Juǀ'hoansi
Kijuhoan
Familia ya Kx'a (Ju)
Juǀ'hoan ni lugha ya Kx'a ya watu wa San (Bushman) wa Kalahari, maarufu kwa kuwa na mojawapo ya orodha kubwa zaidi za fonimu duniani — aina 4 za milio ya kubonyeza (clicks) (ya meno ǀ, ya ufizi ǃ, ya kando ǁ, ya kaakaa gumu ǂ) zikiunganishwa na viandamizi 17 hivyo kutoa karibu konsonanti 50 za mibonyezo. Vokali hubeba toni, unazali, upumzi, na ufaringi (pharyngealization).
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kijuhoan
Vyanzo
- Dickens, Patrick J. (1994) English-Juǀ'hoan Juǀ'hoan-English Dictionary. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, Köln.
- Snyman, Jan W. (1970) An Introduction to the !Xũ (!Kung) Language. A. A. Balkema, Cape Town.
- Miller, Amanda (2011) The Representation of Clicks. In The Blackwell Companion to Phonology.
- Glottolog: Juǀ'hoan
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Familia ya Kx'a (Ju)
| Maana | Kijuhoan | Kikorana | Kitaa | Kidakota | Kinavaho | Kilakota | Kinama |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | gǃú /ᶢǃú/ | ǁammi /ǁamːi/ | ǃqhàa /ǃqʰaː/ | mní /mní/ | tó /tʰó/ | mní /mní/ | ǁgam-i /ǁɡamːi/ |
| Moto | daʼa /daʔa/ | ǀʼaeb /ǀʔaeb/ | ǀʼàã /ǀʼãː/ | phéta /pʰéta/ | kǫʼ /kʰõ̀ʔ/ | pȟéta /pˣéta/ | ǀae-s /ǀaes/ |
| Jua | ǀam /ǀam/ | sores /sores/ | ǁʼân /ǁʼã/ | aŋpétuwí /aŋpétuwí/ | jóhonaaʼéí /tʃóhònàːʔéí/ | wí /wí/ | sores /sores/ |
| Mwezi | nǃui /ᵑǃui/ | ǁxãb /ǁxãb/ | ǃqhàn /ǃqʰã/ | haŋyétuwí /haŋjétuwí/ | tłʼéhonaaʼéí /tɬʼéhònɑ̀ːʔéí/ | haŋhépi wí /haŋhépi wí/ | ǁkhâb /ǁkʰãːb/ |
| Nyota | ǂuhn /ǂṳ̃/ | ǀʼamirob /ǀʔamirob/ | ǃqʰái /ǃqʰái/ | wičaȟpi /witʃaχpi/ | sǫʼ /sõ̀ʔ/ | wičháȟpi /witʃʰáχpi/ | ǀgamiros /ǀɡamiros/ |
| Usiku | gǀu /ᶢǀu/ | thũxub /tʰũxub/ | ǃnoe /ǃnoe/ | haŋyetu /hãjetu/ | tłʼééʼ /tɬʼéːʔ/ | haŋhépi /hãhépi/ | tsuxub /tsuxub/ |
| Mvua | gǃà /ᶢǃà/ | tūs /tuːs/ | ǃkxʼôe /ǃkxʼoe/ | maǧažu /maɣaʒu/ | níłtsą́ /níɬtsʰɑ̃́/ | maǧážu /maɣáʒu/ | ǀnanub /ǀnanub/ |
| Jiwe | nǃòm /ᵑǃòm/ | ǀʼuis /ǀʔuis/ | — | íŋyaŋ /ĩ́jã/ | tsé /tsʰé/ | íŋyaŋ /ˈĩjã/ | ǀuib /ǀuib/ |
| Mama | taqe /taˤe/ | ĩs /ĩs/ | qáe /qae/ | iná /iná/ | shimá /ʃimá/ | iná /iná/ | ǁgûs /ǁɡũːs/ |
| Baba | ba /bà/ | abob /abob/ | a̰a /a̰a/ | até /até/ | shizhéʼé /ʃiʒéʔé/ | até /até/ | ǁgûb /ǁɡũːb/ |
