Maaya Tzij
Kimaya cha Kale
Kimaya · aina ya kihistoria / iliyofichwa
Pia hujulikana kama: Classical Maya, Mayan
Kimaya cha kale (Chʼoltiʼ, "lugha ya nyanda za chini zinazozungumza Chʼol") kilikuwa lugha ya hadhi ya ustaarabu wa kale wa Wamaya katika kipindi cha Klasiki (takriban 250–900 BK), kikiandikwa katika mfumo wa uandishi wa Mesoamerika kabla ya Kolumbo uliokuzwa kikamilifu zaidi — na wa pekee uliofasiriwa kwa kiwango kikubwa. Maandishi ya hieroglifi ya Wamaya yalikuwa mfumo wa logo-silabi wenye takriban alama 800 tofauti, ukiandika historia, mpangilio wa nasaba, elimu ya nyota, matambiko na hekaya kwenye nguzo za mawe, viunzi vya milango, kodeksi na vyombo vya kauri. Maendeleo ya ufasiri tangu miaka ya 1950 (Knorozov, Proskouriakoff) yamewezesha kusoma maandishi mengi. Lugha ya kifasihi ya kale ilitokana na Kicholan (babu wa Chʼortiʼ na Chol za kisasa).
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kimaya cha Kale
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Kimaya
| Maana | Kimaya cha Kale | Kiitza | Kimaya cha Yucatec | Kitzeltal | Kichontal cha Tabasco | Kichol | Kitojolabal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | haʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ |
| Moto | kʼahkʼ /kʼahkʼ/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | kʼáakʼ /kʼaːkʼ/ | kʼajkʼ /kʼahkʼ/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | kʼajk /kʼahk/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ |
| Jua | kʼin /kʼin/ | kʼin /kʼin/ | kʼiin /kʼiːn/ | kʼajkʼal /kʼahkʼal/ | kʼin /kʼin/ | kʼiñ /kʼiɲ/ | kʼakʼu /kʼakʼu/ |
| Mwezi | uh /uh/ | uj /uh/ | uj /uh/ | u /u/ | ä /æ/ | uw /uw/ | ixaw /iʃaw/ |
| Nyota | ekʼ /eːkʼ/ | ekʼ /ekʼ/ | eekʼ /eːkʼ/ | ekʼ /ekʼ/ | ekʼ /ʔekʼ/ | ekʼ /ʔekʼ/ | kʼanal /kʼanal/ |
| Usiku | akʼabʼ /akʼaɓ/ | akʼabʼ /akʼaɓ/ | áakʼabʼ /aːkʼaɓ/ | ajkʼabal /ahkʼaɓal/ | akʼäb /akʼɨb/ | akʼälel /akʼɨlel/ | aʼkwal /aʔkʷal/ |
| Mvua | haʼal /haʔal/ | — | cháak /tʃáːk/ | jaʼal /haʔal/ | — | jaʼal /haʔal/ | — |
| Upepo | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | iikʼ /iːkʼ/ | ikʼ /ʔikʼ/ | — | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ʔikʼ/ |
| Udongo | kab /kab/ | luʼum /luʔum/ | luʼum /luʔum/ | lum /lum/ | lum /lum/ | lum /lum/ | luʼum /luʔum/ |
| Jiwe | tuun /tuːn/ | tunich /tunitʃ/ | tuunich /tuːˈnitʃ/ | ton /ton/ | jiʼtun /hiʔtun/ | xajlel /ʃahlel/ | ton /ton/ |
| Mlima | witz /wits/ | — | wiits /wiːts/ | wits /wits/ | tzʼik /tsʼik/ | wits /wits/ | wits /wits/ |
| Bahari | kʼahkʼ nab /kʼahkʼ nab/ | — | kʼáaʼnáab /kʼaːʔnaːb/ | mar /mar/ | nab /nab/ | ñajb /ɲahɓ/ | niwan paman jaʼ /niwan paman haʔ/ |
| Mama | naʼ /naʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | meʼ /meʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | ñaʼ /ɲaʔ/ | nan /nan/ |
| Baba | yuum /juːm/ | tat /tat/ | taata /taːta/ | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ |
