Dëne Sųłıné
Kichipewyan
Na-Dené
Kichipewyan (jina la asili Dëne Sųłıné, "watu wa tambarare za miti ya mierebi") ni lugha ya Kiathabaska ya Kaskazini katika familia ya Na-Dene, inayozungumzwa na watu wapatao 12,000 kaskazini mwa Saskatchewan, katika Maeneo ya Kaskazini-Magharibi, kaskazini mwa Alberta, na kaskazini mwa Manitoba nchini Kanada. Wachipewyan ndio walio mashariki kabisa kati ya makabila makubwa ya Kiathabaska ya Kaskazini, wakiwa wameishi kwa jadi katika eneo la mpito kati ya msitu wa boreali na tundra ya Kanada ya subarktiki. Kiisimu, Kichipewyan ni maarufu kwa mfumo wake tata wa toni, konsonanti zake za kutoa (ejective), na mofolojia tata ya vitenzi inayozitambulisha lugha zote za Kiathabaska — kitenzi kimoja cha Kichipewyan kinaweza kubeba taarifa kuhusu mtenda, mtendwa, hali (mode), kipengele (aspect), sauti (voice), kiainishi, dhamira, na mwelekeo katika neno moja. Familia ya Kiathabaska inanyooka kutoka Kichipewyan katika eneo la subarktiki la boreali la Kanada hadi Kinavajo (nv) na lugha za Kiapache za kusini-magharibi mwa Marekani, jambo linaloashiria uhamiaji wa Waathabaska kutoka kaskazini hadi kusini mwa Amerika ya Kaskazini katika kipindi cha miaka 1,000–2,000 iliyopita.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kichipewyan
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Na-Dené
| Maana | Kichipewyan | Kicarrier | Kiapache cha Magharibi | Kihupa | Kikoyukon | Kinavaho | Kimisri cha kale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | tu /tu/ | too /tu/ | tú /tú/ | taʼna:n /taʔnaːn/ | too /toː/ | tó /tʰó/ | 𓈗 /muː/ |
| Moto | kón /kón/ | kwun /kʷun/ | kǫʼ /kṍʔ/ | xongʼ /xoŋʔ/ | kkunʼ /kːunʔ/ | kǫʼ /kʰõ̀ʔ/ | 𓏴𓏏𓊮 /sedʒet/ |
| Jua | sa /sa/ | sa /sa/ | yaʼáí /jaʔáí/ | wha /hʷa/ | so /so/ | jóhonaaʼéí /tʃóhònàːʔéí/ | 𓇳 /raː/ |
| Mwezi | ɂełdzi /ʔeɬdzi/ | ʼulhdzis oozaʼ /ʔuɬdzis oːzaʔ/ | tłʼéʼgonaʼáí /tɬʼéʔɡonaʔáí/ | hwa-ʼangʼ /hwaʔɑŋʔ/ | dołtʼolee /doɬtʼoliː/ | tłʼéhonaaʼéí /tɬʼéhònɑ̀ːʔéí/ | 𓇹 /iaːh/ |
| Nyota | tthë́n /tθén/ | sum /sum/ | tsʼiłsǫǫsé /tsʼiɬsõːsé/ | tsingʼ /tsiŋʔ/ | tłoonʼ /tɬoːnʔ/ | sǫʼ /sõ̀ʔ/ | 𓋴𓃀𓄿𓇼 /seba/ |
