A'uwẽ
Xavante
Makro-Jê (tawi la Jê)
Xavante (ISO 639-3: xav), inayoitwa A’uwẽ mreme na wazungumzaji wake, ni lugha ya Kijê cha Kati ya shina la Macro-Jê, inayozungumzwa na takribani watu 12,000–15,000 katika jamii za Wenyeji mashariki mwa Mato Grosso, Brazil. Inaendelea kuwa lugha kuu ya jamii na kurithishwa kwa watoto, ingawa Kireno hutumiwa sana katika mahusiano ya nje. Mfumo wake wa sauti una sifa tisa za vokali za mdomo na nne za puani zenye utofauti wa urefu, pamoja na hazina ndogo kiasi ya konsonanti; vipasuo hutamkwa kwa mdomo, puani au kwa kutanguliza unazali kulingana na mazingira. Muundo wa kishazi hujumuisha mpangilio wa yambwa–mtendaji–kitenzi katika miundo ya ki-ergativi, na mofolojia huonyesha nafsi, idadi, hali ya tendo na tofauti za kijamii kama maumbo ya heshima na upendo. Xavante huandikwa kwa tahajia za msingi wa Kilatini zinazotumiwa katika shule na machapisho ya Wenyeji, lakini baadhi ya kanuni za tahajia hutofautiana kati ya jamii.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Xavante
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Makro-Jê (tawi la Jê)
| Maana | Xavante | Kibidayuh-Bukar | Kiwichita | Kitagalog | Kimakasae | Kilardil | Kiaari |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | â /ə/ | umoʼ /umoʔ/ | kicʔa /kitsʔa/ | tubig /tubiɡ/ | ira /ˈira/ | nguka /ŋuka/ | noqa /noˈkʼa/ |
| Moto | uzâ /uˈzə/ | apui /aˈpui/ | heːcʔa /heːtsʔa/ | apoy /ʔaˈpoj/ | ata /ˈata/ | nyuda /ɲuda/ | noha /noˈha/ |
| Jua | bâdâ /bəˈdə/ | batŭh andu /batəh andu/ | saːkhirʔa /saːkʰiɾʔa/ | araw /ˈʔaɾaw/ | watu /ˈwatu/ | warrka /waɾka/ | háy /haj/ |
| Mwezi | aʼamo /aʔaˈmɔ/ | buran /buˈran/ | waːh /waːh/ | buwan /buwan/ | uru /ˈuru/ | kirdikir /kiɖikir/ | arfi /arfi/ |
| Nyota | wasi /waˈsi/ | bintŭʼ /bintəʔ/ | hiːkwirikʔa /hiːkʷiɾikʔa/ | bituin /bituˈʔin/ | lekiluru /lekiluru/ | kuwa thungal /kuwa θuŋal/ | manka /ˈmanka/ |
| Usiku | mara /maɾa/ | bengaru /bəŋaru/ | ckhaːrʔa /tskʰaːɾʔa/ | gabi /ɡaˈbi/ | maagamu /maaɡamu/ | nata /nata/ | tumi /tʼumi/ |
| Mvua | tã /tã/ | — | — | ulan /ˈʔulan/ | ae /ae/ | — | doobi /doːbi/ |
| Upepo | rowaʼu /ɾɔwaˈʔu/ | — | niweʔeːrʔa /niweʔeːɾʔa/ | hangin /haˈŋin/ | gawa /ˈɡawa/ | — | — |
| Udongo | tiʼa /tiˈʔa/ | tanaʼ /tanaʔ/ | — | lupa /lupaʔ/ | maa /maa/ | — | fechʼe /feˈtʃʼe/ |
| Jiwe | ẽne /ɛ̃ˈne/ | batu /baˈtu/ | — | bato /baˈtoʔ/ | apa /ˈapa/ | — | seeni /seːni/ |
| Mlima | ẽtẽ ʼrãihâ /ɛ̃tɛ̃ ʔɾãihə/ | — | — | bundok /bunˈdok/ | — | — | — |
| Bahari | â poré /ə pɔɾɛ/ | — | — | dagat /ˈdaɡat/ | meti /meti/ | — | — |
| Mama | dana /daˈna/ | andŭ /andə/ | eciyeːh /etsijeːh/ | ina /ʔiˈna/ | ina /ˈina/ | ngama /ŋama/ | inde /inde/ |
| Baba | damama /damaˈma/ | amang /amaŋ/ | taːtah /taːtah/ | ama /ʔaˈma/ | baba /ˈbaba/ | kantha /kan̪t̪a/ | baba /baba/ |
| Binti | daʼra sipiʼõ /daʔɾa sipiʔɔ̃/ | — | — | anak na babae /ˈʔanak na baˈbaʔe/ | — | — | — |
