Kanhgág
Kaingang
Macro-Jê (kusini Jê)
Kaingang (ISO 639-3: kgp), jina la asili Kanhgág, ni lugha ya Kijê cha Kusini ya shina la Macro-Jê na mojawapo ya lugha za Wenyeji zinazozungumzwa zaidi nchini Brazili; huzungumzwa na takribani watu 27,000 (sensa ya 2022) katika maeneo ya Wenyeji yapatayo thelathini katika majimbo ya kusini ya Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná na São Paulo. Fonolojia yake inajulikana kwa upatanifu wa unazali: unazali huenea katika neno lote hivyo vipasuo vyenye ghuna hutamkwa kama konsonanti za puani au za kutanguliza unazali kulingana na vokali za jirani. Huandikwa kwa tahajia yenye msingi wa Kilatini iliyobuniwa na Ursula Wiesemann kwa ajili ya shule na tafsiri ya Biblia; kamusi yake ya Kaingang–Kireno inabaki kuwa marejeo ya kileksia ya kawaida.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kaingang
café
Vyanzo
- UT Austin Hunter-Gatherer Language Database #91 (Kaingáng), based on U. Wiesemann’s documentation
- Wiesemann, Ursula (2011) Dicionário Kaingang–Português Português–Kaingang (Editora Evangélica Esperança)
- Speaker count: IBGE 2022 Census
- Glottolog kain1272; ISO 639-3 kgp
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Macro-Jê (kusini Jê)
| Maana | Kaingang | Yanomami | Dâw | Baniwa | Makushi | Karajá | Nivaclé |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | goj /ŋoj/ | maũ ũ /maũ ũ/ | nǝ̌x /nə̌x/ | óoni /óoni/ | tuna /tuna/ | be /be/ | inɔʔt /inɔʔt/ |
| Moto | pĩ /pĩ/ | koa wakə /koa wakə/ | bohõ̂ /bohõ̂/ | ttídzee /t̪ídzee/ | apóó /apóó/ | heɔtɨ /heɔtɨ/ | itɔx /itɔx/ |
| Jua | rã /ɾã/ | motʰoka /motʰoka/ | xɨtɨ̂m /xɨtɨ̂m/ | kámoi /kámoi/ | wéi /wéi/ | tʃuu /tʃuu/ | xunkuklaʔj /xunkuklaʔj/ |
| Mwezi | kysã /kɨsã/ | peɾipo /peɾipo/ | xɨtɨ̂m /xɨtɨ̂m/ | kéeri /kéeɻi/ | kapói /kapói/ | ahãdu /ahãdu/ | xiweʔkla /xiweʔkla/ |
| Nyota | krĩg /kɾĩŋ/ | ʃitikaɾi /ʃitikaɾi/ | mʼæ̃̌h /mʼæ̃̌h/ | hiwírhi /hiwíɻhi/ | sírikɨ́ /sírikɨ́/ | taina /taina/ | katiʔs /katiʔs/ |
| Usiku | kuty /kutɨ/ | titi ha /titi ha/ | cem /cem/ | déepi /déepi/ | ewaron /ewaron/ | ruu /ruu/ | tuɬ /tuɬ/ |
| Mvua | ta /ta/ | maː /maː/ | doɟ /doɟ/ | íidza /íidza/ | konoʔ /konoʔ/ | biu /biu/ | tʃanu /tʃanu/ |
| Theluji | kukryr kó /kukɾɨɾ ko/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | jekleʃe /jekleʃe/ |
| Upepo | kãka /kãka/ | watoɾi /watoɾi/ | hǒt /hǒt/ | káwaaɺe /káwaaɺe/ | aʔsitun /aʔsitun/ | ɨhɨ /ɨhɨ/ | ɬawiʔm /ɬawiʔm/ |