| Mimi | hiin /hiːn/ | ten /ten/ | teen /teːn/ | joʼon /hoʔon/ | noʼon /noʔon/ | joñoñ /hoɲoɲ/ | keʼn /keʔn/ |
| Wewe | hat /hat/ | tech /tetʃ/ | teech /teːtʃ/ | jaʼat /haʔat/ | neʼet /neʔet/ | jatyet /hatʲet/ | weʼn /weʔn/ |
| Sisi | — /—/ | toʼon /toʔon/ | toʼon /toʔon/ | joʼotik / joʼotikon /hoʔotik / hoʔotikon/ | noʼonla /noʔonla/ | joñonla / joñon lojon /hoɲonla / hoɲon lohon/ | keʼntik / keʼntikon /keʔntik / keʔntikon/ |
| Jina | kʼabaʼ /kʼaˈɓaʔ/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaɓaʔ/ | kʼaabaʼ /kʼaːɓaʔ/ | biil /ɓiːl/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaɓaʔ/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaɓaʔ/ | bʼiʼil /ɓiʔil/ |
| Mtu | winik /winik/ | — | máak /maːk/ | ants winik /ants winik/ | winik /winik/ | kixtyañu /kiʃtʲaɲu/ | winkil /winkil/ |
| Kichwa | jol /hol/ | — | pool /poːl/ | jol /hol/ | pam /pam/ | jol /hol/ | ʼolom /ʔolom/ |
| Jicho | ut /ut/ | ich /itʃ/ | ich /itʃ/ | sit /sit/ | wich /witʃ/ | wut /wut/ | satej /sateh/ |
| Sikio | chikin /tʃikin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ |
| Pua | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ |
| Mdomo | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ |
| Jino | eh /eh/ | koh /koh/ | koh /koh/ | ehal /ehal/ | ej /eh/ | ej /eh/ | ex /eʃ/ |
| Ulimi | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | aakʼ /aːkʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | äkʼ /ɨkʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ |
| Mkono | kʼab /kʼab/ | kʼab /kʼab/ | kʼabʼ /kʼaɓ/ | kʼab /kʼab/ | kʼäb /kʼɨb/ | kʼäb /kʼɨɓ/ | kʼabʼ /kʼaɓ/ |
| Mguu | ook /oːk/ | — | ook /oːk/ | ok /ok/ | ok /ok/ | ok /ok/ | ok /ok/ |
| Moyo | pixan /piʃan/ | pukʼsikʼal /pukʼsikʼal/ | puksiʼikʼal /puksiʔikʼal/ | oʼtan /oʔtan/ | pixan /piʃan/ | pusʼikʼal /pusʼikʼal/ | altzil /altsil/ |
| Mfupa | baak /ɓaːk/ | bʼak /ɓak/ | bʼaak /ɓaːk/ | bak /ɓak/ | bak /ɓak/ | bäk /ɓɨk/ | bakel /ɓakel/ |
| Damu | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ | kʼiʼikʼ /kʼiʔikʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chikʼel /tʃikʼel/ |
| Upendo | yaah /jaːh/ | yakunti /jakunti/ | yaakuntej /jaːkunteh/ | kʼanbey /kʼanbej/ | kʼuxbe /kʼuʃbe/ | kʼuxbiñ /kʼuʃbiɲ/ | skʼana /skʼana/ |
| Mti | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ |
| Mbwa | peekʼ /peːkʼ/ | pekʼ /pekʼ/ | peekʼ /peːkʼ/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | wichuʼ /witʃuʔ/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ |
| Paka | miis /miːs/ | mis /mis/ | miis /miːs/ | mis /mis/ | ajmis /ahmis/ | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ |
| Samaki | kay /kaj/ | käy /kɨj/ | kay /kaj/ | chay /tʃaj/ | buchʼ /butʃʼ/ | chäy /tʃɨj/ | chay /tʃaj/ |
| Ndege | mut /mut/ | chʼiichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ | chʼíichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ | mut /mut/ | mut /mut/ | mut /mut/ | yal chan /jal tʃan/ |
