Wichí Lhamtés
Kiwichi
familia ya Mataco-Mataguayan
Wichí (zamani Mataco; kwa jina la asili Wichí Lhamtés "usemi wa Wichí") ndiyo lugha kuu ya familia ya Mataco-Mataguayan, inayozungumzwa na watu wa Wichí wapatao 50,000–60,000 katika eneo la Gran Chaco nchini Ajentina, Bolivia, na Paraguay. Familia ya Mataco-Mataguayan ni ndogo na imetengwa ndani ya isimu ya Amerika Kusini, na Wichí ndiye mwanachama mkubwa zaidi pamoja na Nivaclé, Maká, na Chorote. Kiisimu, Wichí ina sifa za kawaida za Mataco-Mataguayan: mpangilio wa namna ya nominative-accusative, chembe za nomino zinazofanana na viainishi, na mpangilio wa vipashio wa SVO wenye mwelekeo wa kitenzi mwishoni. Jamii ya Wichí imekuwa hai katika harakati za haki za wenyeji wa Ajentina tangu miaka ya 1990, ikiwa na elimu ya lugha mbili katika majimbo ya Salta na Formosa.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kiwichi
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: familia ya Mataco-Mataguayan
| Maana | Kiwichi | Chorote | Nivaclé | Kitojolabal | Kinahuatl cha Huasteca cha Kati | Kitzeltal | Qʼeqchi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | inät /inɑt/ | anat /anat/ | inɔʔt /inɔʔt/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | atl /atɬ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | haʼ /haʔ/ |
| Moto | itäj /itɑx/ | etjeʔ /etjeʔ/ | itɔx /itɔx/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | tlitl /tɬitɬ/ | kʼajkʼ /kʼahkʼ/ | xam /ʃam/ |
| Jua | ifwala /ifʷala/ | kilaj /kilaj/ | xunkuklaʔj /xunkuklaʔj/ | kʼakʼu /kʼakʼu/ | tonati /tonati/ | kʼajkʼal /kʼahkʼal/ | saqʼe /saqʼe/ |
| Mwezi | welʼa /weʔla/ | weʔla /weʔla/ | xiweʔkla /xiweʔkla/ | ixaw /iʃaw/ | metztli /metstɬi/ | u /u/ | po /po/ |
| Nyota | kates /kates/ | kates /kates/ | katiʔs /katiʔs/ | kʼanal /kʼanal/ | sitlalij /siˈtɬalih/ | ekʼ /ekʼ/ | chahim /tʃahim/ |
| Usiku | honatsi /honatsi/ | axnax /axnax/ | tuɬ /tuɬ/ | aʼkwal /aʔkʷal/ | youali /jowali/ | ajkʼabal /ahkʼaɓal/ | qʼojyin /qʼoχjin/ |
| Mvua | pelhay /peɬaj/ | pexla /pexla/ | tʃanu /tʃanu/ | — | kiyawit /kiˈjawit/ | jaʼal /haʔal/ | habʼ /haɓ/ |
| Upepo | ihwok /ihʷok/ | laxwu /laxwu/ | ɬawiʔm /ɬawiʔm/ | ikʼ /ʔikʼ/ | ajakatl /ahakatɬ/ | ikʼ /ʔikʼ/ | iqʼ /iqʼ/ |
| Udongo | honhat /hon̥at/ | axnat /axnat/ | kotsxaʔt /kotsxaʔt/ | luʼum /luʔum/ | tlali /tɬali/ | lum /lum/ | chʼochʼ /tʃʼotʃʼ/ |
| Jiwe | tunte /tunte/ | poj /poj/ | utex /utex/ | ton /ton/ | tetl /tetɬ/ | ton /ton/ | pek /pek/ |
| Mlima | chenaj /tʃenax/ | takixnakiʔ /takixnakiʔ/ | utejuk /utejuk/ | wits /wits/ | tepetl /ˈtepeːtɬ/ | wits /wits/ | tzuul /tsuːl/ |
| Bahari | lewomekitaj /lewomekitax/ | — | ɬkatsʼi towkojtsa /ɬkatsʼi towkojtsa/ | niwan paman jaʼ /niwan paman haʔ/ | hueyatl /ˈwejatɬ/ | mar /mar/ | palaw /palaw/ |
| Mama | lako /lako/ | meme /meme/ | mimi /mimi/ | nan /nan/ | nana /nana/ | meʼ /meʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ |
| Baba | lajcha /laxtʃa/ | naʔ /naʔ/ | tata /tata/ | tat /tat/ | tata /tata/ | tat /tat/ | yuwaʼ /juwaʔ/ |
| Binti | lhäse /ɬɑse/ | axseʔ /axseʔ/ | ɔse /ɔse/ | ʼixukil /ʔiʃukil/ | noichpoca /noitʃˈpoka/ | antsil nichʼan /antsil nitʃʼan/ | rabʼin /raɓin/ |
| Mimi | olham /olam/ | jem /jem/ | jiwaatʃa /jiwaatʃa/ | keʼn /keʔn/ | na /na/ | joʼon /hoʔon/ | laaʼin /laːʔin/ |
| Wewe | am /am/ | am /am/ | awaatʃa /awaatʃa/ | weʼn /weʔn/ | ta /ta/ | jaʼat /haʔat/ | laaʼat /laːʔat/ |
| Sisi | olhamel /olamel/ | sam /sam/ | kaswaatʃa / jiwaatʃeeɬ /kaswaatʃa / jiwaatʃeeɬ/ | keʼntik / keʼntikon /keʔntik / keʔntikon/ | tojuanti /tohˈwanti/ | joʼotik / joʼotikon /hoʔotik / hoʔotikon/ | laaʼo /laːʔo/ |
| Jina | lhey /ɬej/ | ej /ej/ | ej /ej/ | bʼiʼil /ɓiʔil/ | tocaxtli /toˈkaʃtɬi/ | biil /ɓiːl/ | kʼabʼaʼej /kʼaɓaʔeχ/ |
| Mtu | wichi /witʃi/ | injoʔ /injoʔ/ | niwakle /niwakle/ | winkil /winkil/ | masehuali /maseˈwali/ | ants winik /ants winik/ | poyanam /pojanam/ |
| Kichwa | lhetek /ɬetek/ | xetek /xetek/ | ʃatitʃ /ʃatitʃ/ | ʼolom /ʔolom/ | tzontecomitl /tsonteˈkomitɬ/ | jol /hol/ | jolom /χolom/ |
| Jicho | tatelho /tateɬo/ | tateʔ /tateʔ/ | tɔsex /tɔsex/ | satej /sateh/ | ixtioli /iʃtioli/ | sit /sit/ | xnaqʼ u /ʃnaqʼ u/ |
| Sikio | lechʼote /letʃʼote/ | kjoteʔ /kjoteʔ/ | kfeʔ /kfeʔ/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | nacastli /nakastɬi/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | xik /ʃik/ |
| Pua | lenhus /len̥us/ | xnatowo /xnatowo/ | naʔʃ /naʔʃ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | yakatsoli /jakatsoli/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | uʼuj /uʔuχ/ |
| Mdomo | lakʼaj /lakʼax/ | aj /aj/ | aʃi /aʃi/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | camactli /kaˈmaktɬi/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | e /e/ |
| Jino | tsuteʼ /tsuteʔ/ | afʷeʔ /afʷeʔ/ | tsewte /tsewte/ | ex /eʃ/ | tlankoch /tɬankotʃ/ | ehal /ehal/ | ruuch e /ruːtʃ e/ |
| Ulimi | lakʼajlhichʼu /lakʼaxɬitʃʼu/ | kax /kax/ | tʃʼakletʃ /tʃʼakletʃ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | nenepili /nenepili/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ |
| Mkono | takwey /takʷej/ | kjoj /kjoj/ | pɔʔkɔt /pɔʔkɔt/ | kʼabʼ /kʼaɓ/ | maitl /maitɬ/ | kʼab /kʼab/ | uqʼm /uqʼm/ |
| Mguu | pachʼu /patʃʼu/ | kalaʔ /kalaʔ/ | foʔ /foʔ/ | ok /ok/ | icxitl /ikʃitɬ/ | ok /ok/ | oq /oq/ |
| Moyo | lehusek /lehusek/ | oxtaleʔ /oxtaleʔ/ | ɬiʔwte /ɬiʔwte/ | altzil /altsil/ | yolotl /jolotɬ/ | oʼtan /oʔtan/ | chʼoolej /tʃʼoːlej/ |
| Mfupa | lhile /ɬile/ | weʔlak /weʔlak/ | nuʔ /nuʔ/ | bakel /ɓakel/ | omitl /omitɬ/ | bak /ɓak/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ |
| Damu | lewʼoyis /lewʼojis/ | wojis /wojis/ | wojej /wojej/ | chikʼel /tʃikʼel/ | estli /estɬi/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ |
| Kinyesi | yʼamuk /jʼamuk/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | kʼoy /kʼoj/ | cuitlatl /ˈkʷitɬatɬ/ | tsaʼ /tsaʔ/ | kʼot /kʼot/ |
| Upendo | ihemin /ihemin/ | soon /soon/ | — /—/ | skʼana /skʼana/ | tlazohtla /tɬasoʔtɬa/ | kʼanbey /kʼanbej/ | rahok /rahok/ |
| Mti | halʼä /haʔlɑ/ | alaʔ /alaʔ/ | aʔkxutajuk /aʔkxutajuk/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | cuahuitl /kʷawitɬ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ |
| Mbwa | asinaj /asinax/ | noʔo /noʔo/ | nuʔu /nuʔu/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | chichi /tʃitʃi/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ |
| Paka | mitsi /mitsi/ | tinuk /tinuk/ | tanuk /tanuk/ | mis /mis/ | misto /misto/ | mis /mis/ | mes /mes/ |
| Samaki | wʼahat /wʼahat/ | sijus /sijus/ | saxetʃ /saxetʃ/ | chay /tʃaj/ | michi /mitʃi/ | chay /tʃaj/ | kar /kar/ |
| Ndege | afwenche /afʷentʃe/ | afʷena /afʷena/ | ɔxɔklɔ /ɔxɔklɔ/ | yal chan /jal tʃan/ | tototl /tototɬ/ | mut /mut/ | tzʼik /tsʼik/ |
| Kipepeo | chukuk /tʃukuk/ | kopijeʔ /kopijeʔ/ | wosok /wosok/ | pejpen /pehpen/ | papalotl /paˈpalotɬ/ | pejpen /pehpen/ | peepem /peːpem/ |
| Yai | lhichʼu /ɬitʃʼu/ | leʔkjuʔ /leʔkjuʔ/ | ɬʃajkʼu /ɬʃajkʼu/ | nolobʼ /noloɓ/ | tejsistli /tehsistɬi/ | tomut /tomut/ | mol /mol/ |
| Dubu | selaj /selax/ | — | — | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | oos /oːs/ |
| Farasi | yelʼataj /jeʔlatax/ | alenta /alenta/ | kuwɔju /kuwɔju/ | kawu /kawu/ | kauayoj /kaˈwajoh/ | kawu /kawu/ | kawaay /kawaːj/ |
| Nyumba | lewukwe /lewukʷe/ | sawo /sawo/ | xpɔjitʃ /xpɔjitʃ/ | naj /nah/ | kali /kali/ | na /na/ | ochoch /otʃotʃ/ |
| Maziwa | letsi /letsi/ | kajtjos /kajtjos/ | tsʼoʔs /tsʼoʔs/ | lech /letʃ/ | lechi /letʃi/ | lech /letʃ/ | leech /leːtʃ/ |
| Asali | akäyek /akɑjek/ | wonateʔ /wonateʔ/ | akɔjetʃ /akɔjetʃ/ | chab /tʃaɓ/ | necti /nekti/ | chab /tʃab/ | xyaʼal kabʼ /ʃjaʔal kaɓ/ |
| Chumvi | nisoy /nisoj/ | sifʷoniʔ /sifʷoniʔ/ | naʔpkutax /naʔpkutax/ | atsʼam /atsʼam/ | istatl /istatɬ/ | atsʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ |
| Mvinyo | wina /wiˈna/ | — | ɔtxajetax tʼiʔ /ɔtxajetax tʼiʔ/ | yaalel tzʼusub /jaːlel tsʼusub/ | xocomeca at /ʃokomeka at/ | vino /bino/ | bʼiin /ɓiːn/ |
| Mchele | alus /alus/ | xupitok /xupitok/ | — | ʼaros /ʔaros/ | arroz /aˈros/ | — | aros /aros/ |
| Chuma | chinaj /tʃinax/ | ot /ot/ | klesaniɬ /klesaniɬ/ | takʼin /takʼin/ | tepostli /tepostɬi/ | takʼin /takʼin/ | chʼiichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ |
| Gurudumu | mak kolo /mak kolo/ | xikalaʔ /xikalaʔ/ | tononontax ɬafoʔ /tononontax ɬafoʔ/ | rweda /rweda/ | rueda /rweda/ | — | rueda /rweda/ |
| Hariri | seda /seda/ | — | — | seda /seda/ | seda /ˈseda/ | seda /seda/ | seda /seda/ |
| Kitabu | liwlu /liwlu/ | xokinek /xokinek/ | watkʼisxajanatʃ /watkʼisxajanatʃ/ | juʼun /huʔun/ | amochtli /aˈmotʃtɬi/ | jun /hun/ | hu /hu/ |