| Binti | ǂxàè /ᵏǂᵡàè/ | õas /õas/ | — | čuŋkší /tʃũkʃí/ | shichʼéʼé /ʃitʃʼéʔé/ | čhuŋwíŋtku /tʃʰuŋwíŋtku/ | ôas /õas/ |
| Mimi | mi /mí/ | tita /tita/ | ń /ŋ̩/ | miyé /mijé/ | shí /ʃí/ | miyé /mijé/ | tita /titá/ |
| Wewe | a /à/ | sats /sats/ | a /aː/ | niyé /nijé/ | ni /nì/ | niyé /nijé/ | sats /sats/ |
| Sisi | mǃa /mǃa/ | sada / sida /sada / sida/ | īh /iː/ | uŋkiyepi /ũkijepi/ | nihí /nihí/ | uŋkíyepi /ũkíjepi/ | sada / sida /sada / sida/ |
| Jina | ǃu /ǃu/ | ǀkxʼonna /ǀkxʼonːa/ | ǀqʼûle /ǀʛûle/ | čažé /tʃaʒé/ | ázhiʼ /ʔáʒìʔ/ | čhažé /tʃʰaʒé/ | ǀons /ǀòns/ |
| Kichwa | nǀáí /ᵑǀáí/ | mũǃʼãb /mũǃʔãb/ | ǀnàn /ǀnã/ | phá /pʰá/ | atsiitsʼiin /ʔɑ̀tsʰìːtsʼìːn/ | natá /naˈta/ | danas /danas/ |
| Jicho | gǀaʼa /ᶢǀaʔa/ | mũb /mũb/ | ǃʼûĩ /ǃʼũĩ/ | ištá /iʃtá/ | anááʼ /ʔanáːʔ/ | ištá /iʃtá/ | mûs /mũːs/ |
| Jino | nǁah /ᵑǁa̤/ | ǁũb /ǁũb/ | ǃxu /ǃχu/ | hi /hi/ | awooʼ /ʔɑ̀wòːʔ/ | hi /hi/ | ǁgûb /ǁɡũːb/ |
| Ulimi | dhari /dtʰari/ | tamma /tamːa/ | ǃnani /ǃnani/ | čeži /tʃeʒi/ | atsooʼ /atsoːʔ/ | čhejí /tʃʰeʒí/ | nammi /namːi/ |
| Mkono | gǃau /ᶢǃau/ | ǃʼommi /ǃʔomːi/ | ǀkxʼàa /ǀkxʼaː/ | napé /naˈpe/ | álaʼ /ʔɑ́lɑ̀ʔ/ | napé /napé/ | ǃom-mi /ǃomːi/ |
| Mguu | ǀkáí /ǀkxáí/ | ǂaib /ǂʔaib/ | ǂnùũ /ǂnũũ/ | sihá /sihá/ | akeeʼ /ʔàkʰèːʔ/ | sihá /sihá/ | ǂaidi /ǂaidi/ |
| Moyo | ǃka /ǃkxʼa/ | ǂaob /ǂaob/ | ǀqʼàn /ǀqʼã/ | čhaŋté /tʃʰaŋté/ | ajéí /ʔɑ̀tʃéí/ | čhaŋté /tʃʰaŋté/ | ǂgaob /ǂɡaob/ |
| Mfupa | ǃʼu /ᵑ̊ǃˀu/ | ǂxōb /ǂxoːb/ | ǂàã /ǂãã/ | huhú /huhú/ | tsʼin /tsʼìn/ | hohú /hohú/ | ǂkhōb /ǂkʰoːb/ |
| Damu | ǀʼang /ᵑ̊ǀˀaŋ/ | ǀʼaob /ǀʔaob/ | ǃxãu /ǃχãũ/ | we /we/ | dił /tìɬ/ | wé /wé/ | ǀaob /ǀaop/ |
| Upendo | ǀʼán /ǀʼán/ | ǀnām /ǀnaːm/ | — /—/ | thečhíȟida /tʰetʃʰíχida/ | ayóóʼánóshʼní /ʔɑ̀jóːʔɑ́nóʃʔní/ | thečhíȟila /tʰetʃʰíxila/ | ǀnam /ǀnam/ |
| Mti | ǃaihn /ǃaĩ̤/ | hais /hais/ | ʼʘnàje /ʔʘnaje/ | čháŋ /tʃʰáŋ/ | tsin /tsʰìn/ | čháŋ /tʃʰáŋ/ | hai-s /hais/ |
| Mbwa | gǂhuin /ᶢᵏǂʰuĩ/ | arib /arib/ | ǂqhài /ǂqʰai/ | šúŋka /ʃúŋka/ | łééchąąʼí /ɬéːtʃʰɑ̃̀ːʔí/ | šúŋka /ʃúŋka/ | arib /arib/ |
| Paka | ǃhòè /ᵑǃʰòè/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | igmúŋ /iɡmúŋ/ | mósí /mósí/ | igmúŋke /iɡmúŋke/ | ǀores /ǀores/ |
| Samaki | ǁʼau /ᵑ̊ǁˀau/ | ǁʼaub /ǁʔaub/ | ǀqhaa /ǀqʰaa/ | hogan /hoɣã/ | łóóʼ /ɬóːʔ/ | hogán /hoɣã́/ | ǁaub /ǁaub/ |
