바람

paɾam

Earth

흙

hɯk̚

Stone

돌

tol

Mountain

산

san

Sea

바다

pada

Mother

어머이

ʌmʌi

Father

아바이

abai

Daughter

딸

t͈al

I

나

na

You

너

nə

We

우리

uɾi

Name

이름

irɯm

Person

사람

saram

Head

머리

məri

Eye

눈

nun

Ear

귀

kɥi

Nose

코

kʰo

Mouth

입

ip̚

Tooth

이

i

Tongue

혀

çʌ

Hand

손

son

Foot

발

pal

Heart

마음

maɯm

Bone

뼈

p͈jʌ

Blood

피

pʰi

Poop

똥

t͈oŋ

Love

사랑

saɾaŋ

Tree

나무

namu

Dog

개

kɛ

Cat

고양이

kojaŋi

Fish

물고기

mulɡoɡi

Bird

새

sɛ

Butterfly

나붕이

nabuŋi

Egg

달걀

talɡjal

Bear

곰

kom

Horse

말

mal

House

집

tɕip̚

Milk

우유

uju

Honey

꿀

k͈ul

Salt

소금

soɡɯm

Wine

포도주

pododʑu

Rice

쌀

s͈al

Chocolate

쵸콜레트

tɕʰokʰolletʰɯ

Iron

철

tɕʰʌl

Wheel

바퀴

pakʰwi

Silk

비단

pidan

Book

책

tɕʰɛk̚

Eat

먹어

mʌɡʌ

Drink

마셔

maɕjʌ

Sleep

자다

tɕada

One

한나

hanːa

Two

둘

tul

Three

셋

set̚

Four

넷

net̚

Five

다섯

tasʌt̚

Hundred

백

pɛk̚

Hello

안녕하시꼬마

annjʌŋhaɕik͈oma

Thank you

고맙소

komap̚s͈o

Good

좋아

tɕoa

New

새로운

sɛɾoun

Red

빨갛다

p͈alɡatʰa

White

하얀

hajan

Black

까맣다

k͈amatʰa

Green

초록

tɕʰorok̚

Blue

파랗다

pʰaɾatʰa

Woof

멍멍

mʌŋmʌŋ

Cock-a-doodle-doo

꼬끼오

k͈ok͈io

Computer

콤퓨터

kʰompʰjutʰʌ

Wi-Fi

와이파이

waipʰai

Sushi

초밥

tɕʰobap̚

Tea

차

tɕʰa

Coffee

커피

kʰəpʰi

Sugar

사탕가루

satʰaŋk͈aɾu

Orange

오렌지

oɾendʑi

Ninety-nine

아흔아홉

ahɯnahop̚

Dopamine

도파민

topʰamin

At sign

골뱅이

kolbɛŋi

Sources

Words compared

Compared with languages in the same classification: Koreanic

Meaning Hamgyong KoreanYanbian KoreanNorth KoreanJeolla KoreanKoreanBusan KoreanJeju
Water 물 /mul/ 물 /mul/ 물 /mul/ 물 /mul/ 물 /mul/ 물 /mul/ 물 /mul/
Fire 불 /pul/ 불 /pul/ 불 /pul/ 불 /pul/ 불 /pul/ 불 /pul/ 불 /pul/
Sun 해 /hɛ/ 해 /hɛ/ 해 /hɛ/ 해 /hɛ/ 해 /hɛ/ 해 /hɛ/ 헤 /he/
Moon 달 /tal/ 달 /tal/ 달 /tal/ 달 /tal/ 달 /tal/ 달 /tal/ 달 /tal/
Star 별 /pjəl/ 별 /pjʌl/ 별 /pjʌl/ 별 /pjəl/ 별 /pjʌl/ 별 /pjʌl/ 별 /pjʌl/
Night 밤 /pam/ 밤 /pam/ 밤 /pam/ 밤 /pam/ 밤 /pam/ 밤 /pam/ 밤 /pam/
Rain 비 /pi/ 비 /pi/ 비 /pi/ 비 /pi/ 비 /pi/ 비 /pi/ 비 /pi/
Snow 눈 /nun/ 눈 /nun/ 눈 /nun/ 눈 /nun/ 눈 /nun/ 눈 /nun/ 눈 /nun/
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