| Udongo | ga /ŋa/ | maʃitʰa /maʃitʰa/ | cax /cax/ | híipai /híipai/ | non /non/ | — /—/ | kotsxaʔt /kotsxaʔt/ |
| Jiwe | pó /pɔ/ | maa ma /maa ma/ | pǎʃ /pǎʃ/ | hiipada /hiipada/ | tɨʔ /tɨʔ/ | mɨna /mɨna/ | utex /utex/ |
| Mlima | pãnónh /pãnɔɲ/ | hehu /hehu/ | — | hidzápa /hidzápa/ | wɨʔ /wɨʔ/ | hãwãlɔ /hãwãlɔ/ | utejuk /utejuk/ |
| Bahari | goj kafã tũ /ŋoj kaɸã tũ/ | — | — | — | pɨranna /pɨranːa/ | — | ɬkatsʼi towkojtsa /ɬkatsʼi towkojtsa/ |
| Mama | mỹnh /mə̃ɲ/ | najə /najə/ | mɛ̃ʔ /mɛ̃ʔ/ | hádoa /hádoa/ | maʔmá /maʔmá/ | adi /adi/ | mimi /mimi/ |
| Baba | panh /pãɲ/ | hajə /hajə/ | ʔǐp /ʔǐp/ | hániɻi /hániɻi/ | paʔpá /paʔpá/ | təbɨ /təbɨ/ | tata /tata/ |
| Binti | kósin fi /kɔsin ɸi/ | — | — | — | yensi /jensi/ | deei /deːi/ | ɔse /ɔse/ |
| Mimi | inh /ʔĩɲ/ | ja /ja/ | ʔãh /ʔãh/ | nhóa /nhóa/ | urɨ /urɨ/ | dʒiarɨ̃ /dʒiarɨ̃/ | jiwaatʃa /jiwaatʃa/ |
| Wewe | ã /ʔã/ | wa /wa/ | ʔãm /ʔãm/ | phía /pʰía/ | ámɨrɨ́ /ámɨrɨ́/ | kai /kai/ | awaatʃa /awaatʃa/ |
| Sisi | ẽg /ʔẽŋ/ | pəmakə /pəmakə/ | ʔid /ʔid/ | wha /wha/ | uurɨʔnɨkon / anna /uurɨʔnɨkon / anna/ | dʒiarɨ̃ boho /dʒiarɨ̃ boho/ | kaswaatʃa / jiwaatʃeeɬ /kaswaatʃa / jiwaatʃeeɬ/ |
| Jina | jiji /jiji/ | wãhã /wãhã/ | xǎt /xǎt/ | iipítana /iipítana/ | yeseʔ /jeseʔ/ | ni /ni/ | ej /ej/ |
| Mtu | kanhgág /kaɲŋəŋ/ | jãnõmãmɨ /jãnõmãmɨ/ | — | newíki /newíki/ | pemonkon /pemoŋkoŋ/ | inɨ /inɨ/ | niwakle /niwakle/ |
| Kichwa | krĩ /kɾĩ/ | he /he/ | nũh /nũh/ | hiwída /hiwída/ | puʔpai /puʔpai/ | rati /rati/ | ʃatitʃ /ʃatitʃ/ |
| Jicho | kanẽ /kanẽ/ | mamo /mamo/ | tɨm /tɨm/ | thi /thi/ | énu /énu/ | rue /rue/ | tɔsex /tɔsex/ |
| Sikio | nĩgrẽg /nĩŋɾẽŋ/ | jɨmɨkakɨ /jɨmɨkakɨ/ | xũ̂j /xũ̂j/ | héeni /héeni/ | pana /pana/ | nohõti /nohõti/ | kfeʔ /kfeʔ/ |
| Pua | nĩjẽ /nĩjẽ/ | hu /hu/ | tôɟ /tôɟ/ | hitáko /hitáko/ | yeuna /jeuna/ | deiãsɨ̃ /deiãsɨ̃/ | naʔʃ /naʔʃ/ |
| Mdomo | jẽnky /jẽnkɨ/ | kahikɨ /kahikɨ/ | nɔ̃h /nɔ̃h/ | nóma /nóma/ | mutá /mutá/ | irɨ /irɨ/ | aʃi /aʃi/ |
| Jino | jã /jã/ | nakɨ /nakɨ/ | tǝg /təɡ/ | eétsha /eétʃa/ | yé /jé/ | dʒuu /dʒuu/ | tsewte /tsewte/ |
| Ulimi | nũnẽ /nũnẽ/ | aka /aka/ | nɔ̃hkæ̂d /nɔ̃hkæ̂d/ | eenéne /eenéne/ | nu /nu/ | dɔrɔtɔ /dɔrɔtɔ/ | tʃʼakletʃ /tʃʼakletʃ/ |
| Mkono | nĩgé /nĩŋɛ/ | imɨkɨ /imɨkɨ/ | ʃôb /ʃôb/ | káapi /káapi/ | míá /míá/ | debɔ /debɔ/ | pɔʔkɔt /pɔʔkɔt/ |
| Mguu | pẽn /pẽn/ | mamikɨ /mamikɨ/ | cɨ̌m /cɨ̌m/ | híipa /híipa/ | puu /puu/ | wa /wa/ | foʔ /foʔ/ |
| Moyo | fe ror /ɸɛ ɾoɾ/ | koko pata /koko pata/ | hæ̃g tôj /hæ̃ɡ tôj/ | kaale /kaaɺe/ | yewan /jewan/ | telesõ /telesõ/ | ɬiʔwte /ɬiʔwte/ |
