Na:tinixwe Mixine:whe’
Kihupa
Na-Dené (Kiathabaska, Pwani ya Pasifiki)
Hupa (Na:tinixwe Mixine:whe', "lugha ya watu wa Bonde la Hoopa") ni lugha ya Kiathabaska ya Pwani ya Pasifiki ya kaskazini-magharibi mwa California, dada wa Chilula na Whilkut. Ina mfumo wa kawaida wa Kiathabaska wa vitenzi vya uainishaji wenye mofolojia ya viambishi awali, vikwamizo vya kando (ɬ) na konsonanti za mlipuko (ejectives). Leo ina wazungumzaji wachache tu wazee wa lugha ya kwanza (L1), lakini ni kitovu cha juhudi kubwa za kabila za kufufua lugha, ikiwa ni pamoja na shule za kuzamishwa katika lugha.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kihupa
Vyanzo
- Golla, Victor (1996) Hupa Language Dictionary. Second edition. Hoopa Valley Tribal Council.
- Sapir, Edward & Golla, Victor (2001) The Collected Works of Edward Sapir XIV: Northwest California Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Glottolog: Hupa
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Na-Dené (Kiathabaska, Pwani ya Pasifiki)
| Maana | Kihupa | Kikoyukon | Kiapache cha Magharibi | Kinavaho | Kiwichita | Kicarrier | Kichipewyan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | taʼna:n /taʔnaːn/ | too /toː/ | tú /tú/ | tó /tʰó/ | kicʔa /kitsʔa/ | too /tu/ | tu /tu/ |
| Moto | xongʼ /xoŋʔ/ | kkunʼ /kːunʔ/ | kǫʼ /kṍʔ/ | kǫʼ /kʰõ̀ʔ/ | heːcʔa /heːtsʔa/ | kwun /kʷun/ | kón /kón/ |
| Jua | wha /hʷa/ | so /so/ | yaʼáí /jaʔáí/ | jóhonaaʼéí /tʃóhònàːʔéí/ | saːkhirʔa /saːkʰiɾʔa/ | sa /sa/ | sa /sa/ |
| Mwezi | hwa-ʼangʼ /hwaʔɑŋʔ/ | dołtʼolee /doɬtʼoliː/ | tłʼéʼgonaʼáí /tɬʼéʔɡonaʔáí/ | tłʼéhonaaʼéí /tɬʼéhònɑ̀ːʔéí/ | waːh /waːh/ | ʼulhdzis oozaʼ /ʔuɬdzis oːzaʔ/ | ɂełdzi /ʔeɬdzi/ |
| Nyota | tsingʼ /tsiŋʔ/ | tłoonʼ /tɬoːnʔ/ | tsʼiłsǫǫsé /tsʼiɬsõːsé/ | sǫʼ /sõ̀ʔ/ | hiːkwirikʔa /hiːkʷiɾikʔa/ | sum /sum/ | tthë́n /tθén/ |
| Usiku | xiłeʼ /xiɬeʔ/ | łida /ɬida/ | tłʼéʼ /tɬʼéʔ/ | tłʼééʼ /tɬʼéːʔ/ | ckhaːrʔa /tskʰaːɾʔa/ | ʼulhdzis /ʔuɬdzis/ | tëdhe /teðe/ |
| Theluji | nundil /nʊndɪl/ | tseetl /tsʰiːtɬʰ/ | zas /zas/ | yas /jɑ̀s/ | hiraːʔa /hiɾaːʔa/ | yus̲ /jus/ | yath /jaθ/ |
| Udongo | ninʼ /nɪnʔ/ | ninʼ /ninʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | łeezh /ɬèːʒ/ | — | yun /jun/ | ní /ní/ |
| Mama | -anʼ /-anʔ/ | eenaa /iːnaː/ | shimaa /ʃimaː/ | shimá /ʃimá/ | eciyeːh /etsijeːh/ | oo /oː/ | ɂené /ʔené/ |
| Baba | -taʼ /-taʔ/ | eetaa /iːtaː/ | shitaa /ʃitaː/ | shizhéʼé /ʃiʒéʔé/ | taːtah /taːtah/ | abe /abe/ | setá /setá/ |
