Denaakkʼe
Kikoyukon
Na-Dené (Athabaskan, kaskazini, Central Alaska)
Koyukon (Denaakkʼe, "maneno ya watu") ni lugha kubwa zaidi ya Kiathabaska cha Kaskazini ya katikati ya bara ya Alaska, inayozungumzwa kando ya mito Yukon, Koyukuk na Tanana. Watu wa Koyukon ni wavuvi-wawindaji wa kimila waliokuza maarifa asilia ya kina cha ajabu kuhusu mfumo-ikolojia wa boreal — yaliyoandikwa katika kazi ya kawaida ya kianthropolojia ya Richard K. Nelson "Make Prayers to the Raven" (1983). Ni lugha ya toni yenye rejista tatu, yenye mofolojia changamano ya vitenzi inayotegemea viambishi awali na mizizi ya viainishi. Iko hatarini sana kutoweka; programu za Kituo cha Lugha Asilia za Alaska zinafanya kazi kuelekea uhuishaji wake.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kikoyukon
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Na-Dené (Athabaskan, kaskazini, Central Alaska)
| Maana | Kikoyukon | Kiwichita | Kihupa | Kicarrier | Kiapache cha Magharibi | Kinahuatl cha Istmo | Proto-Maya |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | too /toː/ | kicʔa /kitsʔa/ | taʼna:n /taʔnaːn/ | too /tu/ | tú /tú/ | a̱ꞌti /aːʔti/ | *haʔ /haʔ/ |
| Moto | kkunʼ /kːunʔ/ | heːcʔa /heːtsʔa/ | xongʼ /xoŋʔ/ | kwun /kʷun/ | kǫʼ /kṍʔ/ | tiꞌti /tiʔti/ | *qʼaaqʼ /qʼaaqʼ/ |
| Jua | so /so/ | saːkhirʔa /saːkʰiɾʔa/ | wha /hʷa/ | sa /sa/ | yaʼáí /jaʔáí/ | to̱nati̱ꞌ /toːnatiːʔ/ | *qʼiinh /qʼiinh/ |
| Mwezi | dołtʼolee /doɬtʼoliː/ | waːh /waːh/ | hwa-ʼangʼ /hwaʔɑŋʔ/ | ʼulhdzis oozaʼ /ʔuɬdzis oːzaʔ/ | tłʼéʼgonaʼáí /tɬʼéʔɡonaʔáí/ | me̱tzti /meːtsti/ | *uːh /uːh/ |
| Nyota | tłoonʼ /tɬoːnʔ/ | hiːkwirikʔa /hiːkʷiɾikʔa/ | tsingʼ /tsiŋʔ/ | sum /sum/ | tsʼiłsǫǫsé /tsʼiɬsõːsé/ | si̱talin /siːtalin/ | *eʼq /eʼq/ |
| Usiku | łida /ɬida/ | ckhaːrʔa /tskʰaːɾʔa/ | xiłeʼ /xiɬeʔ/ | ʼulhdzis /ʔuɬdzis/ | tłʼéʼ /tɬʼéʔ/ | yóhual /ˈjowal/ | *aqʼabʼ /aqʼaɓ/ |
| Mvua | konh /konh/ | — | — | chan /tʃan/ | — | tiahua̱ꞌ /tiawaːʔ/ | *nhabʼ /ŋaɓ/ |
| Theluji | tseetl /tsʰiːtɬʰ/ | hiraːʔa /hiɾaːʔa/ | nundil /nʊndɪl/ | yus̲ /jus/ | zas /zas/ | — | — |
| Udongo | ninʼ /ninʔ/ | — | ninʼ /nɪnʔ/ | yun /jun/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | ta̱jli /taːhli/ | *chʼohchʼ /tʃʼohtʃʼ/ |