| Mimi | wa /wa/ | aku /aku/ | nacʔih /natsʔih/ | ako /ʔaˈko/ | ani /ani/ | ngada /ŋada/ | ita /ʔiˈta/ |
| Wewe | a /a/ | amuʼ /amuʔ/ | nasʔih /nasʔih/ | ikaw /ʔiˈkaw/ | ai /ai/ | nyingki /ɲiŋki/ | ahna /ahˈna/ |
| Sisi | wa norĩ /wa noɾĩ/ | ami /ami/ | — /—/ | tayo / kami /ˈtaːjo / kaˈmi/ | fi / ini /fi / ini/ | ngakuli / nyali /ŋakuli / ɲali/ | wota /woˈta/ |
| Jina | danhisi /daɲiˈsi/ | ganan /ɡanan/ | hissaːrʔa /hissaːɾʔa/ | pangalan /paˈŋalan/ | nai /nai/ | nyunda /ɲunda/ | naami /naːˈmi/ |
| Mtu | aʼuwẽ /aʔuˈwɛ̃/ | — | ihaas /ihaas/ | tao /ˈtaʔo/ | anu /anu/ | — | ed /ʔed/ |
| Kichwa | daʼrã /daʔɾã/ | — | — | ulo /ˈʔulo/ | dae /dae/ | — | mata /maˈta/ |
| Jicho | dato /daˈtɔ/ | batŭh /baˈtəh/ | kirikʔa /kiɾikʔa/ | mata /mata/ | nana /ˈnana/ | kuwa /kuwa/ | aafi /aːfi/ |
| Sikio | dapoʼre /dapɔˈʔɾe/ | kaping /kaˈpiŋ/ | — | tainga /taˈʔiŋa/ | walaku /waˈlaku/ | — | qaam /kʼaːm/ |
| Pua | danhisiʼre /daɲisiˈʔɾe/ | undung /unduŋ/ | — | ilong /ʔiˈloŋ/ | murikai /murikai/ | — | nuki /ˈnuki/ |
| Mdomo | dapẽʼẽ /dapɛ̃ˈʔɛ̃/ | babaʼ /babaʔ/ | — | bibig /biˈbiɡ/ | turukai /turuˈkai/ | — | afa /ʔaˈfa/ |
| Jino | daʼwa /daˈʔwa/ | jipeu /dʒipeu/ | aːkʔa /aːkʔa/ | ngipin /ŋiˈpin/ | wasi /wasi/ | kadma leman /kadma leman/ | achʼi /atsʼi/ |
| Ulimi | danhoto /daɲɔˈtɔ/ | jeli /dʒeli/ | hacʼa /hatsʔa/ | dila /diˈlaʔ/ | ipi /ipi/ | jalda leman /dʒalda leman/ | adim /adim/ |
| Mkono | danhibʼrada /daɲibʔɾaˈda/ | tangan /taŋan/ | iskʔa /iskʔa/ | kamay /kamaj/ | tana /ˈtana/ | marlda /maɭda/ | aani /ʔaːni/ |
| Mguu | dapara /dapaˈɾa/ | — | asʔa /asʔa/ | paa /paˈʔa/ | iti /ˈiti/ | jaa /dʒaː/ | duuti /duːti/ |
| Moyo | dasiri /dasiˈɾi/ | sintung /sintuŋ/ | sikicʔa /sikitsʔa/ | puso /puˈsoʔ/ | — /—/ | bulja /buldʒa/ | buudi /ˈbuːdi/ |
| Mfupa | dahi /daˈhi/ | turang /turaŋ/ | kiːsʔa /kiːsʔa/ | buto /buˈtoʔ/ | sapa /ˈsapa/ | kadma /kadma/ | lefi /lefi/ |
| Damu | dawapru /dawaˈpɾu/ | daya /daja/ | waːckicʔa /waːtskitsʔa/ | dugo /duˈɡoʔ/ | wai /wai/ | kanda /kanda/ | qase /ˈkʼase/ |
| Kinyesi | danhana /daɲaˈna/ | taki /taki/ | — | tae /ˈtaʔɛ/ | — | — | tooni /ˈtoːni/ |
| Upendo | danhimizawi pese zé /daɲimizawi pese zɛ/ | sūʼūt /sɨʔɨt/ | — /—/ | pag-ibig /paɡʔibiɡ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Mti | wede /weˈde/ | kayuh /kaˈjuh/ | tiyaːhkw /tijaːhkʷ/ | puno /puno/ | ate /ˈate/ | thungal /θuŋal/ | ahqe /ahːˈkʼe/ |
| Mbwa | wapsã /wapˈsã/ | kasung /kasuŋ/ | kiciyeːh /kitsijeːh/ | aso /ˈʔaso/ | defa /ˈdɛfa/ | ngawa /ŋawa/ | aksi /ˈʔaksi/ |
| Paka | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | pusa /pusa/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Samaki | tebe /tebe/ | ekan /ekan/ | kaːcʔa /kaːtsʔa/ | isda /ʔisˈdaʔ/ | seumeti /seumeti/ | yaka /jaka/ | toila /toila/ |
| Ndege | sire /siˈɾe/ | — | ichir /itsʰiɾ/ | ibon /ʔiˈbon/ | asa /ˈasa/ | — | afti /afti/ |
