Nuxalk
Kinuxalk
Salishi
Kinuxalk (Bella Coola) ni lugha pekee ya familia ya Kisalishi inayobaki katika ufuko wa kati wa British Columbia, maarufu katika tipolojia ya fonolojia kwa kuruhusu maneno kamili yasiyo na vokali za kifonemu kabisa (mfano wa kawaida xłp̓x̣ʷłtłpłłskʷc̓ "wakati huo alikuwa na mmea wa bunchberry") — konsonanti zinazozuia (fricatives, plosives) zenyewe hutumika kama kitovu cha silabi. Wasemaji fasaha ni takriban 17 tu walobaki.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kinuxalk
Vyanzo
- Nater, H.F. (1984) The Bella Coola Language (Canadian Museum of Civilization, Mercury Series 92)
- Bagemihl, Bruce (1991) "Syllable structure in Bella Coola" Linguistic Inquiry 22:589-646
- FirstVoices Nuxalk archive
- Glottolog: Bella Coola
- Ethnologue: blc
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Salishi
| Maana | Kinuxalk | Kiwichita | Kisquamish | Kilardil | Kiubykh | Proto-Maya | Kidyirbal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | qla /qla/ | kicʔa /kitsʔa/ | stáḵw /staqʷ/ | nguka /ŋuka/ | bzə /bzə/ | *haʔ /haʔ/ | bana /ˈbana/ |
| Moto | niiχʷ /niːχʷ/ | heːcʔa /heːtsʔa/ | sḵwiḵw /sqʷiqʷ/ | nyuda /ɲuda/ | mzʼə /mzʼə/ | *qʼaaqʼ /qʼaaqʼ/ | buni /ˈbuni/ |
| Jua | snχ /snχ/ | saːkhirʔa /saːkʰiɾʔa/ | snéḵwem /sneqʷəm/ | warrka /waɾka/ | dəɣʷa /dəɣʷa/ | *qʼiinh /qʼiinh/ | garri /ˈɡari/ |
| Mwezi | ƛ̓ukʼ /tɬʼukʼ/ | waːh /waːh/ | lh7álha /ɬʔaɬa/ | kirdikir /kiɖikir/ | mazə /mazə/ | *uːh /uːh/ | gagara /ɡaˈɡara/ |
| Nyota | mixmikʼł /mixmikʼɬ/ | hiːkwirikʔa /hiːkʷiɾikʔa/ | kwekwtsi7 /kʷəkʷtsiʔ/ | kuwa thungal /kuwa θuŋal/ | tʃʷʼakʲ /tʃʷʼakʲʼ/ | *eʼq /eʼq/ | gijiny /ɡiɟiɲ/ |
| Usiku | ʔnƛ̓ /ʔntɬʼ/ | ckhaːrʔa /tskʰaːɾʔa/ | nat /nat/ | nata /nata/ | śwa /ɕʷa/ | *aqʼabʼ /aqʼaɓ/ | jagun /ɟaɡun/ |
| Mvua | sʔałwlał /sʔaɬwlaɬ/ | — | — | — | — | *nhabʼ /ŋaɓ/ | gambal /ˈɡambal/ |
| Theluji | pqʼʷ /pqʷʼ/ | hiraːʔa /hiɾaːʔa/ | máḵa7 /maqaʔ/ | — | źʷadzə /ʑʷadzə/ | — | — |
| Udongo | kułulmx /kuɬulmx/ | — | temíxw /təmixʷ/ | — | tɕʰʷaʁˤʷə /tɕʰʷaʁˤʷə/ | *chʼohchʼ /tʃʼohtʃʼ/ | jaju /ˈɟaɟu/ |
| Jiwe | tʼχt /tʼχt/ | — | smant /smant/ | — | laqa /laqa/ | *ʔaʔbʼaj /ʔaʔbʼaj/ | diban /ɟiban/ |
| Mlima | smt /smt/ | — | smánit /smanit/ | — | — | *witz /wits/ | gambil /ˈɡambil/ |
| Bahari | sulut /sulut/ | — | — | — | ʃʷa /ʃʷa/ | — | — |
| Mama | stan /stan/ | eciyeːh /etsijeːh/ | chésha7 /tʃeʃaʔ/ | ngama /ŋama/ | nan /nan/ | *naʔ /naʔ/ | yabu /ˈjabu/ |
| Baba | man /man/ | taːtah /taːtah/ | smas /smas/ | kantha /kan̪t̪a/ | tʷə /tʷə/ | *taat /taat/ | nguma /ˈŋuma/ |
| Mimi | ʔnc /ʔnts/ | nacʔih /natsʔih/ | en /ʔən/ | ngada /ŋada/ | sʁʷa /sʁʷa/ | *in /in/ | ngaja /ŋaɟa/ |
