Qom
Toba
Guaicuruan
Toba, self-designated Qom, is a Guaicuruan language of the Gran Chaco spoken by roughly 120,000 people, chiefly in the Argentine provinces of Chaco, Formosa and Salta, with communities in Paraguay and Bolivia. It is one of the region's most vital Indigenous languages — used in bilingual schooling and radio — and is closely related to Pilagá and Mocoví.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Toba
Sources
- UT Austin Hunter-Gatherer Language Database #391 (Toba)
- Glottolog toba1269; ISO 639-3 tob
- Speaker estimate: Ethnologue / INDEC (Argentina)
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Guaicuruan
| Meaning | Toba | Pilagá | Mocoví | Chorote | Nivaclé | Trumai | Baniwa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ʔetaʁat /ʔetaʁat/ | noʁop /noʁop/ | waʁajaq /waʁajaq/ | anat /anat/ | inɔʔt /inɔʔt/ | misu /misu/ | óoni /óoni/ |
| Fire | nodek /nodek/ | doleʔ /doleʔ/ | norek /norek/ | etjeʔ /etjeʔ/ | itɔx /itɔx/ | so /so/ | ttídzee /t̪ídzee/ |
| Sun | nalaʔ /nalaʔ/ | kʔatena /kʔatena/ | raʔaasa /raʔaasa/ | kilaj /kilaj/ | xunkuklaʔj /xunkuklaʔj/ | atetla /atetla/ | kámoi /kámoi/ |
| Moon | kaʔagoʁoik /kaʔaɡoʁoik/ | ʔawoʁoik /ʔawoʁoik/ | ʃiraigo /ʃiraiɡo/ | weʔla /weʔla/ | xiweʔkla /xiweʔkla/ | atetlpak /atetlpak/ | kéeri /kéeɻi/ |
| Star | waqahɲi /waqahɲi/ | waqtʃiɲi /waqtʃiɲi/ | waqahɲi /waqahɲi/ | kates /kates/ | katiʔs /katiʔs/ | asih /asih/ | hiwírhi /hiwíɻhi/ |
| Night | pe /pe/ | piʔjaq /piʔjaq/ | pe /pe/ | axnax /axnax/ | tuɬ /tuɬ/ | ʃanixnis /ʃanixnis/ | déepi /déepi/ |
| Rain | awot /awot/ | wetep /wetep/ | jaʁat /jaʁat/ | pexla /pexla/ | tʃanu /tʃanu/ | kʔawixu /kʔawixu/ | íidza /íidza/ |
| Snow | aloɲi /aloɲi/ | loɲi /loɲi/ | loɲi /loɲi/ | fʷijit injuneʔ /fʷijit injuneʔ/ | jekleʃe /jekleʃe/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Wind | lʔat /lʔat/ | lajat /lajat/ | nonot /nonot/ | laxwu /laxwu/ | ɬawiʔm /ɬawiʔm/ | sut /sut/ | káwaaɺe /káwaaɺe/ |
| Earth | ʔalwa /ʔalwa/ | ʔalewa /ʔalewa/ | ʔlawa /ʔlawa/ | axnat /axnat/ | kotsxaʔt /kotsxaʔt/ | tenexne /tenexne/ | híipai /híipai/ |
| Stone | qaʔ /qaʔ/ | qaʔ /qaʔ/ | qaʔ /qaʔ/ | poj /poj/ | utex /utex/ | itak /itak/ | hiipada /hiipada/ |
| Mountain | qasoʁonaʁa /qasoʁonaʁa/ | qasoʁonaʁa /qasoʁonaʁa/ | soʁonaʁa /soʁonaʁa/ | takixnakiʔ /takixnakiʔ/ | utejuk /utejuk/ | — | hidzápa /hidzápa/ |
| Sea | awaʁai /awaʁai/ | waʁai /waʁai/ | waaʁai /waaʁai/ | — | ɬkatsʼi towkojtsa /ɬkatsʼi towkojtsa/ | — | — |
