Makasae
Kimakasae
Trans-New Guinea (familia ya Timor-Alor-Pantar, Eastern Timor)
Makasae ndiyo lugha ya Kipapua (isiyo ya Kiaustronesia) inayozungumzwa zaidi magharibi mwa bara la New Guinea, ikiwa na wazungumzaji wapatao 100,000 katika manispaa za Baucau na Viqueque mashariki mwa Timor-Leste. Inahusiana na tawi la Timor-Mashariki la familia ya Timor-Alor-Pantar (Trans-New Guinea), ikiwa karibu zaidi na Makalero (ambayo pamoja nayo huunda mnyororo wa lahaja), kisha Fataluku na Oirata. Makasae ina sifa kubwa ya kutengana (isolating) na mpangilio wa maneno wa SOV, na ina tabaka kubwa la maneno ya mkopo ya Kiaustronesia kutoka Tetum na lugha za Kawaimina.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kimakasae
Vyanzo
- Huber, J. (2008) First Steps Towards a Reference Grammar of Makasae: A Language of East Timor. LINCOM Studies in Austronesian Linguistics 195.
- Brotherson, A. (2003) A Spatial Odyssey: Referring to Space in Makasae. MA thesis, Leiden Univ.
- Stokhof, W. A. L. (1975) Preliminary notes on the Oirata language. Pacific Linguistics B-43.
- Schapper, A. (ed.) (2017) The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor and Pantar, Vol. 2. De Gruyter Mouton.
- Glottolog: Makasae
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Trans-New Guinea (familia ya Timor-Alor-Pantar, Eastern Timor)
| Maana | Kimakasae | Kidyirbal | Kimalei cha Kale | Kikavalan | Kiwiradjuri | Kimalei cha Papua | Kietruska |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | ira /ˈira/ | bana /ˈbana/ | air /air/ | zanum /zaˈnum/ | galing /ˈɡaliŋ/ | air /aer/ | neri /ˈneri/ |
| Moto | ata /ˈata/ | buni /ˈbuni/ | api /api/ | ramaz /raˈmaz/ | wiiny /wiːɲ/ | api /ˈapi/ | verse /ˈwerse/ |
| Jua | watu /ˈwatu/ | garri /ˈɡari/ | matari /matari/ | siban /siˈban/ | yiray /ˈjiɻaj/ | matahari /mataˈhari/ | usil /ˈuzil/ |
| Mwezi | uru /ˈuru/ | gagara /ɡaˈɡara/ | bulan /bulan/ | buran /buˈran/ | giwang /ˈɡiwaŋ/ | bulan /ˈbulan/ | tiur /ˈtiur/ |
| Nyota | lekiluru /lekiluru/ | gijiny /ɡiɟiɲ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bituqan /bituqan/ | giralang /ˈɡiɻalaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | — /—/ |
| Usiku | maagamu /maaɡamu/ | jagun /ɟaɡun/ | malam /malam/ | qabi /ʁabiʔ/ | ngurung /ˈŋuruŋ/ | malam /malam/ | — /—/ |
| Mvua | ae /ae/ | gambal /ˈɡambal/ | — | uzan /uˈzan/ | — | ujan /udʒan/ | — |
| Upepo | gawa /ˈɡawa/ | gulubu /ˈɡulubu/ | — | bari /baˈri/ | girrarr /ˈɡirar/ | angin /aŋin/ | — |
| Udongo | maa /maa/ | jaju /ˈɟaɟu/ | — | melanay /məɾaˈnaj/ | dhaagun /ˈd̪aːɡun/ | tana /tana/ | cel /kel/ |
| Jiwe | apa /ˈapa/ | diban /ɟiban/ | batu /batu/ | btu /btu/ | walang /ˈwalaŋ/ | batu /batu/ | tul /tul/ |