| Kula | tʼek /tʼek/ | jekjun /jekjun/ | tux /tux/ | waʼel /waʔel/ | tlacua /tɬakʷa/ | weʼel /weʔel/ | waʼak /waʔak/ |
| Kunywa | iyä /ijɑ/ | je /je/ | jɔʔ /jɔʔ/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | atli /atɬi/ | uchʼel /utʃʼel/ | ukʼak /ukʼak/ |
| Kulala | imä /imɑ/ | maʔa /maʔa/ | mɔʔ /mɔʔ/ | wayel /wajel/ | cochi /ˈkotʃi/ | way /waj/ | wark /wark/ |
| Moja | elh /eɬ/ | ifʷjenni /ifʷjenni/ | weʔɬa /weʔɬa/ | jun /hun/ | ce /se/ | jun /hun/ | jun /χun/ |
| Mbili | nitewk /nitewk/ | intak /intak/ | napuʔ /napuʔ/ | chabʼ /tʃaɓ/ | ome /ˈome/ | cheb /tʃeb/ | wiibʼ /wiːɓ/ |
| Tatu | laxtumxwaya /laxtumxʷaja/ | iwjeʔtsjela /iwjeʔtsjela/ | puʔxaʔna /puʔxaʔna/ | oxe /oʃe/ | eyi /ejiː/ | oxeb /oʃeb/ | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ |
| Mia | sien /sjen/ | — | — | joʼ winkeʼ /hoʔ winkeʔ/ | cien /sjen/ | joʼ winik /hoʔ winik/ | oʼkʼaal /oʔkʼaːl/ |
| Habari | hayej /hajex/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | lekilukʼ /lekilukʼ/ | niltze /niltse/ | banti winik /banti winik/ | ma saʼ laachʼool /ma saʔ laːtʃʼoːl/ |
| Asante | nehayij /nehajix/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | yuj /juh/ | tlaskamati /tɬaskamati/ | wokol awal /wokol awal/ | bantyox /bantjoʃ/ |
| Nzuri | is /is/ | es /es/ | is /is/ | lek /lek/ | kuali /kʷali/ | lek /lek/ | us /us/ |
| Mpya | nechʼayek /netʃʼajek/ | inkjeʔ /inkjeʔ/ | nitʃʼa /nitʃʼa/ | yajkʼachil /jahkʼatʃil/ | yancuic /ˈjankʷik/ | achʼ /atʃʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ |
| Nyekundu | chot /tʃot/ | isjet /isjet/ | juk /juk/ | chak /tʃak/ | chichiltik /tʃitʃiltik/ | tsajal /tsahal/ | kaq /kaq/ |
| Nyeupe | pelaj /pelax/ | lemiʔ /lemiʔ/ | klim /klim/ | sak /sak/ | istak /istak/ | sak /sak/ | saq /saq/ |
| Nyeusi | chalaj /tʃalax/ | tula /tula/ | jakut /jakut/ | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ | yayahuic /jaˈjawik/ | ijkʼal /ihkʼal/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ |
| Kijani | watsan /watsan/ | watso /watso/ | nipewajʃi /nipewajʃi/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ | xoxohuic /ʃoˈʃowik/ | yax /jaʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ |
| Buluu | watsan /watsan/ | lasa /lasa/ | jaka /jaka/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ | azultic /aˈsultik/ | yax /jaʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ |
| Kekeo | hotsenʼi /hotsenˈʔi/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — | — | — | ixnam /iʃˈnam/ |
| Chai | te /te/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | té /te/ | té /te/ | té /te/ | te /te/ |
| Kahawa | kafwe /kafʷe/ | — | — | kajpe /kahpe/ | kafej /kafeh/ | kajpel /kahpel/ | kape /kape/ |
| Sukari | asukwi /asukʷi/ | titsojinlamak /titsojinlamak/ | tʃʼiʃi /tʃʼiʃi/ | sakal askal /sakal ʔaskal/ | chanchaka /tʃantʃaka/ | sakil asukal /sakil asukal/ | asuukr /asuːkɾ/ |
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