| Mother | lateʔe /lateʔe/ | latʔe /latʔe/ | lateʔe /lateʔe/ | meme /meme/ | mimi /mimi/ | atle /atle/ | hádoa /hádoa/ |
| Father | ltaʔa /ltaʔa/ | letʔa /letʔa/ | letaʔa /letaʔa/ | naʔ /naʔ/ | tata /tata/ | ao /ao/ | hániɻi /hániɻi/ |
| Daughter | liale /liale/ | lekʔoqte /lekʔoqte/ | lʲaale /lʲaale/ | axseʔ /axseʔ/ | ɔse /ɔse/ | atadi /atadi/ | — |
| I | ajim /ajim/ | hajim /hajim/ | ajim /ajim/ | jem /jem/ | jiwaatʃa /jiwaatʃa/ | ha /ha/ | nhóa /nhóa/ |
| You | ʔam /ʔam/ | ʔam /ʔam/ | qamiʔ /qamiʔ/ | am /am/ | awaatʃa /awaatʃa/ | hi /hi/ | phía /pʰía/ |
| We | qomiʔ /qomiʔ/ | qoʔmi /qoʔmi/ | qomiʔ /qomiʔ/ | sam /sam/ | kaswaatʃa / jiwaatʃeeɬ /kaswaatʃa / jiwaatʃeeɬ/ | ka wan / ha wan /ka wan / ha wan/ | wha /wha/ |
| Name | lʔenaʁat /lʔenaʁat/ | lenaʁat /lenaʁat/ | leenaʁat /leenaʁat/ | ej /ej/ | ej /ej/ | taak /taak/ | iipítana /iipítana/ |
| Person | ʃijaʁawa /ʃijaʁawa/ | sijaʁawa /sijaʁawa/ | qom leʔek /qom leʔek/ | injoʔ /injoʔ/ | niwakle /niwakle/ | iau /iau/ | newíki /newíki/ |
| Head | lqaik /lqaik/ | laqaik /laqaik/ | lqahik /lqahik/ | xetek /xetek/ | ʃatitʃ /ʃatitʃ/ | kut /kut/ | hiwída /hiwída/ |
| Eye | lʔaite /lʔaite/ | lʔaite /lʔaite/ | nqote /nqote/ | tateʔ /tateʔ/ | tɔsex /tɔsex/ | xon /xon/ | thi /thi/ |
| Ear | ltela /ltela/ | leketela /leketela/ | lkeʔla /lkeʔla/ | kjoteʔ /kjoteʔ/ | kfeʔ /kfeʔ/ | faptɨ /faptɨ/ | héeni /héeni/ |
| Nose | lmik /lmik/ | limik /limik/ | limik /limik/ | xnatowo /xnatowo/ | naʔʃ /naʔʃ/ | laʃa /laʃa/ | hitáko /hitáko/ |
| Mouth | alap /alap/ | nedegaʁat /nedeɡaʁat/ | lap /lap/ | aj /aj/ | aʃi /aʃi/ | xop /xop/ | nóma /nóma/ |
| Tooth | lwe /lwe/ | lodaite /lodaite/ | lowe /lowe/ | afʷeʔ /afʷeʔ/ | tsewte /tsewte/ | iʃa /iʃa/ | eétsha /eétʃa/ |
| Tongue | latʃaʁat /latʃaʁat/ | latʃaʁat /latʃaʁat/ | loʔlegaʁanaʁat /loʔleɡaʁanaʁat/ | kax /kax/ | tʃʼakletʃ /tʃʼakletʃ/ | ano /ano/ | eenéne /eenéne/ |
| Hand | lwaq /lwaq/ | lowaq /lowaq/ | lqaiʔlaʁat /lqaiʔlaʁat/ | kjoj /kjoj/ | pɔʔkɔt /pɔʔkɔt/ | kat /kat/ | káapi /káapi/ |
| Foot | lapiaʔ /lapiaʔ/ | lapiaʔ /lapiaʔ/ | lapiaʔ /lapiaʔ/ | kalaʔ /kalaʔ/ | foʔ /foʔ/ | pitsʔ /pitsʔ/ | híipa /híipa/ |
| Heart | lkidʒaqte /lkidʒaqte/ | likidiaqte /likidiaqte/ | leʔtaʁanata /leʔtaʁanata/ | oxtaleʔ /oxtaleʔ/ | ɬiʔwte /ɬiʔwte/ | hotʔaput /hotʔaput/ | kaale /kaaɺe/ |
| Bone | piʔinek /piʔinek/ | pʔinek /pʔinek/ | piʔnek /piʔnek/ | weʔlak /weʔlak/ | nuʔ /nuʔ/ | daʃ /daʃ/ | áapi /áapi/ |
| Blood | ltagoʔq /ltaɡoʔq/ | letawoʔ /letawoʔ/ | lewoʔ /lewoʔ/ | wojis /wojis/ | wojej /wojej/ | du /du/ | iiránaa /iiɻánaa/ |
