Te Reo Pukapuka
Kipukapuka
Kiaustronesia (Polynesian, Kisamoa-Pembeni)
Kipukapuka (Te Reo Pukapuka), kinachozungumzwa na watu wapatao 2,000 katika kisiwa cha matumbawe cha Pukapuka kilichotengwa kaskazini mwa Visiwa vya Cook na katika Nassau iliyo karibu, ni mojawapo ya lugha za Kipolinesia zinazozozaniwa zaidi kijenetiki: kwa kawaida hupangwa kama lugha ya Kisamoa-Pembeni lakini inaonyesha sifa za Kipolinesia cha Mashariki na huenda sifa za substrata ya Kitokelau, matokeo ya uhamiaji wa mawimbi kabla ya mawasiliano katika Bahari ya Pasifiki ya kati. Ina fonolojia ya kawaida ya Kipolinesia yenye urefu wa vokali wa kifonimu na kituo cha glota, lakini inatofautiana kimsamiati vya kutosha na Kimaori cha Visiwa vya Cook (rar) hivi kwamba lugha hizo mbili hazieleweki baina yao. Jamii ni ndogo lakini hai kiisimu, ikiwa na kazi ya tahajia inayoendelea tangu miaka ya 1990.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kipukapuka
Vyanzo
- Salisbury, Mary C. (2002) A Grammar of Pukapukan. PhD thesis, University of Auckland.
- Beaglehole, Ernest & Pearl (1938) Ethnology of Pukapuka. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 150.
- Teingoa Kaina et al. (1993) Pukapukan-English Dictionary. Pukapuka Dictionary Project.
- Glottolog: Pukapukan
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Kiaustronesia (Polynesian, Kisamoa-Pembeni)
| Maana | Kipukapuka | Kituvalu | Kitokelau | Kiniue | Kisamoa | Kituamotu | Kimaori cha Visiwa vya Cook |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | wai /wai/ | vai /vai/ | vai /vai/ | vai /vai/ | vai /vai/ | vai /vai/ | vai /vai/ |
| Moto | awi /awi/ | afi /afi/ | afi /afi/ | afi /afi/ | afi /afi/ | ahi /ahi/ | aʻi /aʔi/ |
| Jua | la /la/ | laa /laː/ | lā /laː/ | lā /laː/ | lā /laː/ | rā /raː/ | rā /raː/ |
| Mwezi | malama /malama/ | masina /masina/ | māhina /maːhina/ | mahina /mahina/ | māsina /maːsina/ | marama /marama/ | marama /marama/ |
| Nyota | wetū /wetuː/ | fetū /fetuː/ | fetū /fetuː/ | fetū /fetuː/ | fetū /fetuː/ | fetū /fetuː/ | etū /etuː/ |
| Usiku | pō /poː/ | pō /poː/ | pō /poː/ | pō /poː/ | pō /poː/ | pō /poː/ | pō /poː/ |
| Mvua | ua /ua/ | ua /ua/ | ua /ua/ | ua /ua/ | ua /ua/ | ua /ua/ | ua /ua/ |
| Theluji | kīona /kiːona/ | kiona /kiona/ | kiona /kiona/ | kiona /kiona/ | kiona /kiona/ | — | kiona /kiona/ |
| Upepo | matangi /mataŋi/ | matagi /mataŋi/ | matagi /mataŋi/ | matagi /mataŋi/ | matagi /mataŋi/ | matangi /mataŋi/ | matangi /mataŋi/ |
| Udongo | kelekele /kelekele/ | kelekele /kelekele/ | kelekele /kelekele/ | kelekele /kelekele/ | ʻeleʻele /ʔeleʔele/ | repo /repo/ | one /one/ |
| Jiwe | watu /watu/ | fatu /fatu/ | fatu /fatu/ | maka /maka/ | maʻa /maʔa/ | pōfatu /poːfatu/ | toka /toka/ |
| Mlima | maunga /mauŋa/ | mauga /mauŋa/ | mauga /mauŋa/ | mouga /mouŋa/ | mauga /mauŋa/ | māunga /maːuŋa/ | maunga /mauŋa/ |
| Bahari | tai /tai/ | tai /tai/ | moana /moana/ | tahi /tahi/ | sami /sami/ | tai /tai/ | tai /tai/ |
| Mama | matua wawine /matua wawine/ | maatua /maːtua/ | mātua /maːtua/ | matua fifine /matua fifine/ | tinā /tinaː/ | metua vahine /metua vahine/ | māmā /maːmaː/ |
| Baba | matua tāne /matua taːne/ | tamana /tamana/ | tamana /tamana/ | matua taane /matua taːne/ | tamā /tamaː/ | metua tāne /metua taːne/ | pāpā /paːpaː/ |
