Tojol-ab'al
Kitojolabal
Kimaya
Tojolabal (kwa jina la asili tojol-abʼal, "lugha ya kweli") ni lugha ya Kimaya ya tawi-dogo la Kichujean ndani ya tawi la Kiq'anjob'alan-Chujean, inayozungumzwa na watu wapatao 70,000 katika manispaa za Las Margaritas na Comitán huko Chiapas, Mexico, karibu na mpaka wa Guatemala. Kiisimu, Tojolabal inahusiana kwa ukaribu zaidi na Chuj (cac) ya Guatemala — wakati mwingine lugha hizo mbili huchukuliwa kama kundi la lahaja za Kichujean — na kwa mbali zaidi na lugha za Kiq'anjob'alan (Q'anjob'al kjb, Akateko, Jakalteko). Jamii ya Tojolabal inajulikana kwa desturi yake imara ya umiliki wa ardhi wa kijamii (mfumo wa ejido) na falsafa ya kisiasa ya "nosotros" (sisi — kwa Kitojolabal lekilukʼ) inayosisitiza utu wa kijamii kuliko utambulisho wa mtu binafsi. Maasi ya Wazapatista ya mwaka 1994 huko Chiapas yalivuta uangalifu mkubwa kwa Tojolabal kama mojawapo ya lugha kuu za Kimaya za eneo la manispaa zinazojitawala.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kitojolabal
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Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Kimaya
| Maana | Kitojolabal | Kitzeltal | Kitzotzil | Kiitza | Kichol | Kichontal cha Tabasco | Kimaya cha Kale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | voʼ /voʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | haʼ /haʔ/ |
| Moto | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | kʼajkʼ /kʼahkʼ/ | kʼokʼ /kʼokʼ/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | kʼajk /kʼahk/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | kʼahkʼ /kʼahkʼ/ |
| Jua | kʼakʼu /kʼakʼu/ | kʼajkʼal /kʼahkʼal/ | kʼakʼal /kʼakʼal/ | kʼin /kʼin/ | kʼiñ /kʼiɲ/ | kʼin /kʼin/ | kʼin /kʼin/ |
| Mwezi | ixaw /iʃaw/ | u /u/ | u /ʔu/ | uj /uh/ | uw /uw/ | ä /æ/ | uh /uh/ |
| Nyota | kʼanal /kʼanal/ | ekʼ /ekʼ/ | kʼanal /kʼanal/ | ekʼ /ekʼ/ | ekʼ /ʔekʼ/ | ekʼ /ʔekʼ/ | ekʼ /eːkʼ/ |
| Usiku | aʼkwal /aʔkʷal/ | ajkʼabal /ahkʼaɓal/ | akʼubal /akʼubal/ | akʼabʼ /akʼaɓ/ | akʼälel /akʼɨlel/ | akʼäb /akʼɨb/ | akʼabʼ /akʼaɓ/ |
| Theluji | sakal kʼinal /sakal kʼinal/ | — | taiv /taiv/ | — | — | nieve /ˈnjebe/ | — |
| Upepo | ikʼ /ʔikʼ/ | ikʼ /ʔikʼ/ | ikʼ /ʔikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | — | ikʼ /ikʼ/ |
| Udongo | luʼum /luʔum/ | lum /lum/ | lum /lum/ | luʼum /luʔum/ | lum /lum/ | lum /lum/ | kab /kab/ |
| Jiwe | ton /ton/ | ton /ton/ | ton /ton/ | tunich /tunitʃ/ | xajlel /ʃahlel/ | jiʼtun /hiʔtun/ | tuun /tuːn/ |
| Mlima | wits /wits/ | wits /wits/ | vits /vits/ | — | wits /wits/ | tzʼik /tsʼik/ | witz /wits/ |
| Bahari | niwan paman jaʼ /niwan paman haʔ/ | mar /mar/ | nab /naɓ/ | — | ñajb /ɲahɓ/ | nab /nab/ | kʼahkʼ nab /kʼahkʼ nab/ |