| Wewe | ʔinu /ʔinu/ | nasʔih /nasʔih/ | chexw /tʃəxʷ/ | nyingki /ɲiŋki/ | wʁʷa /wʁʷa/ | *ʔat /ʔat/ | nginda /ŋinda/ |
| Sisi | łmił /ɬmiɬ/ | — /—/ | numalh /numaɬ/ | ngakuli / nyali /ŋakuli / ɲali/ | ʃʁʷała /ʃʁʷaɬa/ | — /—/ | ngana /ŋana/ |
| Jina | skʷacta /skʷatsta/ | hissaːrʔa /hissaːɾʔa/ | sna /sna/ | nyunda /ɲunda/ | pʼtsʼa /pʼtsʼa/ | *bʼih /bʼih/ | yidyi /jiɟi/ |
| Mtu | ƛ̓msta /tɬʼmsta/ | ihaas /ihaas/ | stélmexw /stelməxʷ/ | — | — | *winaq /winaq/ | — |
| Kichwa | tʼnχʷ /tʼnχʷ/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Jicho | qluqʼs /qluqʼs/ | kirikʔa /kiɾikʔa/ | ḵlum̓ /qlumʔ/ | kuwa /kuwa/ | bla /bla/ | *Haty /hatʲ/ | gayga /ˈɡajɡa/ |
| Sikio | tanksta /tanksta/ | — | — | — | laqʼʷəma /laqʼʷəma/ | *xikin /ʃikin/ | manga /ˈmaŋa/ |
| Pua | maaχsa /maːχsa/ | — | — | — | fatɕʼa /fatɕʼa/ | *nhiiʔ /ŋiːʔ/ | guwu /ˈɡuwu/ |
| Mdomo | cucn /tsutsn/ | — | — | — | tʃʼa /tʃʼa/ | *tyiiʔ /tʲiːʔ/ | — |
| Jino | ʔica /ʔitsa/ | aːkʔa /aːkʔa/ | yenis /jənis/ | kadma leman /kadma leman/ | cakʼə /tsakʼʲə/ | *ʔeeh /ʔeːh/ | dirra /dira/ |
| Ulimi | tica /titsa/ | hacʼa /hatsʔa/ | alhthal /aɬθaɬ/ | jalda leman /dʒalda leman/ | bza /bʒa/ | *aaqʼ /aːqʼ/ | jalnggulay /ɟalŋɡulaj/ |
| Mkono | suxa /suxa/ | iskʔa /iskʔa/ | chálash /tʃalaʃ/ | marlda /maɭda/ | ɂa /ʔa/ | *qʼabʼ /qʼabʼ/ | mala /ˈmala/ |
| Mguu | ʼixa /ʔixa/ | asʔa /asʔa/ | — | jaa /dʒaː/ | ła:pʼa /ɬaːpʼa/ | *ʔooq /ʔoːq/ | jina /ˈɟina/ |
| Moyo | skcułk /sktsuɬk/ | sikicʔa /sikitsʔa/ | stúlich /stulitʃ/ | bulja /buldʒa/ | gʷə /ɡʷə/ | — /—/ | rulgu /ˈɻulɡu/ |
| Mfupa | cap /tsap/ | kiːsʔa /kiːsʔa/ | shaw7 /ʃawʔ/ | kadma /kadma/ | pqë /pqə/ | *bʼaaq /ɓaːq/ | wurmbur /ˈwurmbur/ |
| Damu | six /six/ | waːckicʔa /waːtskitsʔa/ | sthathin /sθaθin/ | kanda /kanda/ | ła /ɬa/ | *kikʼ /kikʼ/ | waguli /waɡuli/ |
| Upendo | — /—/ | — /—/ | néxwsa /nexʷsa/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Mti | stn /stn/ | tiyaːhkw /tijaːhkʷ/ | stsékʼas /stsekʼas/ | thungal /θuŋal/ | ɣʷənə /ɣʷənə/ | *teʔ /teʔ/ | yugu /ˈjuɡu/ |
| Mbwa | wacʼ /watsʼ/ | kiciyeːh /kitsijeːh/ | sḵwemáy̓ /sqʷəmajʔ/ | ngawa /ŋawa/ | la /la/ | *tzʼiʔ /tzʼiʔ/ | guda /ˈɡuda/ |
| Paka | — /—/ | — /—/ | pus /pus/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Samaki | smłk /smɬk/ | kaːcʔa /kaːtsʔa/ | stsʼúḵwi7 /stsʼuqʷiʔ/ | yaka /jaka/ | psa /psa/ | *kar /kar/ | jabu /ˈɟabu/ |
| Ndege | ciccipii /tsitstsipiː/ | ichir /itsʰiɾ/ | — | — | ʁʷəndʷə /ʁʷəndʷə/ | *tzʼikin /tzʼikin/ | dundu /ˈdundu/ |
| Kipepeo | mamayu /mamaju/ | — | — | — | χapʼraːɕʷa /χapʼraːɕʷa/ | *pehpen /pehpen/ | — |
| Yai | qpʼa /qpʼa/ | nikwiːkʔa /nikʷiːkʔa/ | — | — | — | — | bambu /bambu/ |