| Binti | tamāwine /tamaːwine/ | tama fafine /tama fafine/ | afafine /afafine/ | tama fifine /tama fifine/ | afafine /afafine/ | tamahine /tamahine/ | tamaine /tamaine/ |
| Mimi | au /au/ | au /au/ | au /au/ | au /au/ | aʻu /aʔu/ | au /au/ | au /au/ |
| Wewe | koe /koe/ | koe /koe/ | koe /koe/ | koe /koe/ | ʻoe /ʔoe/ | koe /koe/ | koe /koe/ |
| Sisi | tātou / mātou /taːtou / maːtou/ | tātou / mātou /taːtou / maːtou/ | tātou / mātou /taːtou / maːtou/ | tautolu / mautolu /tautolu / mautolu/ | tātou / mātou /taːtou / maːtou/ | tātou / mātou /taːtou / maːtou/ | tātou / mātou /taːtou / maːtou/ |
| Jina | ingoa /iŋoa/ | igoa /iŋoa/ | igoa /iŋoa/ | higoa /hiŋoa/ | igoa /iŋoa/ | ingoa /iŋoa/ | ingoa /iŋoa/ |
| Mtu | tangata /taŋata/ | tino /tino/ | tagata /taŋata/ | tagata /taŋata/ | tagata /taŋata/ | tangata /taŋata/ | tangata /taŋata/ |
| Kichwa | ulu /ulu/ | ulu /ulu/ | ulu /ulu/ | ulu /ulu/ | ulu /ulu/ | upoko /upoko/ | upoko /upoko/ |
| Jicho | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ |
| Sikio | talinga /taliŋa/ | taliga /taliŋa/ | taliga /taliŋa/ | taliga /taliŋa/ | taliga /taliŋa/ | taringa /tariŋa/ | taringa /taɾiŋa/ |
| Pua | iyu /iðu/ | isu /isu/ | ihu /ihu/ | ihu /ihu/ | isu /isu/ | ihu /ihu/ | putāngiʻu /putaːŋiʔu/ |
| Mdomo | ngutu /ŋutu/ | gutu /ŋutu/ | gutu /ŋutu/ | gutu /ŋutu/ | gutu /ŋutu/ | vaha /vaha/ | vaʻa /vaʔa/ |
| Jino | nio /nio/ | nifo /nifo/ | nifo /nifo/ | nifo /nifo/ | nifo /nifo/ | niho /niho/ | niʻo /niʔo/ |
| Ulimi | alelo /alelo/ | alelo /alelo/ | alelo /alelo/ | alelo /alelo/ | laulaufaiva /laulaufaiva/ | arero /aɾeɾo/ | arero /aɾeɾo/ |
| Mkono | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | rima /rima/ | rima /ɾima/ |
| Mguu | vae /vae/ | vae /vae/ | vae /vae/ | hui /hui/ | vae /vae/ | vae /vae/ | vae /vae/ |
| Moyo | loto /loto/ | fatu /fatu/ | fatu /fatu/ | atevili /atevili/ | loto /loto/ | hōupo /hoːupo/ | ngākau /ŋaːkau/ |
| Mfupa | ivi /ivi/ | ivi /ivi/ | ivi /ivi/ | hui /hui/ | ivi /ivi/ | ivi /ivi/ | ivi /ivi/ |
| Damu | toto /toto/ | toto /toto/ | toto /toto/ | toto /toto/ | toto /toto/ | toto /toto/ | toto /toto/ |
| Kinyesi | tūtae /tuːtae/ | tae /tae/ | tae /tae/ | tē /teː/ | tae /tae/ | tūtae /tuːtae/ | tūtae /tuːtae/ |
| Upendo | aloa /aloa/ | alofa /alofa/ | alofa /alofa/ | fakaalofa /fakaalofa/ | alofa /alofa/ | aroha /aroha/ | aroʻa /aɾoʔa/ |
| Mti | lākau /laːkau/ | laakau /laːkau/ | lākau /laːkau/ | akau /akau/ | laʻau /laʔau/ | rākau /raːkau/ | rākau /raːkau/ |
| Mbwa | kulī /kuliː/ | kuli /kuli/ | maile /maile/ | kuli /kuli/ | maile /maile/ | kuri /kuri/ | puakaoa /puakaoa/ |
| Paka | pusi /pusi/ | pusi /pusi/ | puhi /puhi/ | pusi /pusi/ | pusi /pusi/ | — /—/ | ngiao /ŋiao/ |
| Samaki | ika /ika/ | ika /ika/ | ika /ika/ | ika /ika/ | iʻa /iʔa/ | ika /ika/ | ika /ika/ |
| Ndege | manu /manu/ | manu /manu/ | manu /manu/ | manu /manu/ | manu /manu/ | manu /manu/ | manu /manu/ |
| Yai | wuamoa /wuamoa/ | fuamoa /fuamoa/ | fuāmoa /fuaːmoa/ | fua moa /fua moa/ | fuamoa /fuamoa/ | tōuo /toːuo/ | ua /ua/ |
| Dubu | pea /pea/ | pea /pea/ | pea /pea/ | urosa /urosa/ | pea /pea/ | — | pea /pea/ |