| Jiwe | laʼona /laʔona/ | — | — | t̲s̲e /tse/ | tsé /tsé/ | teꞌti /teʔti/ | *ʔaʔbʼaj /ʔaʔbʼaj/ |
| Mama | eenaa /iːnaː/ | eciyeːh /etsijeːh/ | -anʼ /-anʔ/ | oo /oː/ | shimaa /ʃimaː/ | te̱ye̱ꞌ /teːjeːʔ/ | *naʔ /naʔ/ |
| Baba | eetaa /iːtaː/ | taːtah /taːtah/ | -taʼ /-taʔ/ | abe /abe/ | shitaa /ʃitaː/ | te̱taj /teːtah/ | *taat /taat/ |
| Mimi | see /siː/ | nacʔih /natsʔih/ | whe /hʷe/ | si /si/ | shíí /ʃíː/ | nej /neh/ | *in /in/ |
| Wewe | ninh /ninh/ | nasʔih /nasʔih/ | ning /nɪŋ/ | nen /nen/ | ni /ni/ | tej /teh/ | *ʔat /ʔat/ |
| Sisi | — /—/ | — /—/ | nehe /nehe/ | neni /neni/ | nohwí /nohwí/ | tejame̱n / nejame̱n /tehameːn / nehameːn/ | — /—/ |
| Jina | oos /oːs/ | hissaːrʔa /hissaːɾʔa/ | -ooziʼ /oːzɪʔ/ | uzi /uzi/ | -zhiʼ /ʒiʔ/ | to̱ca̱ꞌ /toːkaːʔ/ | *bʼih /bʼih/ |
| Mtu | dinaa /dinaː/ | ihaas /ihaas/ | kʼiwinyaʼa:n /kʲʼiwinjaʔaːn/ | dune /dune/ | nnee /nːeː/ | — | *winaq /winaq/ |
| Kichwa | -tłeeʼ /tɬiːʔ/ | — | — | ut̲s̲i /utsi/ | bitsitsʼin /bitsitsʼin/ | tzontecon /tsontekon/ | — |
| Jicho | -noghaʼ /noɣaʔ/ | kirikʔa /kiɾikʔa/ | -na:ʼ /-nɑːʔ/ | oona /oːna/ | bináá /bináː/ | i̱xti /iːʃti/ | *Haty /hatʲ/ |
| Jino | aghoʼ /aɣoʔ/ | aːkʔa /aːkʔa/ | -woʼ /-woʔ/ | ughu /uɣu/ | ghoʼ /ɣoʔ/ | tanti /tanti/ | *ʔeeh /ʔeːh/ |
| Ulimi | łolaʼ /ɬolaʔ/ | hacʼa /hatsʔa/ | sastan /sastan/ | ecula /etsula/ | bizaad /bizaːd/ | le̱nguaj /leːnɡʷah/ | *aaqʼ /aːqʼ/ |
| Mkono | -loʼ /loʔ/ | iskʔa /iskʔa/ | -laʼ /-laʔ/ | la /la/ | bigan /biɡan/ | mayiꞌ /majiʔ/ | *qʼabʼ /qʼabʼ/ |
| Mguu | -kkaaʼ /kːaːʔ/ | asʔa /asʔa/ | -xeʼ /-xeʔ/ | ʼuke /ʔuke/ | shikee /ʃikeː/ | icxi /ikʃi/ | *ʔooq /ʔoːq/ |
| Moyo | -dzaayaʼ /tsaːjaʔ/ | sikicʔa /sikitsʔa/ | -ping /-piŋ/ | ʼunjid /ʔundʒid/ | bijíí /bidʒíː/ | iya̱lmaj /ijaːlmah/ | — /—/ |
| Mfupa | tlʼinh /tɬʼinh/ | kiːsʔa /kiːsʔa/ | -tsʼinʼ /-tsʼinʔ/ | ootsʼun /oːtsʼun/ | tsʼin /tsʼin/ | omiꞌ /omiʔ/ | *bʼaaq /ɓaːq/ |
| Damu | lakkona /lakːona/ | waːckicʔa /waːtskitsʔa/ | tse:lin /tseːlin/ | delel /delel/ | dił /diɬ/ | esti /esti/ | *kikʼ /kikʼ/ |
| Upendo | kʼoonejee /kʼooneʒeː/ | — /—/ | na-wh-ʼishtʼeʼn /nɑwʔɪʃtʼɛʔn/ | sjut /sdʒut/ | ayóigóʼíí /ʔajóiɣóʔíː/ | quinequi /kineki/ | — /—/ |