| Dubu | ƛ̓a /tɬʼa/ | — | míx̱alh /miχaɬ/ | — | məšwa /məʃʷa/ | — | — |
| Farasi | ałχapaliikʷ /aɬχapaliːkʷ/ | — | — | — | čʰʲə /tʃʰʲə/ | — | — |
| Nyumba | suł /suɬ/ | akhaːrʔa /akʰaːɾʔa/ | lámʼ /lamʔ/ | ngambirr /ŋambir/ | tʷəna /tʷəna/ | *nah /nah/ | mija /ˈmiɟa/ |
| Chumvi | stʼs /stʼs/ | — | tlʼálhem /tɬʼaɬəm/ | — | ǯʲə /dʒʲə/ | *ʔaʔtzʼaam /ʔaʔtsʼaːm/ | — |
| Chuma | — /—/ | — | — | — | wəcʼwa /wətsʼʷa/ | — | — |
| Kitabu | ałqʷuł /aɬqʷuɬ/ | — | — | — | ʃʷəqʼa /ʃʷəqʼa/ | *huʔnh /huʔŋ/ | — |
| Kula | ʔałps /ʔaɬps/ | kaʔac /kaʔats/ | i7iyím /iʔijim/ | jitha /dʒiθa/ | f /f/ | *waʔ /waʔ/ | janggay /ˈɟaŋɡaj/ |
| Kunywa | qaaχla /qaːχla/ | kikʔa /kikʔa/ | qʼemél7chen /qʼemʔeɬtʃen/ | kurdama /kuɖama/ | dzʷa /dzʷa/ | *ʔukʼ /ʔukʼ/ | gunyjal /ˈɡuɲɟal/ |
| Kulala | cituma /tsituma/ | — | — | — | tɕʰʷa /tɕʰʷa/ | *war /war/ | bungil /ˈbuŋil/ |
| Moja | maw /maw/ | chiʔass /tsʰiʔass/ | nchʼa7 /ntʃʼaʔ/ | warnge /waɾŋe/ | za /za/ | *jun /jun/ | yunggul /ˈjuŋɡul/ |
| Mbili | łnuus /ɬnuːs/ | wic /wits/ | án7us /ˈʔanʔus/ | kiyarrng /kijaɾŋ/ | tqʷʼa /tqʷʼa/ | *kaʼ /kaʼ/ | bulay /ˈbulaj/ |
| Tatu | ʔasmuus /ʔasmuːs/ | taw /taw/ | chánat /tʃanat/ | mungkalan /muŋkalan/ | śa /ɕa/ | *ʼoxibʼ /ʔoʃiɓ/ | garbu /ɡaɻbu/ |
| Nne | muus /muːs/ | taːkwic /taːkʷits/ | x̱a7útsen /χaʔutsən/ | — | pʼɬʼə /pʼɬʼə/ | *kaŋibʼ /kaŋiɓ/ | — |
| Tano | cʼixʷ /tsʼixʷ/ | — | tsíyichis /tsijitʃis/ | — | šxə /ʃχə/ | *hoʔ /hoʔ/ | — |
| Mia | — /—/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Habari | — /—/ | — /—/ | chen kwenmántumi /tʃen kʷenmantumi/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Asante | — /—/ | — /—/ | huy chexw a /huj tʃexʷ a/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Nzuri | ya /ja/ | acs /atss/ | éy /ej/ | kuba /kuba/ | ʈʂʼa /ʈʂʼa/ | *utz /utz/ | jigil /ˈɟiɡil/ |
| Mpya | ciχ /tsiχ/ | — | — | — | — | *ʔa(a)kʼ /ʔakʼ/ | gunyu /ˈɡuɲu/ |
| Nyekundu | mukʷ /mukʷ/ | kwhaːc /kʷʰaːts/ | kʷəlqʷ /kʷəlqʷ/ | kandukan /kandukan/ | pɬaʒʲa /pɬaʒʲa/ | *kaq /kaq/ | gunggu /ɡuŋɡu/ |
| Nyeupe | cʼχʷ /tsʼχʷ/ | — | pʼeḵʼ /pʼəqʼ/ | — | — | *saq /saq/ | — |
| Nyeusi | skʼx /skʼx/ | — | ḵʼex̱ ḵʼíx̱ /qʼəχ qʼiχ/ | — | dʒa /dʒa/ | *ʔejqʼ /ʔejqʼ/ | — |
| Kijani | qʷli /qʷli/ | — | tlʼestlʼís /tɬʼəstɬʼis/ | — | ʁˤaqʼa /ʁˤaqʼa/ | *raʔx /raʔʃ/ | — |
| Buluu | qʷit /qʷit/ | — | skwáyel /skʷajəl/ | — | ʁˤaqʼa /ʁˤaqʼa/ | — | — |
| Chai | tii /tiː/ | — | ti7 /tiʔ/ | — | — | — | — |
| Kahawa | kupi /kupi/ | — | kapí /kapi/ | — | kʼahwa /kʼahwa/ | — | — |
| Sukari | sukwa /sukʷa/ | — | — | — | šakʲar /ʃakʰʲar/ | — | — |
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