| Poop | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Love | lsoʁodʒik /lsoʁodʒik/ | noqpita /noqpita/ | iʔʁoren /iʔʁoren/ | soon /soon/ | — /—/ | puʔdits /puʔdits/ | — /—/ |
| Tree | ʔipaq /ʔipaq/ | ʔepaq /ʔepaq/ | qoʔpaq /qoʔpaq/ | alaʔ /alaʔ/ | aʔkxutajuk /aʔkxutajuk/ | dei /dei/ | háiko /háiko/ |
| Dog | pioq /pioq/ | pioq /pioq/ | pioq /pioq/ | noʔo /noʔo/ | nuʔu /nuʔu/ | kasoro /kasoro/ | tsíino /tsíino/ |
| Cat | miitʃa /miitʃa/ | mitʃa /mitʃa/ | regaatolek /reɡaatolek/ | tinuk /tinuk/ | tanuk /tanuk/ | — /—/ | pitsána /pitsána/ |
| Fish | njaq /njaq/ | nijaq /nijaq/ | nalʲin /nalʲin/ | sijus /sijus/ | saxetʃ /saxetʃ/ | kaʔte /kaʔte/ | kóphe /kúpʰe/ |
| Bird | qojo /qojo/ | majoʔ /majoʔ/ | ajo /ajo/ | afʷena /afʷena/ | ɔxɔklɔ /ɔxɔklɔ/ | uraʔi /uraʔi/ | áadaro /áadaɻo/ |
| Butterfly | toʁotoq /toʁotoq/ | petooloʁol /peˈtoːloʁol/ | paare /ˈpaːre/ | kopijeʔ /kopijeʔ/ | wosok /wosok/ | tumu tumu /tumu tumu/ | makálo /makálo/ |
| Egg | lkoʔoweʔ /lkoʔoweʔ/ | lekʔoweʔ /lekʔoweʔ/ | lkoʔweʔ /lkoʔweʔ/ | leʔkjuʔ /leʔkjuʔ/ | ɬʃajkʼu /ɬʃajkʼu/ | taf /taf/ | éewhe /éewhe/ |
| Bear | oso /oso/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Horse | kaajo /kaajo/ | pegaq /peɡaq/ | ʃipgaq /ʃipɡaq/ | alenta /alenta/ | kuwɔju /kuwɔju/ | — | — |
| House | nojik /nojik/ | ʔemek /ʔemek/ | ʔimek /ʔimek/ | sawo /sawo/ | xpɔjitʃ /xpɔjitʃ/ | dat /dat/ | pántti /pánt̪i/ |
| Milk | ltʃiʔ /ltʃiʔ/ | lotʃiʔ /lotʃiʔ/ | loʔiʔ /loʔiʔ/ | kajtjos /kajtjos/ | tsʼoʔs /tsʼoʔs/ | — | — |
| Honey | dapik /dapik/ | maʔage liʔi /maʔaɡe liʔi/ | rapik liʔi /rapik liʔi/ | wonateʔ /wonateʔ/ | akɔjetʃ /akɔjetʃ/ | aus tsʔa /aus tsʔa/ | doni /doni/ |
| Salt | towe /towe/ | qaaʔnowa /qaaʔnowa/ | ʔwe /ʔwe/ | sifʷoniʔ /sifʷoniʔ/ | naʔpkutax /naʔpkutax/ | iakɨr /iakɨr/ | íiwi /íiwi/ |
| Wine | lataʁa /lataʁa/ | lataʁa /lataʁa/ | lataʁa /lataʁa/ | — | ɔtxajetax tʼiʔ /ɔtxajetax tʼiʔ/ | — | — |
| Wheel | lasaʁanna /lasaʁanna/ | nesaʁalena /nesaʁalena/ | lasaʁalona /lasaʁalona/ | xikalaʔ /xikalaʔ/ | tononontax ɬafoʔ /tononontax ɬafoʔ/ | — | — |
| Book | lede /lede/ | lede /lede/ | nelere /nelere/ | xokinek /xokinek/ | watkʼisxajanatʃ /watkʼisxajanatʃ/ | — | — |
| Eat | dekeʔe /dekeʔe/ | dekeʔe /dekeʔe/ | keʔe /keʔe/ | jekjun /jekjun/ | tux /tux/ | ma /ma/ | íiñha /íiɲha/ |
| Drink | njom /njom/ | nijom /nijom/ | neʔet /neʔet/ | je /je/ | jɔʔ /jɔʔ/ | sone /sone/ | íira /íiɻa/ |
| Sleep | doʔotʃi /doʔotʃi/ | dʔotʃi /dʔotʃi/ | laq /laq/ | maʔa /maʔa/ | mɔʔ /mɔʔ/ | iotl /iotl/ | ímaa /ímaa/ |