| Usiku | tëdhe /teðe/ | ʼulhdzis /ʔuɬdzis/ | tłʼéʼ /tɬʼéʔ/ | xiłeʼ /xiɬeʔ/ | łida /ɬida/ | tłʼééʼ /tɬʼéːʔ/ | 𓎼𓂋𓎛𓇰 /ɡereh/ |
| Mvua | chą /tʃã/ | chan /tʃan/ | — | — | konh /konh/ | níłtsą́ /níɬtsʰɑ̃́/ | 𓎛𓅱𓏏𓇲 /huːt/ |
| Theluji | yath /jaθ/ | yus̲ /jus/ | zas /zas/ | nundil /nʊndɪl/ | tseetl /tsʰiːtɬʰ/ | yas /jɑ̀s/ | 𓐠𓏤𓂋𓏤𓈎𓅱𓇲𓏥 /sarakuː/ |
| Upepo | nįłtsʼi /nĩɬtsʼi/ | nilhtsi /niɬtsi/ | níłchʼi /níɬtʃʼi/ | — | — | níyol /níjol/ | 𓍿𓄿𓅱 /tʃauː/ |
| Udongo | ní /ní/ | yun /jun/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | ninʼ /nɪnʔ/ | ninʼ /ninʔ/ | łeezh /ɬèːʒ/ | 𓇾 /ta/ |
| Jiwe | tthe /tθe/ | t̲s̲e /tse/ | tsé /tsé/ | — | laʼona /laʔona/ | tsé /tsʰé/ | 𓇋𓈖𓂋𓊌 /iner/ |
| Mlima | ttheshéth /tθeʃéθ/ | d̲z̲ulh /dzuɬ/ | dził /dziɬ/ | — | — | dził /tsìɬ/ | 𓈋 /dʒuː/ |
| Bahari | tucho /tutʃo/ | yatoo /jatoː/ | túnteel /túnteːl/ | — | — | tónteel /tʰóntʰèːl/ | 𓇋𓇋𓅖𓈗𓈘𓈇 /iːm/ |
| Mama | ɂené /ʔené/ | oo /oː/ | shimaa /ʃimaː/ | -anʼ /-anʔ/ | eenaa /iːnaː/ | shimá /ʃimá/ | 𓅐𓏏𓁐 /muːt/ |
| Baba | setá /setá/ | abe /abe/ | shitaa /ʃitaː/ | -taʼ /-taʔ/ | eetaa /iːtaː/ | shizhéʼé /ʃiʒéʔé/ | 𓇋𓏏 /it/ |
| Binti | seyaz tsʼékui /sejaz tsʼékui/ | oot̲s̲eʼ /oːtseʔ/ | shitsiʼ /ʃitsiʔ/ | -tse:ʼ /-tseːʔ/ | — | shichʼéʼé /ʃitʃʼéʔé/ | 𓅭𓏏 /zat/ |
| Mimi | si /si/ | si /si/ | shíí /ʃíː/ | whe /hʷe/ | see /siː/ | shí /ʃí/ | 𓇋𓏌𓎡 /inek/ |
| Wewe | nën /nen/ | nen /nen/ | ni /ni/ | ning /nɪŋ/ | ninh /ninh/ | ni /nì/ | 𓈖𓏏𓎡 /netek/ |
| Sisi | nuhni /nuhni/ | neni /neni/ | nohwí /nohwí/ | nehe /nehe/ | — /—/ | nihí /nihí/ | 𓇋𓈖𓈖 /inen/ |
| Jina | bįzį́ /bĩzĩ́/ | uzi /uzi/ | -zhiʼ /ʒiʔ/ | -ooziʼ /oːzɪʔ/ | oos /oːs/ | ázhiʼ /ʔáʒìʔ/ | 𓂋𓈖 /ren/ |
| Mtu | dëne /dene/ | dune /dune/ | nnee /nːeː/ | kʼiwinyaʼa:n /kʲʼiwinjaʔaːn/ | dinaa /dinaː/ | diné /tìné/ | 𓂋𓍿𓀀 /remetʃ/ |
| Kichwa | dënetthí /denetθí/ | ut̲s̲i /utsi/ | bitsitsʼin /bitsitsʼin/ | — | -tłeeʼ /tɬiːʔ/ | atsiitsʼiin /ʔɑ̀tsʰìːtsʼìːn/ | 𓁶𓏤 /tep/ |
| Jicho | dënenaghé /denenaʁé/ | oona /oːna/ | bináá /bináː/ | -na:ʼ /-nɑːʔ/ | -noghaʼ /noɣaʔ/ | anááʼ /ʔanáːʔ/ | 𓁹 /iret/ |