| Mfupa | kuka /kuka/ | ũ /ũ/ | kɛg /kɛɡ/ | áapi /áapi/ | yeʔpɨ /jeʔpɨ/ | ti /ti/ | nuʔ /nuʔ/ |
| Damu | kyvénh /kɨwɛɲ/ | ĩjə̃ĩjə̃pə /ĩjə̃ĩjə̃pə/ | jɨ̂w /jɨ̂w/ | iiránaa /iiɻánaa/ | mɨ́ŋ /mɨ́ŋ/ | hãləbu /hãləbu/ | wojej /wojej/ |
| Kinyesi | jãfa /jãˈɸa/ | ʃi /ʃi/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Upendo | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | saʔnama /saʔnama/ | luu /luu/ | — /—/ |
| Mti | ka /ka/ | hii hi /hii hi/ | təg /təɡ/ | háiko /háiko/ | yéi /jéi/ | ɔwɔru /ɔwɔru/ | aʔkxutajuk /aʔkxutajuk/ |
| Mbwa | hoghog /hoŋhoŋ/ | tʰãɾi /tʰãɾi/ | jãm /jãm/ | tsíino /tsíino/ | areimaraaká /areimaraaká/ | idʒɔrɔsa /idʒɔrɔsa/ | nuʔu /nuʔu/ |
| Paka | mĩg sĩ /mĩŋ sĩ/ | mɨʃɨ /mɨʃɨ/ | — /—/ | pitsána /pitsána/ | pisana /pisana/ | hãloeni /hãloeni/ | tanuk /tanuk/ |
| Samaki | pirã /piɾã/ | juɾi /juɾi/ | hãːp /hãːp/ | kóphe /kúpʰe/ | moróʔ /moróʔ/ | ətora /ətora/ | saxetʃ /saxetʃ/ |
| Ndege | sẽsĩ /sɛ̃sĩ/ | seimɨ /seimɨ/ | təwə́t /təwə́t/ | áadaro /áadaɻo/ | toron /toron/ | nawii /nawii/ | ɔxɔklɔ /ɔxɔklɔ/ |
| Kipepeo | toto /toto/ | uwãuwãmɨ /uwãuwãmɨ/ | mem /mem/ | makálo /makálo/ | peppeʔ /pepːeʔ/ | otʃiʃa /otʃiʃa/ | wosok /wosok/ |
| Yai | o /o/ | natʰe /natʰe/ | tɨ̌p /tɨ̌p/ | éewhe /éewhe/ | pomói /pomói/ | si /si/ | ɬʃajkʼu /ɬʃajkʼu/ |
| Farasi | kãvãru /kãvãɾu/ | — | — | — | kaware /kaware/ | awaru /awaru/ | kuwɔju /kuwɔju/ |
| Nyumba | ĩn /ʔĩn/ | ʃapono /ʃapono/ | tɔp /tɔp/ | pántti /pánt̪i/ | wɨttɨ /wɨttɨ/ | heto /heto/ | xpɔjitʃ /xpɔjitʃ/ |
| Maziwa | leite /lejte/ | suhe upə /suhe upə/ | — | — | paaka manatɨ yekku /paaka manatɨ jekːu/ | howɨ̃sɨ /howɨ̃sɨ/ | tsʼoʔs /tsʼoʔs/ |
| Asali | mỹg /mɨ̃ŋ/ | puu /puu/ | — | doni /doni/ | wan /wan/ | bədi /bədi/ | akɔjetʃ /akɔjetʃ/ |
| Chumvi | sa /sa/ | saju /saju/ | — | íiwi /íiwi/ | pan /pan/ | dʒɨra /dʒɨra/ | naʔpkutax /naʔpkutax/ |
| Mvinyo | vĩjũ /wĩjũ/ | — | — | — | wuku /wuku/ | vĩĩ /vĩĩ/ | ɔtxajetax tʼiʔ /ɔtxajetax tʼiʔ/ |
| Mchele | aronh /aɾoɲ/ | atoɾoso /atoɾoso/ | — | — | arosi /arosi/ | maiʃəmo /maiʃəmo/ | — |
| Chuma | — /—/ | — | — | — | — | — | klesaniɬ /klesaniɬ/ |
| Gurudumu | jyryryn /jɨɾɨˈɾɨn/ | — | — | — | tararan pisaʔsaʔ /tararan pisaʔsaʔ/ | — | tononontax ɬafoʔ /tononontax ɬafoʔ/ |
| Hariri | seda /seda/ | — | — | — | seeta /seeta/ | — | — |
| Kitabu | vẽnh rá /wẽɲ ɾə/ | ɾipɾo /ɾipɾo/ | — | — | kaareta /kaareta/ | tɨɨrəti /tɨɨrəti/ | watkʼisxajanatʃ /watkʼisxajanatʃ/ |
