Kmhmu'
Kikhmu
Kiaustroasia (Mon-Khmer, Khmuic)
Khmu (ISO 639-3: kjg), ambalo pia huandikwa Kmhmu au Kammu, ni lugha ya Kikhmuiki katika familia ya Kiaustroasia inayozungumzwa na takribani watu 700,000, hasa kaskazini mwa Laos na katika maeneo jirani ya Vietnam, Thailand na kusini mwa China. Huunda mfululizo mpana wa lahaja bila aina moja sanifu. Lahaja za mashariki huhifadhi upambanuzi wa konsonanti za mwanzo zenye sauti, zisizo na sauti na zilizopuliziwa, ilhali lahaja nyingi za magharibi zimebadilisha utoaji sauti wa awali kuwa rejista wazi dhidi ya yenye pumzi au kuwa toni, na hivyo kufanya Khmu kuwa muhimu katika utafiti wa kuzuka kwa toni. Khmu ni lugha tenganishi sana, haina mofolojia ya unyambulishaji na ina mpangilio msingi wa SVO, huku unyambulishaji na miundo ya vitenzi mfululizo ikiendelea kuwa zalishi. Huandikwa kwa tahajia mbalimbali za hati ya Kilao, Kithai na za msingi wa Kilatini, ambazo matumizi yake hutofautiana kwa nchi na jamii.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kikhmu
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Kiaustroasia (Mon-Khmer, Khmuic)
| Maana | Kikhmu | Proto-Austroasia | Kimlabri | Kiwa | Proto-Vietiki | Kimuong | Kiparauk Wa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | ʔom /ʔom/ | *ɗaːk /ɗaːk/ | wək /wək/ | rawm /rɔm/ | *ɗaːk /ɗaːk/ | đác /ɗaːk/ | rom /rɔm/ |
| Moto | pʰrɨə /pʰrɨə/ | *ʔuːs /ʔuːs/ | ʔulh /ʔulh/ | ngu /ŋu/ | *-laːs /-laːs/ | cúi /kuj/ | ngū /ŋṳ/ |
| Jua | mat briʔ /mat briʔ/ | *tŋiːʔ /tŋiːʔ/ | ʔak ʒoŋ /ʔak ʒoŋ/ | singaix /siŋaiʔ/ | — /—/ | măt tlời /mat tləːj/ | si ngāix /siŋa̤iʔ/ |
| Mwezi | moŋ /moŋ/ | *khe(ː)ʔ /kheːʔ/ | kiʔ /kiʔ/ | khix /kʰiʔ/ | *b-laŋ /b-laŋ/ | tlăng /tlaŋ/ | kix /kʰiʔ/ |
| Nyota | sərmeɲ /sərmeɲ/ | *smʔaɲ /smʔaɲ/ | sam mon /sam mon/ | simuing /simʔuɲ/ | *k-raːw /k-raːw/ | khao /kʰaːw/ | sim uing /sim ʔuɲ/ |
| Usiku | psɨəm /psɨəm/ | *cəːm /cəːm/ | ni lɛk /ni lɛk/ | ponsawm /ponsɔm/ | *teːm /teːm/ | hôm /hom/ | som /sɔm/ |