| Sikio | dënedzaghé /denedzaʁé/ | ʼudzo /ʔudzo/ | shijaaʼ /ʃidʒaːʔ/ | -chiwʼ /-tʃiwʔ/ | — | ajaaʼ /ʔɑ̀tʃɑ̀ːʔ/ | 𓄟𓋴𓇥𓂋𓄔 /mesedʒer/ |
| Pua | dënetsį /denetsĩ/ | ʼunintsis /ʔunintsis/ | bichį́h /bitʃĩ́h/ | — | — | áchį́į́h /ʔɑ́tʃʰĩ́ːh/ | 𓂉𓏤 /fenedʒ/ |
| Mdomo | dënedhá /deneðá/ | ʼuẕe /ʔuze/ | bizéʼ /bizéʔ/ | -daʼ /-daʔ/ | — | azééʼ /ʔɑ̀zéːʔ/ | 𓂋 /ra/ |
| Jino | dëneghú /deneʁú/ | ughu /uɣu/ | ghoʼ /ɣoʔ/ | -woʼ /-woʔ/ | aghoʼ /aɣoʔ/ | awooʼ /ʔɑ̀wòːʔ/ | 𓇋𓃀𓎛𓄑 /ibeh/ |
| Ulimi | dënetthú /denetθú/ | ecula /etsula/ | bizaad /bizaːd/ | sastan /sastan/ | łolaʼ /ɬolaʔ/ | atsooʼ /atsoːʔ/ | 𓄓 /nes/ |
| Mkono | ela /ela/ | la /la/ | bigan /biɡan/ | -laʼ /-laʔ/ | -loʼ /loʔ/ | álaʼ /ʔɑ́lɑ̀ʔ/ | 𓂧𓂋𓏏 /dʒeret/ |
| Mguu | eke /eke/ | ʼuke /ʔuke/ | shikee /ʃikeː/ | -xeʼ /-xeʔ/ | -kkaaʼ /kːaːʔ/ | akeeʼ /ʔàkʰèːʔ/ | 𓂋𓂧𓂾 /red/ |
| Moyo | dënedzié /denedzié/ | ʼunjid /ʔundʒid/ | bijíí /bidʒíː/ | -ping /-piŋ/ | -dzaayaʼ /tsaːjaʔ/ | ajéí /ʔɑ̀tʃéí/ | 𓇋𓃀 /ib/ |
| Mfupa | tthʼën /tθʼen/ | ootsʼun /oːtsʼun/ | tsʼin /tsʼin/ | -tsʼinʼ /-tsʼinʔ/ | tlʼinh /tɬʼinh/ | tsʼin /tsʼìn/ | 𓈎𓋴𓌟 /kes/ |
| Damu | del /del/ | delel /delel/ | dił /diɬ/ | tse:lin /tseːlin/ | lakkona /lakːona/ | dił /tìɬ/ | 𓊃𓈖𓆑𓂐 /zenef/ |
| Kinyesi | tsą́ /tsã́/ | tsan /tsan/ | bichan /bitʃan/ | chwungʼ /tʃʷuŋʔ/ | — | chąąʼ /tʃʰɑ̃̀ːʔ/ | 𓎛𓋴𓄽 /hes/ |
| Upendo | yeghąnétą /jeʁãnétã/ | sjut /sdʒut/ | ayóigóʼíí /ʔajóiɣóʔíː/ | na-wh-ʼishtʼeʼn /nɑwʔɪʃtʼɛʔn/ | kʼoonejee /kʼooneʒeː/ | ayóóʼánóshʼní /ʔɑ̀jóːʔɑ́nóʃʔní/ | 𓅓𓂋 /meri/ |
| Mti | dechen /detʃen/ | dechen /detʃen/ | chʼil /tʃʼil/ | kin /kɪn/ | kʼeyh /kʼejh/ | tsin /tsʰìn/ | 𓈖𓉔𓏏𓆭 /nehet/ |
| Mbwa | łį /ɬĩ/ | lhi /ɬi/ | góshé /ɡóʃé/ | łingʼ /ɬiŋʔ/ | łeek /ɬeːk/ | łééchąąʼí /ɬéːtʃʰɑ̃̀ːʔí/ | 𓃛𓅱𓃛𓅱𓃡 /iuːiuː/ |
| Paka | mįnus /mĩnus/ | gus /ɡus/ | gídí /ɡídí/ | — /—/ | dotonh /dotonh/ | mósí /mósí/ | 𓏇𓇋𓅱𓃠 /miuː/ |
| Samaki | łue /ɬue/ | lho /ɬo/ | łóg /ɬóɡ/ | ło:qʼ /ɬoːqʼ/ | tookkʼa /toːkʼa/ | łóóʼ /ɬóːʔ/ | 𓂋𓅓 /rem/ |
| Ndege | įyese /ĩjese/ | dutʼai /dutʼai/ | dlǫ́ʼ /dlṍʔ/ | — | — | tsídii /tsʰítìː/ | 𓄿𓊪𓂧𓅬 /aped/ |