| Bahari | meti /meti/ | — | — | lazing /laziŋ/ | — | laut /laut/ | — |
| Mama | ina /ˈina/ | yabu /ˈjabu/ | ibu /ibu/ | tina /ˈtina/ | gunhi /ˈɡun̪i/ | mama /ˈmama/ | ati /ˈati/ |
| Baba | baba /ˈbaba/ | nguma /ˈŋuma/ | bapa /bapa/ | tama /ˈtama/ | babiin /ˈbabiːn/ | bapa /ˈbapa/ | apa /ˈapa/ |
| Mimi | ani /ani/ | ngaja /ŋaɟa/ | aku /aku/ | aiku /aiku/ | ngadhu /ˈŋad̪u/ | sa /sa/ | mi /mi/ |
| Wewe | ai /ai/ | nginda /ŋinda/ | kamu /kamu/ | aisu /aisu/ | ngindhu /ˈŋind̪u/ | ko /ko/ | — /—/ |
| Sisi | fi / ini /fi / ini/ | ngana /ŋana/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | aita / aimi /aita / aimi/ | ngiyani /ŋiˈjani/ | kitorang /kitoraŋ/ | — /—/ |
| Jina | nai /nai/ | yidyi /jiɟi/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | nangan /naŋan/ | yuwin /ˈjuwin/ | nama /nama/ | — /—/ |
| Mtu | anu /anu/ | — | — | lazat /lazat/ | gibirr /ˈɡibir/ | orang /oraŋ/ | — |
| Kichwa | dae /dae/ | — | — | uru /uʁu/ | balang /ˈbalaŋ/ | kepala /kepala/ | — |
| Jicho | nana /ˈnana/ | gayga /ˈɡajɡa/ | mata /mata/ | mata /maˈta/ | mil /mil/ | mata /ˈmata/ | — /—/ |
| Sikio | walaku /waˈlaku/ | manga /ˈmaŋa/ | — | kayal /kajal/ | wuudha /ˈwuːd̪a/ | tlinga /tliŋa/ | — |
| Pua | murikai /murikai/ | guwu /ˈɡuwu/ | — | unung /unuŋ/ | muurruu /ˈmuːruː/ | idong /idoŋ/ | — |
| Mdomo | turukai /turuˈkai/ | — | — | ngibiR /ŋibiʁ/ | ngayn /ŋajn/ | mulut /mulut/ | — |
| Jino | wasi /wasi/ | dirra /dira/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | bangraw /baŋʁau/ | yirrang /ˈjiraŋ/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | — /—/ |
| Ulimi | ipi /ipi/ | jalnggulay /ɟalŋɡulaj/ | lidah /lidah/ | rilam /ʁilam/ | dhalayn /ˈd̪alajn/ | lida /lida/ | — /—/ |
| Mkono | tana /ˈtana/ | mala /ˈmala/ | tangan /taŋan/ | rima /riˈma/ | marra /ˈmara/ | tangan /ˈtaŋan/ | — /—/ |
| Mguu | iti /ˈiti/ | jina /ˈɟina/ | — | zapan /zaˈpan/ | dhinang /ˈd̪inaŋ/ | kaki /ˈkaki/ | — |
| Moyo | — /—/ | rulgu /ˈɻulɡu/ | hati /hati/ | anem /aˈnəm/ | giiny /ɡiːɲ/ | hati /ˈhati/ | — /—/ |
| Mfupa | sapa /ˈsapa/ | wurmbur /ˈwurmbur/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tiran /tiʁan/ | dhabal /ˈd̪abal/ | tulang /ˈtulaŋ/ | — /—/ |
| Damu | wai /wai/ | waguli /waɡuli/ | darah /darah/ | rinang /ʁinaŋ/ | guuwayn /ˈɡuːwajn/ | dara /dara/ | — /—/ |
| Upendo | — /—/ | — /—/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | sayang /ˈsajaŋ/ | — /—/ |
| Mti | ate /ˈate/ | yugu /ˈjuɡu/ | kayu /kaju/ | kasuy /kaˈsuj/ | madhan /ˈmad̪an/ | pohon /ˈpohon/ | — /—/ |
| Mbwa | defa /ˈdɛfa/ | guda /ˈɡuda/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | wasu /waˈsu/ | mirri /ˈmiri/ | anjing /ˈandʒiŋ/ | — /—/ |