| Kipepeo | piro /piˈɾɔ/ | — | — | paruparo /paɾupaˈɾo/ | — | — | — |
| Yai | siʼaʼre /siʔaˈʔɾe/ | — | nikwiːkʔa /nikʷiːkʔa/ | itlog /ʔitˈloɡ/ | waa /waa/ | — | muqa /muˈkʼa/ |
| Dubu | ursu /uɾˈsu/ | buhang /buˈhaŋ/ | — | oso /ˈʔoso/ | — | — | — |
| Farasi | awaru /awaˈɾu/ | — | — | kabayo /kaˈbajo/ | — | — | — |
| Nyumba | ʼri /ʔɾi/ | ramin /raˈmin/ | akhaːrʔa /akʰaːɾʔa/ | bahay /bahaj/ | oma /ˈoma/ | ngambirr /ŋambir/ | — /—/ |
| Maziwa | hâiwaʼu /həiwaˈʔu/ | — | — | gatas /ˈɡatas/ | amirae /amiˈrae/ | — | — |
| Asali | ropĩ /ɾɔˈpĩ/ | — | — | pulot /puˈlot/ | — | — | — |
| Chumvi | sa /sa/ | — | — | asin /ʔaˈsin/ | asi /ˈasi/ | — | sooq /soːkʼ/ |
| Mchele | aro /aˈɾɔ/ | — | — | bigas /biˈɡas/ | — | — | — |
| Chuma | siʼuwazi /siʔuwaˈzi/ | — | — | bakal /baˈkal/ | — | — | — |
| Kitabu | ĩbaihâ /ĩbaiˈhə/ | — | — | aklat /ʔakˈlat/ | — | — | — |
| Kula | tisa /tiˈsa/ | maʼan /maʔan/ | kaʔac /kaʔats/ | kumain /kumaˈʔin/ | nawa /ˈnawa/ | jitha /dʒiθa/ | — /—/ |
| Kunywa | hâʼrẽ /həˈʔɾɛ̃/ | nyihŭp /ɲihəp/ | kikʔa /kikʔa/ | uminom /ʔumiˈnom/ | gehe /ˈɡɛhɛ/ | kurdama /kuɖama/ | — /—/ |
| Kulala | nhono /ɲɔˈnɔ/ | — | — | matulog /maˈtuloɡ/ | tae /tae/ | — | — |
| Moja | misi /miˈsi/ | indi /indi/ | chiʔass /tsʰiʔass/ | isa /ʔiˈsa/ | u /ʔu/ | warnge /waɾŋe/ | wollaq /ˈwolːakʼ/ |
| Mbili | maparane /mapaɾaˈne/ | duweh /duweh/ | wic /wits/ | dalawa /dalaˈwa/ | lolae /loˈlae/ | kiyarrng /kijaɾŋ/ | qasken /kʼasˈken/ |
| Tatu | siʼubdatõ /siʔubdaˈtɔ̃/ | taruh /taːruh/ | taw /taw/ | tatlo /tatˈloʔ/ | lolitu /lolitu/ | mungkalan /muŋkalan/ | makken /makːen/ |
| Nne | maparane siʼuiwa /mapaɾane siʔuiwa/ | umpat /umpat/ | taːkwic /taːkʷits/ | apat /ˈʔapat/ | loloha /loloha/ | — | oydi /ojdi/ |
| Tano | ĩmrotõ /ĩmɾɔˈtɔ̃/ | rimŭh /riməh/ | — | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | — | donq /donkʼ/ |
| Habari | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | kamusta /kamusta/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Asante | — /—/ | tirimaʼ pimasiʼ /tirimaʔ pimasiʔ/ | — /—/ | salamat /salamat/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Nzuri | ĩwẽ /ĩˈwɛ̃/ | paaguh /paːɡuh/ | acs /atss/ | mabuti /mabuti/ | rau /rau/ | kuba /kuba/ | laqami /lakʼaˈmi/ |
| Mpya | ĩté /ĩˈtɛ/ | — | — | bago /ˈbaɡo/ | supa /ˈsupa/ | — | killa /kilːˈa/ |
| Nyekundu | ĩpré /ĩˈpɾɛ/ | bidayak /bidajak/ | kwhaːc /kʷʰaːts/ | pula /puˈlaʔ/ | imiri /imiri/ | kandukan /kandukan/ | zeymi /zejˈmi/ |
| Nyeupe | ĩʼa /ĩˈʔa/ | — | — | puti /puˈtiʔ/ | butiri /buˈtiri/ | — | — |
| Nyeusi | ĩʼrãdâ /ĩʔɾãˈdə/ | — | — | itim /ʔiˈtim/ | metana /metana/ | — | chʼelmi /tʃʼelˈmi/ |
| Kijani | ĩʼuzé /ĩʔuˈzɛ/ | — | — | berde /ˈbɛɾde/ | lumuru /lumuru/ | — | — |
| Buluu | ĩʼuzé /ĩʔuˈzɛ/ | — | — | asul /ʔaˈsul/ | azul /azul/ | — | — |
| Kahawa | wedepro /wedeˈpɾɔ/ | — | — | kape /kaˈpe/ | — | — | — |
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