| Kipepeo | yágoli /jáɡoli/ | tsanghoolhtʼah /tsanɣoːɬtʼah/ | doolé /doːlé/ | — | — | kʼaalógii /kʼɑ̀ːlókìː/ | — |
| Yai | eghézé /eʁézé/ | ʼughez /ʔuɣez/ | iyęęzh /ijẽːʒ/ | — | — | ayęęzhii /ʔɑ̀jẽ̀ːʒìː/ | 𓋴𓅱𓎛𓏏𓆇 /suːhet/ |
| Dubu | sas /sas/ | sus /sus/ | shash /ʃaʃ/ | sa:tsʼ /saːtsʼ/ | sis /sis/ | shash /ʃɑ̀ʃ/ | — |
| Farasi | łįchok /ɬĩtʃok/ | yeztli /jeztli/ | łį́į́ʼ /ɬĩːʔ/ | łingʼ /ɬiŋʔ/ | — | łį́į́ʼ /ɬĩ́ːʔ/ | 𓋴𓋴𓅓𓏏𓃗 /sesemet/ |
| Nyumba | kuę /kuɛ̃/ | yoh /joh/ | kįh /kĩh/ | xontah /xontɑh/ | yah /jah/ | hooghan /hòːɣɑ̀n/ | 𓉐 /per/ |
| Maziwa | ejeretthʼúe /edʒeretθʼúe/ | lilet /lilet/ | ibeʼ /ibeʔ/ | — | tlʼoo /tɬʼoː/ | abeʼ /ʔɑ̀pèʔ/ | 𓇋𓂋𓍿𓏏𓏈 /irtʃet/ |
| Asali | tłʼistthó ni /tɬʼistθó ni/ | tsʼihnatlʼuz /tsʼihnatɬʼuz/ | gosnih /ɡosnih/ | — | — | tsísʼná bitłʼizh /tsʰísʔnɑ́ pìtɬʼìʒ/ | 𓆤𓏏 /bit/ |
| Chumvi | dedhay /deðaj/ | lisel /lisel/ | ishįįh /ʔiʃĩːh/ | łehqʼonchʼ /ɬehqʼontʃʼ/ | sol /sol/ | áshįįh /ʔáʃĩːh/ | 𓎛𓌳𓄿𓏏𓍖𓈒𓏥 /hemat/ |
| Mchele | tłʼolágaze /tɬʼoláɡaze/ | — | — | — | — | alóós /alóːs/ | — |
| Gurudumu | dechën bąth /detʃen bãθ/ | nunúlgaih-i /nunulɡaihi/ | — | — | — | bąąs /pãːs/ | — |
| Hariri | lasué /lasué/ | luswe /luswe/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Kitabu | ɂerehtłʼís /ʔerehtɬʼís/ | ʼudustlʼus /ʔudustɬʼus/ | nałtsoos /naɬtsoːs/ | — | — | naaltsoos /nɑ̀ːltsʰòːs/ | 𓏛𓏏𓏤𓍼𓏤 /medʒat/ |
| Kula | shétį /ʃétĩ/ | ʼoonjuh /ʔoːndʒuh/ | yiyąą /jijãː/ | na-ya:n /nɑjɑːn/ | kʼahonh /kʼahonh/ | yishą́ /jiʃã́/ | 𓃹𓈖𓅓𓀁 /wenem/ |
| Kunywa | hedą /hedã/ | dunjuh /dundʒuh/ | yidlą /jidlã/ | na-ʼa:n /nɑʔɑːn/ | kʼisinoonh /kʼisinoːnh/ | yishdlą́ /jiʃtɬã́/ | 𓊃𓅨𓂋𓀁 /zuːr/ |
| Kulala | thetį /θetĩ/ | nanisti /nanisti/ | iłhosh /iɬhoʃ/ | — | — | ałhosh /ʔɑ̀ɬhòʃ/ | 𓋴𓇥𓂋 /sedʒer/ |
| Moja | įłaghe /ĩɬaʁe/ | ʼulhah /ʔuɬah/ | dáłaʼá /dáɬaʔá/ | łaʼ /ɬaʔ/ | kʼeetakkʼee /kʼiːtakʼiː/ | tʼááłáʼí /tʼɑ́ːɬɑ́ʔí/ | 𓏤 /waː/ |
| Mbili | nake /nake/ | nanki /nanki/ | naki /naki/ | nahx /nahx/ | niteekkʼee /nitiːkʼiː/ | naaki /nɑ̀ːkʰì/ | 𓌢𓏌𓏤𓏤 /senuːi/ |