| Binti | -tse:ʼ /-tseːʔ/ | — | shitsiʼ /ʃitsiʔ/ | shichʼéʼé /ʃitʃʼéʔé/ | — | oot̲s̲eʼ /oːtseʔ/ | seyaz tsʼékui /sejaz tsʼékui/ |
| Mimi | whe /hʷe/ | see /siː/ | shíí /ʃíː/ | shí /ʃí/ | nacʔih /natsʔih/ | si /si/ | si /si/ |
| Wewe | ning /nɪŋ/ | ninh /ninh/ | ni /ni/ | ni /nì/ | nasʔih /nasʔih/ | nen /nen/ | nën /nen/ |
| Sisi | nehe /nehe/ | — /—/ | nohwí /nohwí/ | nihí /nihí/ | — /—/ | neni /neni/ | nuhni /nuhni/ |
| Jina | -ooziʼ /oːzɪʔ/ | oos /oːs/ | -zhiʼ /ʒiʔ/ | ázhiʼ /ʔáʒìʔ/ | hissaːrʔa /hissaːɾʔa/ | uzi /uzi/ | bįzį́ /bĩzĩ́/ |
| Mtu | kʼiwinyaʼa:n /kʲʼiwinjaʔaːn/ | dinaa /dinaː/ | nnee /nːeː/ | diné /tìné/ | ihaas /ihaas/ | dune /dune/ | dëne /dene/ |
| Jicho | -na:ʼ /-nɑːʔ/ | -noghaʼ /noɣaʔ/ | bináá /bináː/ | anááʼ /ʔanáːʔ/ | kirikʔa /kiɾikʔa/ | oona /oːna/ | dënenaghé /denenaʁé/ |
| Sikio | -chiwʼ /-tʃiwʔ/ | — | shijaaʼ /ʃidʒaːʔ/ | ajaaʼ /ʔɑ̀tʃɑ̀ːʔ/ | — | ʼudzo /ʔudzo/ | dënedzaghé /denedzaʁé/ |
| Mdomo | -daʼ /-daʔ/ | — | bizéʼ /bizéʔ/ | azééʼ /ʔɑ̀zéːʔ/ | — | ʼuẕe /ʔuze/ | dënedhá /deneðá/ |
| Jino | -woʼ /-woʔ/ | aghoʼ /aɣoʔ/ | ghoʼ /ɣoʔ/ | awooʼ /ʔɑ̀wòːʔ/ | aːkʔa /aːkʔa/ | ughu /uɣu/ | dëneghú /deneʁú/ |
| Ulimi | sastan /sastan/ | łolaʼ /ɬolaʔ/ | bizaad /bizaːd/ | atsooʼ /atsoːʔ/ | hacʼa /hatsʔa/ | ecula /etsula/ | dënetthú /denetθú/ |
| Mkono | -laʼ /-laʔ/ | -loʼ /loʔ/ | bigan /biɡan/ | álaʼ /ʔɑ́lɑ̀ʔ/ | iskʔa /iskʔa/ | la /la/ | ela /ela/ |
| Mguu | -xeʼ /-xeʔ/ | -kkaaʼ /kːaːʔ/ | shikee /ʃikeː/ | akeeʼ /ʔàkʰèːʔ/ | asʔa /asʔa/ | ʼuke /ʔuke/ | eke /eke/ |
| Moyo | -ping /-piŋ/ | -dzaayaʼ /tsaːjaʔ/ | bijíí /bidʒíː/ | ajéí /ʔɑ̀tʃéí/ | sikicʔa /sikitsʔa/ | ʼunjid /ʔundʒid/ | dënedzié /denedzié/ |
| Mfupa | -tsʼinʼ /-tsʼinʔ/ | tlʼinh /tɬʼinh/ | tsʼin /tsʼin/ | tsʼin /tsʼìn/ | kiːsʔa /kiːsʔa/ | ootsʼun /oːtsʼun/ | tthʼën /tθʼen/ |
| Damu | tse:lin /tseːlin/ | lakkona /lakːona/ | dił /diɬ/ | dił /tìɬ/ | waːckicʔa /waːtskitsʔa/ | delel /delel/ | del /del/ |
| Kinyesi | chwungʼ /tʃʷuŋʔ/ | — | bichan /bitʃan/ | chąąʼ /tʃʰɑ̃̀ːʔ/ | — | tsan /tsan/ | tsą́ /tsã́/ |
| Upendo | na-wh-ʼishtʼeʼn /nɑwʔɪʃtʼɛʔn/ | kʼoonejee /kʼooneʒeː/ | ayóigóʼíí /ʔajóiɣóʔíː/ | ayóóʼánóshʼní /ʔɑ̀jóːʔɑ́nóʃʔní/ | — /—/ | sjut /sdʒut/ | yeghąnétą /jeʁãnétã/ |
| Mti | kin /kɪn/ | kʼeyh /kʼejh/ | chʼil /tʃʼil/ | tsin /tsʰìn/ | tiyaːhkw /tijaːhkʷ/ | dechen /detʃen/ | dechen /detʃen/ |
| Mbwa | łingʼ /ɬiŋʔ/ | łeek /ɬeːk/ | góshé /ɡóʃé/ | łééchąąʼí /ɬéːtʃʰɑ̃̀ːʔí/ | kiciyeːh /kitsijeːh/ | lhi /ɬi/ | łį /ɬĩ/ |
| Paka | — /—/ | dotonh /dotonh/ | gídí /ɡídí/ | mósí /mósí/ | — /—/ | gus /ɡus/ | mįnus /mĩnus/ |