| Mvua | kəmaʔ /kəmaʔ/ | *gmaʔ /ɡmaʔ/ | mɛʔ /mɛʔ/ | lhiex /l̥ɛʔ/ | *k-maː /k-maː/ | mưa /mɨə/ | hliex /lʰɛʔ/ |
| Upepo | hndrəːj /hndrəːj/ | *kjɔʔ /kjɔʔ/ | ra mɨt /ra mɨt/ | bhaung /bʰaɯŋ/ | — | xỏ /sɔ/ | npaeng /bʰaɯŋ/ |
| Udongo | pteʔ /pteʔ/ | *tiʔ /tiʔ/ | bɛʔ /bɛʔ/ | tiex /tɛʔ/ | *tət /tət/ | tất /tət/ | diex /tɛʔ/ |
| Jiwe | glaŋ /ɡlaŋ/ | *tmɔʔ /tmɔʔ/ | gɛp /ɡɛp/ | simaox /simauʔ/ | — | khũ /kʰu/ | si māox /sima̤uʔ/ |
| Mlima | mok /mok/ | *bruʔ /bruʔ/ | ʒa bo /ʒa bo/ | gawng /ɡɔŋ/ | — | tồl /tol/ | mgōng /ɡɔ̤ŋ/ |
| Mama | maʔ /maʔ/ | *maʔ /maʔ/ | mɤʔ /mɤʔ/ | miex /mɛʔ/ | *meːʔ /meːʔ/ | mệ /meː/ | mīex /mɛ̤ʔ/ |
| Baba | joŋ /joŋ/ | *ɓa(ː)ʔ /ɓaːʔ/ | mɤm /mɤm/ | keeing /kɯɲ/ | *bɔːʔ /bɔːʔ/ | pổ /po/ | geeing /kɯɲ/ |
| Mimi | oʔ /ʔoʔ/ | *ʔaɲ /ʔaɲ/ | ʔo /ʔo/ | aux /ʔaɯʔ/ | *soː /soː/ | ho /hɔ/ | aex /ʔaɯʔ/ |
| Wewe | meʔ /meʔ/ | *miːʔ /miːʔ/ | mɛ /mɛ/ | maix /maiʔ/ | *miː /miː/ | mầy /məj/ | maix /maiʔ/ |
| Sisi | iʔ /ʔiʔ/ | *hiːʔ /hiːʔ/ | ʔa thəŋ /ʔa tʰəŋ/ | ix /ʔiʔ/ | — /—/ | chúng tôi /cuŋ toj/ | eix / ix /ʔeʔ / ʔiʔ/ |
| Jina | sŋməh /sŋməh/ | *ɟmuh /ɟmuh/ | bɨr ʔi /bɨr ʔi/ | ceu kaux /tɕɤ kaɯʔ/ | — /—/ | tên /ten/ | jē gaex /tɕɤ̤ kaɯʔ/ |
| Mtu | gon /ɡon/ | *m-raʔ /mraʔ/ | mla /mla/ | pui /pui/ | *ŋaːj /ŋaːj/ | mõl /mɔl/ | būi /pṳi/ |
| Kichwa | kəmpoŋ /kəmpoŋ/ | *ɓoːkʔ /ɓoːkʔ/ | glə /ɡlə/ | kaing: /kaɲ/ | *k-loːk /k-loːk/ | tlốc /tlok/ | gaing /kaɲ/ |
| Jicho | mat /mat/ | *mat /mat/ | mat /mat/ | ngai /ŋai/ | *mat /mat/ | măt /mat/ | ngai /ŋai/ |
| Sikio | rəməj /rəməj/ | *Ctoːr /Ctoːr/ | ket /ket/ | yhaok /j̊auk/ | *saːj /saːj/ | thai /tʰaːj/ | hyaog /ʑʰauk/ |
| Pua | muh /muh/ | *muh /muh/ | mɔh /mɔh/ | meeih /mɯih/ | *muːs /muːs/ | mũi /muj/ | mēeih /mɯ̤ih/ |
| Mdomo | tənɔh /tənɔh/ | *miəŋʔ /miəŋʔ/ | səm bɛp /səm bɛp/ | jheeh /dʑʰɯih/ | *mɛːŋʔ /mɛːŋʔ/ | mồm /mom/ | nqeeih /dʑʰɯih/ |
| Jino | hraŋ /hraŋ/ | *lmVɲ /lməɲ/ | ʒən /ʒən/ | rhang /r̥aŋ/ | *k-saŋ /k-saŋ/ | thăng /tʰaŋ/ | hrang /rʰaŋ/ |