| Mama | nan /nan/ | meʼ /meʔ/ | meʼ /meʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | ñaʼ /ɲaʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ |
| Baba | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ | tot /tot/ | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ | yuum /juːm/ |
| Binti | ʼixukil /ʔiʃukil/ | antsil nichʼan /antsil nitʃʼan/ | tzeb /tseɓ/ | — | ixikʼal /iʃikʼal/ | jixik chʼok /hiʃik tʃʼok/ | — |
| Mimi | keʼn /keʔn/ | joʼon /hoʔon/ | voʼon /voʔon/ | ten /ten/ | joñoñ /hoɲoɲ/ | noʼon /noʔon/ | hiin /hiːn/ |
| Wewe | weʼn /weʔn/ | jaʼat /haʔat/ | voʼot /voʔot/ | tech /tetʃ/ | jatyet /hatʲet/ | neʼet /neʔet/ | hat /hat/ |
| Sisi | keʼntik / keʼntikon /keʔntik / keʔntikon/ | joʼotik / joʼotikon /hoʔotik / hoʔotikon/ | voʼotik / voʼonkutik /voʔotik / voʔonkutik/ | toʼon /toʔon/ | joñonla / joñon lojon /hoɲonla / hoɲon lohon/ | noʼonla /noʔonla/ | — /—/ |
| Jina | bʼiʼil /ɓiʔil/ | biil /ɓiːl/ | biil /ɓiːl/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaɓaʔ/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaɓaʔ/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaɓaʔ/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaˈɓaʔ/ |
| Mtu | winkil /winkil/ | ants winik /ants winik/ | krixchano /kriʃtʃano/ | — | kixtyañu /kiʃtʲaɲu/ | winik /winik/ | winik /winik/ |
| Kichwa | ʼolom /ʔolom/ | jol /hol/ | jolol /holol/ | — | jol /hol/ | pam /pam/ | jol /hol/ |
| Jicho | satej /sateh/ | sit /sit/ | sat /sat/ | ich /itʃ/ | wut /wut/ | wich /witʃ/ | ut /ut/ |
| Sikio | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikinil /tʃikinil/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ |
| Pua | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ |
| Mdomo | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | e /e/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ |
| Jino | ex /eʃ/ | ehal /ehal/ | tanal eal /tanal ʔeal/ | koh /koh/ | ej /eh/ | ej /eh/ | eh /eh/ |
| Ulimi | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | okʼ /ʔokʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | äkʼ /ɨkʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ |
| Mkono | kʼabʼ /kʼaɓ/ | kʼab /kʼab/ | kʼob /kʼoɓ/ | kʼab /kʼab/ | kʼäb /kʼɨɓ/ | kʼäb /kʼɨb/ | kʼab /kʼab/ |
| Mguu | ok /ok/ | ok /ok/ | okol /ʔokol/ | — | ok /ok/ | ok /ok/ | ook /oːk/ |
| Moyo | altzil /altsil/ | oʼtan /oʔtan/ | oʼon /ʔoʔon/ | pukʼsikʼal /pukʼsikʼal/ | pusʼikʼal /pusʼikʼal/ | pixan /piʃan/ | pixan /piʃan/ |
| Mfupa | bakel /ɓakel/ | bak /ɓak/ | bak /ɓak/ | bʼak /ɓak/ | bäk /ɓɨk/ | bak /ɓak/ | baak /ɓaːk/ |
| Damu | chikʼel /tʃikʼel/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ |
| Kinyesi | kʼoy /kʼoj/ | tsaʼ /tsaʔ/ | tzoʼ /tsoʔ/ | — | taʼ /taʔ/ | taʼ /taʔ/ | — |
| Upendo | skʼana /skʼana/ | kʼanbey /kʼanbej/ | kʼanel /kʼanel/ | yakunti /jakunti/ | kʼuxbiñ /kʼuʃbiɲ/ | kʼuxbe /kʼuʃbe/ | yaah /jaːh/ |