| One | ʔoonolek /ʔoonolek/ | ʔoonolek /ʔoonolek/ | ʔona /ʔona/ | ifʷjenni /ifʷjenni/ | weʔɬa /weʔɬa/ | mihin /mihin/ | aapa /aapa/ |
| Two | doosolqa /doosolqa/ | doosolqa /doosolqa/ | doosolqaiʔ /doosolqaiʔ/ | intak /intak/ | napuʔ /napuʔ/ | uuʃ /uuʃ/ | dzáma /dzáma/ |
| Three | treesolqa /treesolqa/ | treesolqa /treesolqa/ | treesolqaiʔ /treesolqaiʔ/ | iwjeʔtsjela /iwjeʔtsjela/ | puʔxaʔna /puʔxaʔna/ | uʃtaxme /uʃtaxme/ | madali /madali/ |
| Four | kowaatro /kowaatro/ | kwaatrolqa /kwaatrolqa/ | kwaatrolqaiʔ /kwaatrolqaiʔ/ | pawlitsiʔ /pawlitsiʔ/ | jitʃatxuɬ /jitʃatxuɬ/ | — | — |
| Five | ʃiinko /ʃiinko/ | — /—/ | ʃiinkolqaiʔ /ʃiinkolqaiʔ/ | ifʷjenni sikjoj itifʷe /ifʷjenni sikjoj itifʷe/ | weʔɬanɔxeʃ /weʔɬanɔxeʃ/ | nekatkelan /nekatkelan/ | — /—/ |
| Hundred | ʃien /ʃien/ | sien jʔaʁaik /sien jʔaʁaik/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Hello | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Good | noʔon /noʔon/ | nʔoota /nʔoota/ | noʔwen /noʔwen/ | es /es/ | is /is/ | deta /deta/ | mátsia /mátsia/ |
| New | dalaʁaik /dalaʁaik/ | dalaʁaik /dalaʁaik/ | dalaʁaik /dalaʁaik/ | inkjeʔ /inkjeʔ/ | nitʃʼa /nitʃʼa/ | xodae /xodae/ | éemi /éemi/ |
| Red | tok /tok/ | toomaʁadaik /toomaʁadaik/ | tok /tok/ | isjet /isjet/ | juk /juk/ | tsiomat /tsiomat/ | íirai /íiɻai/ |
| White | japagaq /japaɡaq/ | japagaq /japaɡaq/ | jalagaq /jalaɡaq/ | lemiʔ /lemiʔ/ | klim /klim/ | tsitore /tsitore/ | háale /háaɺe/ |
| Black | naweʔ /naweʔ/ | leedaʁaik /leedaʁaik/ | naweʔ /naweʔ/ | tula /tula/ | jakut /jakut/ | tsidat /tsidat/ | íitta /íit̪a/ |
| Green | dadala /dadala/ | dadala /dadala/ | radala /radala/ | watso /watso/ | nipewajʃi /nipewajʃi/ | — | hípole /hípole/ |
| Blue | malaʁadaik /malaʁadaik/ | malaʁadaik /malaʁadaik/ | ikolaq /ikolaq/ | lasa /lasa/ | jaka /jaka/ | tsiauu /tsiauu/ | — |
| Cuckoo | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Woof | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Computer | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Sushi | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Tea | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Sugar | ʔasooka /ʔasooka/ | ʔasooka /ʔasooka/ | soka /soka/ | titsojinlamak /titsojinlamak/ | tʃʼiʃi /tʃʼiʃi/ | aroxoroxok /aroxoroxok/ | — |
| Orange | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Dopamine | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| At sign | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
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