| Mti | kʼeyh /kʼejh/ | tiyaːhkw /tijaːhkʷ/ | kin /kɪn/ | dechen /detʃen/ | chʼil /tʃʼil/ | cuahuiꞌ /kʷawiʔ/ | *teʔ /teʔ/ |
| Mbwa | łeek /ɬeːk/ | kiciyeːh /kitsijeːh/ | łingʼ /ɬiŋʔ/ | lhi /ɬi/ | góshé /ɡóʃé/ | pe̱lo /peːlo/ | *tzʼiʔ /tzʼiʔ/ |
| Paka | dotonh /dotonh/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | gus /ɡus/ | gídí /ɡídí/ | misto̱n /mistoːn/ | — /—/ |
| Samaki | tookkʼa /toːkʼa/ | kaːcʔa /kaːtsʔa/ | ło:qʼ /ɬoːqʼ/ | lho /ɬo/ | łóg /ɬóɡ/ | to̱poj /toːpoh/ | *kar /kar/ |
| Dubu | sis /sis/ | — | sa:tsʼ /saːtsʼ/ | sus /sus/ | shash /ʃaʃ/ | oso /oso/ | — |
| Nyumba | yah /jah/ | akhaːrʔa /akʰaːɾʔa/ | xontah /xontɑh/ | yoh /joh/ | kįh /kĩh/ | cajli /kahli/ | *nah /nah/ |
| Maziwa | tlʼoo /tɬʼoː/ | — | — | lilet /lilet/ | ibeʼ /ibeʔ/ | chi̱chihuala̱ꞌ /tʃiːtʃiwalaːʔ/ | — |
| Chumvi | sol /sol/ | — | łehqʼonchʼ /ɬehqʼontʃʼ/ | lisel /lisel/ | ishįįh /ʔiʃĩːh/ | istaꞌ /istaʔ/ | *ʔaʔtzʼaam /ʔaʔtsʼaːm/ |
| Kula | kʼahonh /kʼahonh/ | kaʔac /kaʔats/ | na-ya:n /nɑjɑːn/ | ʼoonjuh /ʔoːndʒuh/ | yiyąą /jijãː/ | tacua /takʷa/ | *waʔ /waʔ/ |
| Kunywa | kʼisinoonh /kʼisinoːnh/ | kikʔa /kikʔa/ | na-ʼa:n /nɑʔɑːn/ | dunjuh /dundʒuh/ | yidlą /jidlã/ | a̱ti /aːti/ | *ʔukʼ /ʔukʼ/ |
| Moja | kʼeetakkʼee /kʼiːtakʼiː/ | chiʔass /tsʰiʔass/ | łaʼ /ɬaʔ/ | ʼulhah /ʔuɬah/ | dáłaʼá /dáɬaʔá/ | se̱ /seː/ | *jun /jun/ |
| Mbili | niteekkʼee /nitiːkʼiː/ | wic /wits/ | nahx /nahx/ | nanki /nanki/ | naki /naki/ | o̱me /oːme/ | *kaʼ /kaʼ/ |
| Tatu | tokkʼee /tokʼiː/ | taw /taw/ | ta:qʼ /taːqʼ/ | ta /ta/ | táági /táːɡi/ | e̱yi /eːji/ | *ʼoxibʼ /ʔoʃiɓ/ |
| Habari | — /—/ | — /—/ | tsʼehdiyaʼ /tsʼɛhdɪjaʔ/ | ʼahdoozaee /ʔahdoːzaː/ | dagotʼee /daɡotʼeː/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Asante | baaseeʼ /baːseːʔ/ | — /—/ | na:nehs-ʼe:n /nɑːnɛhsʔɛːn/ | snachailya /snatʃailja/ | ahíyiʼé /ʔahíjiʔé/ | gracias /ɡrasjas/ | — /—/ |
| Nzuri | nizoonh /nizoːnh/ | acs /atss/ | niwhong /nɪwhoŋ/ | nezuʼ /nezuʔ/ | nzhǫǫ /nʒõː/ | ye̱cti /jeːkti/ | *utz /utz/ |
| Nyekundu | nełtseeyh /neɬtseːjh/ | kwhaːc /kʷʰaːts/ | łitsʼ /ɬitsʼ/ | delqʼun /delqʼun/ | łichíí /ɬitʃíː/ | chi̱ltiꞌ /tʃiːltiʔ/ | *kaq /kaq/ |
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