| Nyumba | otoch /otoːtʃ/ | nah /nah/ | naj /nah/ | na /na/ | otot /otot/ | otyot /otjot/ | naj /nah/ |
| Kitabu | huun /huːn/ | Juʼumilxok /huʔumilʃok/ | juʼun /huʔun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | juñ /huɲ/ | juʼun /huʔun/ |
| Kula | weʼ /weʔ/ | jant /hant/ | jaant /haːnt/ | weʼel /weʔel/ | weʼ /weʔ/ | kʼux /kʼuʃ/ | waʼel /waʔel/ |
| Kunywa | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | ukʼul /ukʼul/ | uchʼel /utʃʼel/ | ukʼe /ukʼe/ | uchʼ /utʃʼ/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ |
| Kulala | way /waj/ | wenel /wenel/ | wenel /wenel/ | way /waj/ | wäye /wɨje/ | wäyel /wɨjel/ | wayel /wajel/ |
| Moja | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | un /un/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ |
| Mbili | chaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ | cheb /tʃeb/ | chaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | chaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | chabʼ /tʃaɓ/ |
| Tatu | ox /oʃ/ | ox /oʃ/ | óox /ʔoːʃ/ | oxeb /oʃeb/ | ux /uʃ/ | uxpʼejl /uʃpʼehl/ | oxe /oʃe/ |
| Nne | kan /kan/ | kan /kan/ | kan /kan/ | chaneb /tʃaneb/ | chan /tʃan/ | chämpʼejl /tʃɨmpʼehl/ | chane /tʃane/ |
| Tano | hoʼ /hoʔ/ | — | joʼ /hoʔ/ | joʼeb /hoʔeɓ/ | joʼ /hoʔ/ | joʼ /hoʔ/ | joʼe /hoʔe/ |
| Habari | bix a beel /biʃ a beːl/ | bʼix a tʼan /biʃ a tʼan/ | baʼax ka waʼalik /baʔaʃ ka waʔalik/ | banti winik /banti winik/ | bin a bel /bin a bel/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | lekilukʼ /lekilukʼ/ |
| Asante | nibʼoolal /nibʼoːlal/ | dios bʼotik /dios botik/ | dios boʼotik /dios boʔotik/ | wokol awal /wokol awal/ | dios boʼtik /dios boʔtik/ | wokolix awälä /wokoliʃ awɨlɨ/ | yuj /juh/ |
| Nzuri | utz /uts/ | malobʼ /malob/ | maʼalob /maʔalob/ | lek /lek/ | tsʼak /tsʼak/ | utsʼat /utsʼat/ | lek /lek/ |
| Mpya | achʼ /atʃʼ/ | — | túumben /tuːmben/ | achʼ /atʃʼ/ | tzijib /tsihib/ | tsijib /tsihiɓ/ | yajkʼachil /jahkʼatʃil/ |
| Nyekundu | chak /tʃak/ | chäk /tʃɨk/ | chak /tʃak/ | tsajal /tsahal/ | chäk /tʃɨk/ | chächäk /tʃɨtʃɨk/ | chak /tʃak/ |
| Nyeupe | sak /sak/ | säk /sək/ | sak /sak/ | sak /sak/ | säk /sæk/ | säsäk /sɨsɨk/ | sak /sak/ |
| Nyeusi | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | — | box /boʃ/ | ijkʼal /ihkʼal/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | iʼikʼ /iʔikʼ/ | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ |
| Kijani | yax /jaʃ/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ | yax /jaʃ/ | yäx /jɨʃ/ | yäjyäx /jɨhjɨʃ/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ |
| Buluu | yax /jaʃ/ | — | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ | yax /jaʃ/ | yäx /jɨʃ/ | yäjyäx /jɨhjɨʃ/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ |
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