| Paka | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ngiyaw /ŋiˈjaw/ | — /—/ | kucing /ˈkutʃiŋ/ | — /—/ |
| Samaki | seumeti /seumeti/ | jabu /ˈɟabu/ | ikan /ikan/ | baut /baut/ | guuya /ˈɡuːja/ | ikan /ˈikaŋ/ | — /—/ |
| Ndege | asa /ˈasa/ | dundu /ˈdundu/ | burung /buruŋ/ | alam /aˈɬam/ | buujaan /ˈbuːɟaːn/ | burung /buruŋ/ | — |
| Yai | waa /waa/ | bambu /bambu/ | — | tirur /tiʁuʁ/ | gabuuga /ˈɡabuːɡa/ | telor /telor/ | — |
| Nyumba | oma /ˈoma/ | mija /ˈmiɟa/ | rumah /rumah/ | lepaw /ləˈpaw/ | ngurang /ˈŋuɻaŋ/ | ruma /ˈruma/ | — /—/ |
| Maziwa | amirae /amiˈrae/ | — | susu /susu/ | — | — | susu /susu/ | — |
| Chumvi | asi /ˈasi/ | — | garam /ɡaram/ | zemiyan /zəmijan/ | — | garam /ɡaram/ | — |
| Kula | nawa /ˈnawa/ | janggay /ˈɟaŋɡaj/ | makan /makan/ | quman /quˈman/ | dharra /ˈd̪ara/ | makan /ˈmakan/ | — /—/ |
| Kunywa | gehe /ˈɡɛhɛ/ | gunyjal /ˈɡuɲɟal/ | minum /minum/ | mimum /miˈmum/ | widyarra /ˈwiɟara/ | minum /ˈminum/ | — /—/ |
| Kulala | tae /tae/ | bungil /ˈbuŋil/ | tidur /tidur/ | mainep /maiˈnəp/ | — | tidor /tidor/ | — |
| Moja | u /ʔu/ | yunggul /ˈjuŋɡul/ | sa /sa/ | issa /ˈissa/ | ngumbaay /ˈŋumbaːj/ | satu /ˈsatu/ | thu /θu/ |
| Mbili | lolae /loˈlae/ | bulay /ˈbulaj/ | dua /dua/ | zusa /zusa/ | bula /ˈbula/ | dua /dua/ | zal /tsal/ |
| Tatu | lolitu /lolitu/ | garbu /ɡaɻbu/ | tlu /tlu/ | turu /tuɾu/ | bula-ngumbaay /ˈbulaŋumbaːj/ | tiga /tiɡa/ | ci /ki/ |
| Nne | loloha /loloha/ | — | mpat /əmpat/ | spat /spat/ | — | empat /empat/ | huth /huθ/ |
| Tano | lima /lima/ | — | lima /lima/ | rima /riˈma/ | — | lima /lima/ | mach /max/ |
| Mia | rasa /rasa/ | — | ratus /ratus/ | Rasibu /ʁasibu/ | — | seratus /seratus/ | — |
| Habari | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | yaama /ˈjaːma/ | halo /ˈhalo/ | — /—/ |
| Asante | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | mandaang guwu /ˈmandaːŋ ˈɡuwu/ | trima kasi /ˈtrima ˈkasi/ | — /—/ |
| Nzuri | rau /rau/ | jigil /ˈɟiɡil/ | baik /baik/ | nngi /nŋi/ | marang /ˈmaɻaŋ/ | bae /ˈbae/ | — /—/ |
| Mpya | supa /ˈsupa/ | gunyu /ˈɡuɲu/ | — | tasu /tasu/ | — | baru /baru/ | — |
| Nyekundu | imiri /imiri/ | gunggu /ɡuŋɡu/ | merah /merah/ | tebari /təbaʀi/ | girri-girri /ˈɡiriɡiri/ | mera /ˈmeɾa/ | — /—/ |
| Nyeupe | butiri /buˈtiri/ | — | putih /putih/ | busar /busaʀ/ | barrabarra /ˈbarabara/ | puti /puti/ | — |
| Nyeusi | metana /metana/ | — | hitam /hitam/ | tengen /təŋən/ | buudhang /ˈbuːd̪aŋ/ | hitam /hitam/ | — |
| Kijani | lumuru /lumuru/ | — | — | puli /puli/ | — | hijou /hidʒou/ | — |
| Buluu | azul /azul/ | — | — | puli /puli/ | ngurrumirgang /ˈŋurumiɻɡaŋ/ | biru /ˈbiɾu/ | — |
Ukurasa 1/8
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