| Ulimi | həntak /həntak/ | *lntaːk /lntaːk/ | rɨt lat /rɨt lat/ | dak /dak/ | *laːs /laːs/ | lãi /laːj/ | ndag /dak/ |
| Mkono | tiʔ /tiʔ/ | *tiːʔ /tiːʔ/ | tiʔ /tiʔ/ | taix /taiʔ/ | *siː /siː/ | thay /tʰaːi/ | daix /taiʔ/ |
| Mguu | krwɛh /krwɛh/ | *ɟəːŋ /ɟəːŋ/ | ʒəŋ /ʒəŋ/ | caong /tʃaɔŋ/ | *ciɲ /ciɲ/ | chân /cən/ | jāong /tɕa̤uŋ/ |
| Moyo | tlɔːm ŋok /tlɔːm ŋok/ | *nuːɕ /nuːɕ/ | kluʔ klol /kluʔ klol/ | rhawm /r̥ɔm/ | — /—/ | nỏ /nɔ/ | hrom /rʰɔm/ |
| Mfupa | cʼaaŋ /tʃʔaːŋ/ | *cʔaːŋ /cʔaːŋ/ | ca ʔɛŋ /ca ʔɛŋ/ | si-ang /siʔaŋ/ | *ɟaːŋ /ɟaːŋ/ | xiêng /siəŋ/ | si ang /siʔaŋ/ |
| Damu | maːm /maːm/ | *mham /mham/ | mhang /mhaŋ/ | nham /n̥am/ | *t-muːʔ /t-muːʔ/ | mảu /maw/ | hnam /nʰam/ |
| Upendo | kɔɔh /kɔːh/ | — /—/ | hlah /hlah/ | moh /moh/ | — /—/ | thương /tʰɨəŋ/ | mōuh /mo̤h/ |
| Mti | sʔɔːŋ /sʔɔːŋ/ | *ɟɕɨːʔ /ɟɕɨːʔ/ | lam /lam/ | khaox /kʰauʔ/ | *gəl /gəl/ | câl /kəl/ | kaox /kʰauʔ/ |
| Mbwa | sɔʔ /sɔʔ/ | *cɔː /cɔː/ | braɲ /braɲ/ | sox /soʔ/ | *ʔa-cɔːʔ /ʔa-cɔːʔ/ | chỏ /cɔ/ | soux /soʔ/ |
| Paka | mɛːw /mɛːw/ | — /—/ | mɛɛw /mɛːw/ | miao: /miau/ | — /—/ | mèo /mɛw/ | miao /miau/ |
| Samaki | kaʼ /kaʔ/ | *kaʔ /kaʔ/ | kaʔ /kaʔ/ | kax /kaʔ/ | *ʔa-kaːʔ /ʔa-kaːʔ/ | cả /kaː/ | gax /kaʔ/ |
| Ndege | sim /sim/ | *ciːm /ciːm/ | ʔat /ʔat/ | sim /sim/ | *ciːm /ciːm/ | chim /cim/ | sim /sim/ |
| Kipepeo | tlaːmpaːm /tlaːmpaːm/ | — | rɨp phɛp /rɨp pʰɛp/ | pung piang /puŋ piaŋ/ | — | pươm pưởm /pɨəm pɨəm/ | būng bīang /pṳŋ pi̤aŋ/ |
| Yai | kədoŋ /kədoŋ/ | *ktam /ktam/ | khaj /kʰaj/ | tawm ia /tɔm ʔia/ | *k-ləːŋʔ /k-ləːŋʔ/ | tlởng /tləːŋ/ | dom /tɔm/ |
| Dubu | huəl /huəl/ | — | biɯk /biɯk/ | krih /krih/ | *c-guːʔ /c-guːʔ/ | củ /kuː/ | grih /krih/ |
| Nyumba | gaːŋ /ɡaːŋ/ | *ɲaːʔ /ɲaːʔ/ | gɛɛŋ /ɡɛːŋ/ | nyiex /ɲiɛʔ/ | *ɲaː /ɲaː/ | nhà /ɲaː/ | nyīex /ɲi̤ɛʔ/ |
| Chumvi | hmaar /hmaːr/ | *ɓɔːh /ɓɔːh/ | chuʌk /tʃuʌk/ | kih /kih/ | *ɓɔːjʔ /ɓɔːjʔ/ | bỏi /ɓɔːj/ | gīh /ki̤h/ |
| Mchele | ʰŋɔʔ /ʰŋɔʔ/ | *rŋkoːʔ /rŋkoːʔ/ | juuk /juːk/ | gaox /ɡauʔ/ | — | — | mgaox /ɡauʔ/ |