| Samaki | ło:qʼ /ɬoːqʼ/ | tookkʼa /toːkʼa/ | łóg /ɬóɡ/ | łóóʼ /ɬóːʔ/ | kaːcʔa /kaːtsʔa/ | lho /ɬo/ | łue /ɬue/ |
| Dubu | sa:tsʼ /saːtsʼ/ | sis /sis/ | shash /ʃaʃ/ | shash /ʃɑ̀ʃ/ | — | sus /sus/ | sas /sas/ |
| Farasi | łingʼ /ɬiŋʔ/ | — | łį́į́ʼ /ɬĩːʔ/ | łį́į́ʼ /ɬĩ́ːʔ/ | — | yeztli /jeztli/ | łįchok /ɬĩtʃok/ |
| Nyumba | xontah /xontɑh/ | yah /jah/ | kįh /kĩh/ | hooghan /hòːɣɑ̀n/ | akhaːrʔa /akʰaːɾʔa/ | yoh /joh/ | kuę /kuɛ̃/ |
| Chumvi | łehqʼonchʼ /ɬehqʼontʃʼ/ | sol /sol/ | ishįįh /ʔiʃĩːh/ | áshįįh /ʔáʃĩːh/ | — | lisel /lisel/ | dedhay /deðaj/ |
| Kula | na-ya:n /nɑjɑːn/ | kʼahonh /kʼahonh/ | yiyąą /jijãː/ | yishą́ /jiʃã́/ | kaʔac /kaʔats/ | ʼoonjuh /ʔoːndʒuh/ | shétį /ʃétĩ/ |
| Kunywa | na-ʼa:n /nɑʔɑːn/ | kʼisinoonh /kʼisinoːnh/ | yidlą /jidlã/ | yishdlą́ /jiʃtɬã́/ | kikʔa /kikʔa/ | dunjuh /dundʒuh/ | hedą /hedã/ |
| Moja | łaʼ /ɬaʔ/ | kʼeetakkʼee /kʼiːtakʼiː/ | dáłaʼá /dáɬaʔá/ | tʼááłáʼí /tʼɑ́ːɬɑ́ʔí/ | chiʔass /tsʰiʔass/ | ʼulhah /ʔuɬah/ | įłaghe /ĩɬaʁe/ |
| Mbili | nahx /nahx/ | niteekkʼee /nitiːkʼiː/ | naki /naki/ | naaki /nɑ̀ːkʰì/ | wic /wits/ | nanki /nanki/ | nake /nake/ |
| Tatu | ta:qʼ /taːqʼ/ | tokkʼee /tokʼiː/ | táági /táːɡi/ | tááʼ /tʰáːʔ/ | taw /taw/ | ta /ta/ | taghe /taʁe/ |
| Nne | dinkʼ /dinkʼ/ | — | dįįʼ /dĩːʔ/ | dį́įʼ /tĩ́ːʔ/ | taːkwic /taːkʷits/ | dunghi /dunɣi/ | dįghį /dĩʁĩ/ |
| Tano | chwolaʼ /tʃʷolaʔ/ | — | ashdlaʼ /aʃdlaʔ/ | ashdlaʼ /ʔɑ̀ʃtɬɑ̀ʔ/ | — | kwulaiʼ /kʷulaiʔ/ | sųlaghe /sũlaʁe/ |
| Mia | łaʼ-dikin /ɬaʔdikʲin/ | — | gonenadín /ɡonenadín/ | neeznádiin /nèːznɑ́tìːn/ | — | whunizyat whunizyai /xʷunizjat xʷunizjai/ | łónona /ɬónona/ |
| Habari | tsʼehdiyaʼ /tsʼɛhdɪjaʔ/ | — /—/ | dagotʼee /daɡotʼeː/ | yáʼátʼééh /jɑ́ʔɑ́tʼéːh/ | — /—/ | ʼahdoozaee /ʔahdoːzaː/ | edlanetʼe /edlanetʼe/ |
| Asante | na:nehs-ʼe:n /nɑːnɛhsʔɛːn/ | baaseeʼ /baːseːʔ/ | ahíyiʼé /ʔahíjiʔé/ | ahéheeʼ /ʔɑ̀héhèːʔ/ | — /—/ | snachailya /snatʃailja/ | mąsi chok /mãsi tʃok/ |
| Nzuri | niwhong /nɪwhoŋ/ | nizoonh /nizoːnh/ | nzhǫǫ /nʒõː/ | yáʼátʼééh /jɑ́ʔɑ́tʼéːh/ | acs /atss/ | nezuʼ /nezuʔ/ | nezų /nezũ/ |
| Nyekundu | łitsʼ /ɬitsʼ/ | nełtseeyh /neɬtseːjh/ | łichíí /ɬitʃíː/ | łichííʼ /ɬìtʃʰíːʔ/ | kwhaːc /kʷʰaːts/ | delqʼun /delqʼun/ | delkʼoz /delkʼoz/ |
| Nyeupe | łiqay /ɬɪqɑj/ | — | łigai /ɬiɡai/ | łigai /ɬìkɑ̀ì/ | — | ʼulhyul /ʔuɬjul/ | delgai /delɡai/ |
| Kijani | łitsow /ɬitsow/ | — | dotłʼizh /dotɬʼiʒ/ | dootłʼizh /tòːtɬʼìʒ/ | — | dultlʼuz /dutɬʼuz/ | dzeretłʼes látʼį /dzeretɬʼes látʼĩ/ |
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