| Tatu | taghe /taʁe/ | ta /ta/ | táági /táːɡi/ | ta:qʼ /taːqʼ/ | tokkʼee /tokʼiː/ | tááʼ /tʰáːʔ/ | 𓏼 /xemetuː/ |
| Nne | dįghį /dĩʁĩ/ | dunghi /dunɣi/ | dįįʼ /dĩːʔ/ | dinkʼ /dinkʼ/ | — | dį́įʼ /tĩ́ːʔ/ | 𓏽 /ifeduː/ |
| Tano | sųlaghe /sũlaʁe/ | kwulaiʼ /kʷulaiʔ/ | ashdlaʼ /aʃdlaʔ/ | chwolaʼ /tʃʷolaʔ/ | — | ashdlaʼ /ʔɑ̀ʃtɬɑ̀ʔ/ | 𓏾 /diuː/ |
| Mia | łónona /ɬónona/ | whunizyat whunizyai /xʷunizjat xʷunizjai/ | gonenadín /ɡonenadín/ | łaʼ-dikin /ɬaʔdikʲin/ | — | neeznádiin /nèːznɑ́tìːn/ | 𓍢 /ʃet/ |
| Habari | edlanetʼe /edlanetʼe/ | ʼahdoozaee /ʔahdoːzaː/ | dagotʼee /daɡotʼeː/ | tsʼehdiyaʼ /tsʼɛhdɪjaʔ/ | — /—/ | yáʼátʼééh /jɑ́ʔɑ́tʼéːh/ | 𓇋𓐩𓆓𓏛𓁷𓏤 /inedʒ her/ |
| Asante | mąsi chok /mãsi tʃok/ | snachailya /snatʃailja/ | ahíyiʼé /ʔahíjiʔé/ | na:nehs-ʼe:n /nɑːnɛhsʔɛːn/ | baaseeʼ /baːseːʔ/ | ahéheeʼ /ʔɑ̀héhèːʔ/ | 𓇼𓊹𓈖 /duːa netʃer en/ |
| Nzuri | nezų /nezũ/ | nezuʼ /nezuʔ/ | nzhǫǫ /nʒõː/ | niwhong /nɪwhoŋ/ | nizoonh /nizoːnh/ | yáʼátʼééh /jɑ́ʔɑ́tʼéːh/ | 𓄤 /nefer/ |
| Mpya | degóth /deɡóθ/ | ʼandidi /ʔandidi/ | áníidé /áníːdé/ | — | — | ániid /ʔɑ́nìːt/ | 𓌳𓄿𓅱𓏛 /mauːi/ |
| Nyekundu | delkʼoz /delkʼoz/ | delqʼun /delqʼun/ | łichíí /ɬitʃíː/ | łitsʼ /ɬitsʼ/ | nełtseeyh /neɬtseːjh/ | łichííʼ /ɬìtʃʰíːʔ/ | 𓂧𓈙𓂋𓅟 /deʃer/ |
| Nyeupe | delgai /delɡai/ | ʼulhyul /ʔuɬjul/ | łigai /ɬiɡai/ | łiqay /ɬɪqɑj/ | — | łigai /ɬìkɑ̀ì/ | 𓌉 /hedʒ/ |
| Nyeusi | delzen /delzen/ | dulhgus /duɬɡus/ | diłhił /diɬhiɬ/ | — | — | łizhin /ɬìʒìn/ | 𓆎𓅓 /kem/ |
| Kijani | dzeretłʼes látʼį /dzeretɬʼes látʼĩ/ | dultlʼuz /dutɬʼuz/ | dotłʼizh /dotɬʼiʒ/ | łitsow /ɬitsow/ | — | dootłʼizh /tòːtɬʼìʒ/ | 𓇅 /wadʒ/ |
| Buluu | déhtłʼéz /déhtɬʼéz/ | — | dotłʼizh /dotɬʼiʒ/ | — | — | dootłʼizh /tòːtɬʼìʒ/ | 𓇅 /wadʒ/ |
| Kompyuta | satsán bení hųlį /satsán bení hũlĩ/ | — | bésh eʼléhí /béʃ eʔléhí/ | — | — | béésh nitsékeesí /péːʃ nìtsʰékʰèːsí/ | — |
| Chai | lidí /lidí/ | — | — | — | — | dééh /téːh/ | — |
| Kahawa | líkafí /líkafí/ | — | tudiłhiłi /tudiɬhiɬi/ | — | — | gohwééh /kòhʷéːh/ | — |
| Sukari | súgah /súɡah/ | — | — | — | — | áshįįh łikan /ʔáʃĩːh ɬikɑn/ | — |
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