| Mti | teʼ /teʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ |
| Mbwa | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | pekʼ /pekʼ/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | wichuʼ /witʃuʔ/ | peekʼ /peːkʼ/ |
| Paka | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ | ajmis /ahmis/ | miis /miːs/ |
| Samaki | chay /tʃaj/ | chay /tʃaj/ | choy /tʃoj/ | käy /kɨj/ | chäy /tʃɨj/ | buchʼ /butʃʼ/ | kay /kaj/ |
| Ndege | yal chan /jal tʃan/ | mut /mut/ | mut /mut/ | chʼiichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ | mut /mut/ | mut /mut/ | mut /mut/ |
| Kipepeo | pejpen /pehpen/ | pejpen /pehpen/ | pepen /pepen/ | — | pejpem /pehpem/ | ajpempem /ahpempem/ | — |
| Yai | nolobʼ /noloɓ/ | tomut /tomut/ | tanal /tanal/ | jeʼ /heʔ/ | tumut /tumut/ | säktokʼ /sɨktokʼ/ | — |
| Dubu | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | — | oso /oso/ | oso /ˈoso/ | — |
| Farasi | kawu /kawu/ | kawu /kawu/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ | — | kawayuʼ /kawajuʔ/ | tzimim /tsimim/ | — |
| Nyumba | naj /nah/ | na /na/ | na /na/ | nah /nah/ | otyot /otjot/ | otot /otot/ | otoch /otoːtʃ/ |
| Maziwa | lech /letʃ/ | lech /letʃ/ | lech /letʃ/ | — | chuʼ /tʃuʔ/ | leche /letʃe/ | — |
| Asali | chab /tʃaɓ/ | chab /tʃab/ | ajapom /ahapom/ | — | chab /tʃaɓ/ | chab /tʃaɓ/ | — |
| Chumvi | atsʼam /atsʼam/ | atsʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | tab /tab/ | atsʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | — |
| Mvinyo | yaalel tzʼusub /jaːlel tsʼusub/ | vino /bino/ | vino /vino/ | — | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /ˈbino/ | — |
| Mchele | ʼaros /ʔaros/ | — | aros /aros/ | — | arus /aɾus/ | arroz /aros/ | — |
| Chokoleti | tsʼanubʼal kakaw /tsʼanuɓal kakaw/ | chocolate | chokolate /tʃokolate/ | — | chocolate | — | — |
| Chuma | takʼin /takʼin/ | takʼin /takʼin/ | tzatzal takʼin /tsatsal takʼin/ | — | — | palib /palib/ | — |
| Gurudumu | rweda /rweda/ | — | karos /karos/ | — | — | rueda /rweda/ | — |
| Hariri | seda /seda/ | seda /seda/ | xela /ʃela/ | — | seda /seda/ | seda /ˈseda/ | — |
| Kitabu | juʼun /huʔun/ | jun /hun/ | vun /vun/ | Juʼumilxok /huʔumilʃok/ | juñ /huɲ/ | jun /hun/ | huun /huːn/ |
| Kula | waʼel /waʔel/ | weʼel /weʔel/ | veʼel /veʔel/ | jant /hant/ | kʼux /kʼuʃ/ | weʼ /weʔ/ | weʼ /weʔ/ |
| Kunywa | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | uchʼel /utʃʼel/ | uchʼ /utʃʼ/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | uchʼ /utʃʼ/ | ukʼe /ukʼe/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ |
| Kulala | wayel /wajel/ | way /waj/ | vay /vaj/ | wenel /wenel/ | wäyel /wɨjel/ | wäye /wɨje/ | way /waj/ |
| Moja | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | un /un/ | jun /hun/ |