| Chuma | cndroh /cndroh/ | — | hlek /hlek/ | lhek /l̥ek/ | — | khách /kʰac/ | hleig /lʰek/ |
| Kitabu | pɨːm /pɨːm/ | — | naŋ sɨ /naŋ sɨ/ | phuk lai /pʰuk lai/ | — | chẩy /cəj/ | pug lāi /pʰuk la̤i/ |
| Kula | mah /mah/ | *ɟaː /ɟaː/ | ʔə /ʔə/ | ih /ʔih/ | *ʔan /ʔan/ | ăn /an/ | ih /ʔih/ |
| Kunywa | ʔɨək /ʔɨək/ | *ɲuʔ /ɲuʔ/ | wək /wək/ | nyaux /ɲaɯʔ/ | *ʔɔːŋʔ /ʔɔːŋʔ/ | ỏng /ɔŋ/ | nyāex /ɲa̤ɯʔ/ |
| Kulala | sih /sih/ | *ɓic /ɓic/ | nɔn /nɔn/ | it /ʔit/ | — | táy /taj/ | id /ʔit/ |
| Moja | moj /moj/ | *muːj /muːj/ | mɔj /mɔj/ | tix /tiʔ/ | *moːc /moːc/ | mộch /moːtʃ/ | dīx /ti̤ʔ/ |
| Mbili | baar /baːr/ | *ɓaːr /ɓaːr/ | bɛr /bɛr/ | ra /ra/ | *haːr /haːr/ | hal /haːl/ | ra /ra/ |
| Tatu | peʼ /peʔ/ | *peʔ /peʔ/ | pɛʔ /pɛʔ/ | loe /lɤ/ | *paː /paː/ | pa /paː/ | loui /loi/ |
| Nne | pon /pon/ | *punʔ /punʔ/ | pon /pon/ | pon /pon/ | *poːnʔ /poːnʔ/ | pổn /pon/ | boun /pon/ |
| Habari | lɔh /lɔh/ | — /—/ | hahɔ /hahɔ/ | nawp nawm /nɔp nɔm/ | — /—/ | đám rộ /ɗaːm roː/ | nob nom /nɔp nɔm/ |
| Asante | ɔrkun /ʔɔrkun/ | — /—/ | knɔŋ /knɔŋ/ | bwanson /buan son/ | — /—/ | cám ơn /kaːm ɤn/ | nbuan soun /buan son/ |
| Nzuri | ləʔ /ləʔ/ | — /—/ | pja kle /pja kle/ | mhawm /m̥ɔm/ | — /—/ | thốch /tʰoc/ | hmom /mʰɔm/ |
| Mpya | həmmeʔ /həmmeʔ/ | *tmeːʔ /tmeːʔ/ | hmɛʔ /hmɛʔ/ | khraox /kʰrauʔ/ | *ɓəːjʔ /ɓəːjʔ/ | mởi /məːj/ | kraox /kʰrauʔ/ |
| Nyekundu | jim /jim/ | *roːŋ /roːŋ/ | lɛŋ /lɛŋ/ | raoh /rauh/ | *tɔh /tɔh/ | tó /tɔ/ | raoh /rauh/ |
| Nyeupe | klɔɔk /klɔːk/ | *ɓɔːk /ɓɔːk/ | bəlaak /bəlaːk/ | paing /paɲ/ | *k-laŋʔ /k-laŋʔ/ | tlẳng /tlaŋ/ | bāing /pa̤ɲ/ |
| Nyeusi | hiəŋ /hiəŋ/ | *Cjoŋ /Cjoŋ/ | pha dam /pʰa dam/ | lung /luŋ/ | — | dầm /jəm/ | lūng /lṳŋ/ |
| Kijani | siw /siw/ | *kciʔ /kciʔ/ | bɨn liŋ /bɨn liŋ/ | klai /klai/ | — | xenh /sɛɲ/ | glāi /kla̤i/ |
| Buluu | siːw /siːw/ | — | si fa /si fa/ | — | — | — | glāi /kla̤i/ |
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