| Farasi | oloenua /oloenua/ | solofanua /solofanua/ | holofanua /holofanua/ | solofanua /solofanua/ | solofanua /solofanua/ | puārehenua /puaːrehenua/ | ʻoroʻenua /ʔoɾoʔenua/ |
| Nyumba | wale /wale/ | fale /fale/ | fale /fale/ | fale /fale/ | fale /fale/ | fare /fare/ | ʻare /ʔaɾe/ |
| Maziwa | wū /wuː/ | susu /susu/ | huāhuhu /huaːhuhu/ | huhu /huhu/ | susu /susu/ | — | ū /uː/ |
| Asali | meli /meli/ | hani /hani/ | meli /meli/ | meli /meli/ | meli /meli/ | — | meri /meri/ |
| Chumvi | miti /miti/ | masima /masima/ | māhima /maːhima/ | masima /masima/ | masima /masima/ | miti /miti/ | miti /miti/ |
| Mvinyo | uwaina /uwaina/ | uaina /uaina/ | uaina /uaina/ | uaina /uaina/ | uaina /uaina/ | — | uaina /uaina/ |
| Chuma | āuli /aːuli/ | fiti /fiti/ | ukamea /ukamea/ | lapatoa /lapatoa/ | uʻamea /uʔamea/ | kāuri /kaːuri/ | ʻāuri /ʔaːuri/ |
| Hariri | tilika /tilika/ | silika /silika/ | hilika /hilika/ | silika /silika/ | silika /silika/ | — | tīrika /tiːɾika/ |
| Kitabu | puka /puka/ | tusi /tusi/ | tuhi /tuhi/ | tohi /tohi/ | tusi /tusi/ | puta /puta/ | puka /puka/ |
| Kula | kai /kai/ | kai /kai/ | kai /kai/ | kai /kai/ | ʻai /ʔai/ | kai /kai/ | kai /kai/ |
| Kunywa | inu /inu/ | inu /inu/ | inu /inu/ | inu /inu/ | inu /inu/ | inu /inu/ | inu /inu/ |
| Kulala | moe /moe/ | moe /moe/ | moe /moe/ | mohe /mohe/ | moe /moe/ | moe /moe/ | moe /moe/ |
| Moja | tayi /taði/ | tasi /tasi/ | tahi /tahi/ | taha /taha/ | tasi /tasi/ | tahi /tahi/ | taʻi /taʔi/ |
| Mbili | lua /lua/ | lua /lua/ | lua /lua/ | ua /ua/ | lua /lua/ | rua /rua/ | rua /rua/ |
| Tatu | tolu /tolu/ | tolu /tolu/ | tolu /tolu/ | tolu /tolu/ | tolu /tolu/ | toru /toɾu/ | toru /toɾu/ |
| Nne | wā /waː/ | fā /faː/ | fā /faː/ | fā /faː/ | fā /faː/ | hā /haː/ | ʻā /ʔaː/ |
| Tano | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | rima /ɾima/ | rima /ɾima/ |
| Mia | lau /lau/ | selau /selau/ | helau /helau/ | teau /teau/ | selau /selau/ | hānere /haːnere/ | ʻānere /ʔaːnere/ |
| Habari | kia orana /kia oɾana/ | taalofa /taːlofa/ | mālō ni /maːloː ni/ | fakaalofa atu /fakaalofa atu/ | talofa /talofa/ | — /—/ | kia orāna /kia oɾaːna/ |
| Asante | meitaki /meitaki/ | fakafetai /fakafetai/ | fakafetai /fakafetai/ | fakaaue /fakaaue/ | faʻafetai /faʔafetai/ | — /—/ | meitaki /meitaki/ |
| Nzuri | lelei /lelei/ | lei /lei/ | lelei /lelei/ | mitaki /mitaki/ | lelei /lelei/ | maitaki /maitaki/ | meitaki /meitaki/ |
| Mpya | wou /wou/ | fou /fou/ | fōu /foːu/ | foou /foou/ | fou /fou/ | hoou /hoou/ | ʻou /ʔou/ |
| Nyekundu | kula /kula/ | kula /kula/ | kukula /kukula/ | kula /kula/ | mūmū /muːmuː/ | kura /kuɾa/ | muramura /muɾamuɾa/ |
| Nyeupe | tea /tea/ | kena /kena/ | paepae /paepae/ | tea /tea/ | paʻepaʻe /paʔepaʔe/ | tea /tea/ | teatea /teatea/ |
| Nyeusi | uli /uli/ | uli /uli/ | uli /uli/ | uli /uli/ | uliuli /uliuli/ | kere /kere/ | kerekere /keɾekeɾe/ |
| Kijani | yengayenga /ðeŋaðeŋa/ | lanu lau niu /lanu lau niu/ | lanu meamata /lanu meamata/ | lanu laukou /lanu laukou/ | lanumeamata /lanumeamata/ | matie /matie/ | matie /matie/ |
| Buluu | yengayenga /ðeŋaðeŋa/ | lanu moana /lanu moana/ | lanumoana /lanumoana/ | lanu moana /lanu moana/ | lanumoana /lanumoana/ | ninamu /ninamu/ | auīka /auiːka/ |
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