| Mbili | chabʼ /tʃaɓ/ | cheb /tʃeb/ | chib /tʃiɓ/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ | chaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | chaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | chaʼ /tʃaʔ/ |
| Tatu | oxe /oʃe/ | oxeb /oʃeb/ | oxib /ʔoʃiɓ/ | ox /oʃ/ | uxpʼejl /uʃpʼehl/ | ux /uʃ/ | ox /oʃ/ |
| Nne | chane /tʃane/ | chaneb /tʃaneb/ | chanib /tʃaniɓ/ | kan /kan/ | chämpʼejl /tʃɨmpʼehl/ | chan /tʃan/ | kan /kan/ |
| Tano | joʼe /hoʔe/ | joʼeb /hoʔeɓ/ | voʼob /voʔoɓ/ | — | joʼ /hoʔ/ | joʼ /hoʔ/ | hoʼ /hoʔ/ |
| Mia | joʼ winkeʼ /hoʔ winkeʔ/ | joʼ winik /hoʔ winik/ | joʼvinik /hoʔvinik/ | — | joʼkʼal /hoʔkʼal/ | cien /sjen/ | — |
| Habari | lekilukʼ /lekilukʼ/ | banti winik /banti winik/ | kʼusi avokoluk /kʼusi avokoluk/ | bʼix a tʼan /biʃ a tʼan/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | bin a bel /bin a bel/ | bix a beel /biʃ a beːl/ |
| Asante | yuj /juh/ | wokol awal /wokol awal/ | kolaval /kolaval/ | dios bʼotik /dios botik/ | wokolix awälä /wokoliʃ awɨlɨ/ | dios boʼtik /dios boʔtik/ | nibʼoolal /nibʼoːlal/ |
| Nzuri | lek /lek/ | lek /lek/ | lek /lek/ | malobʼ /malob/ | utsʼat /utsʼat/ | tsʼak /tsʼak/ | utz /uts/ |
| Mpya | yajkʼachil /jahkʼatʃil/ | achʼ /atʃʼ/ | achʼ /atʃʼ/ | — | tsijib /tsihiɓ/ | tzijib /tsihib/ | achʼ /atʃʼ/ |
| Nyekundu | chak /tʃak/ | tsajal /tsahal/ | tzajal /tsahal/ | chäk /tʃɨk/ | chächäk /tʃɨtʃɨk/ | chäk /tʃɨk/ | chak /tʃak/ |
| Nyeupe | sak /sak/ | sak /sak/ | sak /sak/ | säk /sək/ | säsäk /sɨsɨk/ | säk /sæk/ | sak /sak/ |
| Nyeusi | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ | ijkʼal /ihkʼal/ | ikʼal /ikʼal/ | — | iʼikʼ /iʔikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ |
| Kijani | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ | yax /jaʃ/ | yaxal /jaʃal/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ | yäjyäx /jɨhjɨʃ/ | yäx /jɨʃ/ | yax /jaʃ/ |
| Buluu | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ | yax /jaʃ/ | yox /joʃ/ | — | yäjyäx /jɨhjɨʃ/ | yäx /jɨʃ/ | yax /jaʃ/ |
| Kompyuta | computadora /komputadora/ | komputadora /komputadora/ | komputadora /komputadora/ | — | computadora /komputadoɾa/ | — | — |
| Wi-Fi | wifi | wifi | wifi | — | — | — | — |
| Chai | té /te/ | té /te/ | te /te/ | — | té /te/ | — | — |
| Kahawa | kajpe /kahpe/ | kajpel /kahpel/ | kajve /kahve/ | — | kajpe /kahpe/ | — | — |
| Sukari | sakal askal /sakal ʔaskal/ | sakil asukal /sakil asukal/ | asuka /ʔasuka/ | chʼuuk /tʃʼuːk/ | asukal /asukal/ | — | — |
| Chungwa | naranja /naranha/ | alaxax /alaʃaʃ/ | alaxa /alaʃa/ | — | alaxax /alaʃaʃ/ | aranxax /aranʃaʃ/ | — |
| 99 | chan tajbʼe sok bʼalun lajune /tʃan tahɓe sok ɓalun lahune/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
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