| Kula | ko /ko/ | ijaɨ /ijaɨ/ | wæ̂d /wæ̂d/ | íiñha /íiɲha/ | entamoʔka /entamoʔka/ | roʃi /roʃi/ | tux /tux/ |
| Kunywa | kron /kɾõn/ | koaɨ /koaɨ/ | ʔǝg /ʔəɡ/ | íira /íiɻa/ | enɨrɨ /enɨrɨ/ | õ /õ/ | jɔʔ /jɔʔ/ |
| Kulala | nũr /nũɾ/ | miõ /miõ/ | ʔã̂ /ʔã̂/ | ímaa /ímaa/ | wetun /wetun/ | õrõ /õrõ/ | mɔʔ /mɔʔ/ |
| Moja | pir /piɾ/ | tahiapɨ /tahiapɨ/ | mʼæ̃ʔ /mʼæ̃ʔ/ | aapa /aapa/ | tiwíŋ /tiwíŋ/ | sohodʒi /sohodʒi/ | weʔɬa /weʔɬa/ |
| Mbili | régre /ɾɛŋɾe/ | hoɾohopɨ /hoɾohopɨ/ | tɨ̌m /tɨ̌m/ | dzáma /dzáma/ | sáákɨné /sáákɨné/ | inatʃi /inatʃi/ | napuʔ /napuʔ/ |
| Tatu | tãgtũ /tãŋtũ/ | jãmi /jãmi/ | mũtwáp /mũtwáp/ | madali /madali/ | séúruné /séúruné/ | inataõ /inataõ/ | puʔxaʔna /puʔxaʔna/ |
| Nne | vẽnh kãgra /wẽɲ kãŋɾa/ | — | — | — | saakɨrɨrɨ /saakɨrɨrɨ/ | inaubiɔwa /inaubiɔwa/ | jitʃatxuɬ /jitʃatxuɬ/ |
| Tano | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | miaʔtaikin /miaʔtaikin/ | iruɨre /iruɨre/ | weʔɬanɔxeʃ /weʔɬanɔxeʃ/ |
| Habari | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Asante | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Nzuri | há /hə/ | totihitawə /totihitawə/ | jæ̃̂w /jæ̃̂w/ | mátsia /mátsia/ | morɨ /morɨ/ | awi /awi/ | is /is/ |
| Mpya | tãg /tãŋ/ | tute /tute/ | — | éemi /éemi/ | amenan /amenan/ | itɨ̃mɨra /itɨ̃mɨra/ | nitʃʼa /nitʃʼa/ |
| Nyekundu | kusũg /kusũŋ/ | wakə /wakə/ | nô /nô/ | íirai /íiɻai/ | suyú /sujú/ | isɔ /isɔ/ | juk /juk/ |
| Nyeupe | kupri /kupɾi/ | au /au/ | hô /hô/ | háale /háaɺe/ | áímutun /áímutun/ | ura /ura/ | klim /klim/ |
| Nyeusi | sá /sə/ | iʃi /iʃi/ | câ /câ/ | íitta /íit̪a/ | arikkɨtun /arikːɨtun/ | iləbɨ /iləbɨ/ | jakut /jakut/ |
| Kijani | tánh /təɲ/ | ɾijə /ɾijə/ | mɨ̃̂ /mɨ̃̂/ | hípole /hípole/ | rora /rora/ | tyre /tɨ̃re/ | nipewajʃi /nipewajʃi/ |
| Buluu | tánh /təɲ/ | — | — | — | rora /rora/ | tyre /tɨ̃re/ | jaka /jaka/ |
| Kekeo | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Woof | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Kompyuta | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Sushi | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Chai | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Kahawa | café | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Sukari | asuka /aʃuka/ | — | — | — | — | — | tʃʼiʃi /tʃʼiʃi/ |
| Chungwa | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Dopamini | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Alama ya @ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
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