| Ndege | tzama /tsʼama/ | kxʼanis /kxʼanis/ | — | zitkána /zitˈkana/ | tsídii /tsʰítìː/ | ziŋtkála /zĩˈtkala/ | anis /anis/ |
| Nyumba | tjù /tʃʼù/ | kxʼommi /kxʼomːi/ | — /—/ | thípi /tʰípi/ | hooghan /hòːɣɑ̀n/ | thípi /tʰípi/ | oms /oms/ |
| Chumvi | gúí /ɡúí/ | ǂkxʼōb /ǂkxʼoːb/ | — | mniskúya /mniskúja/ | áshįįh /ʔáʃĩːh/ | mniskúya /mniskúja/ | ǂōb /ǂoːp/ |
| Kula | ʼm /ʔm/ | ǂʼũ /ǂʔũ/ | ʼâã /ʔãː/ | yúta /júta/ | yishą́ /jiʃã́/ | yúta /júta/ | ǂû /ǂũː/ |
| Kunywa | kxʼáí /kxʼái/ | kxʼā /kxʼaː/ | kxʼāhã /kxʼaːhã/ | yatkáŋ /jatkáŋ/ | yishdlą́ /jiʃtɬã́/ | yatkáŋ /jatkáŋ/ | ā /aː/ |
| Kulala | tza /tsʼa/ | ǁʼom /ǁʔom/ | ʘân /ʘã/ | ištíma /iʃtíma/ | ałhosh /ʔɑ̀ɬhòʃ/ | ištíma /iʃˈtima/ | ǁom /ǁom/ |
| Moja | nǀèʼè /ᵑǀèʼè/ | ǀui /ǀui/ | ǂʼûã /ǂʼũã/ | waŋžidaŋ /waŋʒidaŋ/ | tʼááłáʼí /tʼɑ́ːɬɑ́ʔí/ | waŋží /waŋʒí/ | ǀgui /ǀɡui/ |
| Mbili | tsàn /tsã̀/ | ǀam /ǀam/ | ǂnûm /ǂûm/ | nųpa /nũpa/ | naaki /nɑ̀ːkʰì/ | núŋpa /nṹpa/ | ǀgam /ǀɡàm/ |
| Tatu | nǃàní /ᵑǃàní/ | ǃnona /ǃnona/ | ǁaeˀe /ǁaeʔe/ | yamni /jamni/ | tááʼ /tʰáːʔ/ | yámni /jámni/ | ǃnona /ǃnoná/ |
| Nne | tsàn ko tsàn /tsã̀ ko tsã̀/ | haka /haka/ | — | tópa /tópa/ | dį́įʼ /tĩ́ːʔ/ | tópa /tópa/ | haka /haka/ |
| Tano | tsàn ko nǃàní /tsã̀ ko ᵑǃani/ | koro /koro/ | — | záptaŋ /záptã/ | ashdlaʼ /ʔɑ̀ʃtɬɑ̀ʔ/ | záptaŋ /záptã/ | koro /koro/ |
| Habari | mí kúrùwà /mí kúrùwà/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | háu /háu/ | yáʼátʼééh /jɑ́ʔɑ́tʼéːh/ | háu /háu/ | matisâ /matisãː/ |
| Asante | mí ǁʼàmà /mí ǁʼàmà/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | pidámayaye /pidámajaje/ | ahéheeʼ /ʔɑ̀héhèːʔ/ | philámayaye /pʰilámajaje/ | aios /aios/ |
| Nzuri | ǀʼàn /ǀʼàn/ | ǃãi /ǃãi/ | — /—/ | wašté /waʃté/ | yáʼátʼééh /jɑ́ʔɑ́tʼéːh/ | wašté /waʃté/ | ǃgâib /ǃɡãĩb/ |
| Nyekundu | gǃaan /ᶢǃaːn/ | ǀkxʼaba /ǀkxʼaba/ | ǀàa /ǀàa/ | šá /ʃa/ | łichííʼ /ɬìtʃʰíːʔ/ | šá /ʃa/ | ǀapa /ǀapa/ |
| Nyeupe | ǃàʼú /ǃàʔú/ | xati /xati/ | — | ska /ska/ | łigai /ɬìkɑ̀ì/ | ská /ská/ | ǃuri /ǃuri/ |
| Kijani | ǀauhn /ǀauhn/ | ǃkxʼam /ǃkxʼam/ | ᶢǀa̤ʕi /ᶢǀa̤ʕi/ | tȟó /txó/ | dootłʼizh /tòːtɬʼìʒ/ | tȟózi /ˈtxozi/ | ǃgam /ǃɡam/ |
| Buluu | ǀauhn /ǀauhn/ | ǃnoa /ǃnoa/ | ᶢǀa̤ʕi /ᶢǀa̤ʕi/ | tȟó /txó/ | dootłʼizh /tòːtɬʼìʒ/ | tȟó /txó/ | ǃhoa /ǃʰoa/ |
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