Mian
Kimian
Familia ya Trans-New Guinea (kundi la Ok wa Milimani)
Mian ni lugha ya kundi la Mountain Ok katika familia ya Trans-New Guinea, inayozungumzwa na watu wapatao 3,500 katika Milima ya Star yenye miinuko mikali nchini Papua New Guinea (Telefomin na Tabubil). Inajulikana kwa mfumo wake tata wa jinsia na viainishi: kila nomino ni ya mojawapo ya makundi manne ya jinsia (kiume, kike, na jinsia mbili za wastani) yanayoathiri upatanisho wa vitenzi, viashiria, na vibainishi vya idadi. Mfumo huu una mihimili ya jinsia ya kibayolojia, umbo, kazi, na uhai. Vitenzi vyake ni vya mchanganyiko wa hali ya juu vikiwa na makundi zaidi ya sita ya nafasi. Uandishi wa kumbukumbu uliofanywa na Sebastian Fedden ulizalisha mojawapo ya sarufi za Kipapua zenye maelezo zaidi ya karne ya 21. Hati ya Kilatini.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kimian
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Familia ya Trans-New Guinea (kundi la Ok wa Milimani)
| Maana | Kimian | Kifaiwol | Tok Pisin | Kreoli ya Mlango-Torres | Kibislama | Kipijin | Kiitbayaten |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | aai /aˤiː/ | ok /ok/ | wara /waɾa/ | woda /woda/ | wota /wota/ | wata /wata/ | ranom /ranom/ |
| Moto | as /as/ | baal /baːl/ | paia /paja/ | paya /paja/ | faea /faea/ | faea /faja/ | hapoy /hapoj/ |
| Jua | afok /afok/ | kibel /kibel/ | san /san/ | san /san/ | san /san/ | san /san/ | araw /araw/ |
| Mwezi | alim /alim/ | ulup /ulup/ | mun /mun/ | mun /mun/ | mun /mun/ | mun /mun/ | voxan /voɣan/ |
| Nyota | awitnîn /awitnin/ | milum /milum/ | sta /sta/ | sta /sta/ | sta /sta/ | sta /sta/ | vitoen /vitoɨn/ |
| Usiku | kwitimib /kwitimib/ | am midla /am midla/ | nait /nait/ | nait /nait/ | naet /naet/ | naet /naet/ | aʼxep /aʔɣɨp/ |
| Mvua | sok /sok/ | weiw /weiw/ | ren /ren/ | ren /ren/ | ren /rɛn/ | ren /ren/ | timoy /timoj/ |
| Upepo | glol /ɡlol/ | gedul /ɡedul/ | win /win/ | win /win/ | win /win/ | win /win/ | sarawsaw /sarawsaw/ |
| Udongo | dabal /dabal/ | bakan /bakan/ | graun /ɡraun/ | graun /ɡraun/ | graon /ɡraon/ | graon /ɡraon/ | tana /tana/ |
| Jiwe | tom /tom/ | tum /tum/ | ston /ston/ | ston /ston/ | ston /ston/ | ston /ston/ | vato /vato/ |
| Mlima | amgolim /amɡolim/ | amgu /amɡu/ | maunten /maunten/ | maunten /maunten/ | maunten /maunten/ | maonden /maonden/ | — |
| Mama | awǒk /awok/ | anim /anim/ | mama /mama/ | ama /ama/ | mama /mama/ | mami /mami/ | ina /ina/ |
| Baba | aaleb /aːleb/ | atim /atim/ | papa /papa/ | papa /papa/ | papa /papa/ | dadi /dadi/ | ama /ama/ |
| Binti | moon /moːn/ | mun /mun/ | pikinini meri /pikinini meri/ | gel /ɡel/ | gel /ɡel/ | dota /dota/ | — |
| Mimi | né /ne/ | na /na/ | mi /mi/ | ai /ai/ | mi /mi/ | mi /mi/ | yaken /jakɨn/ |
| Wewe | kébó /kebo/ | kaba /kaba/ | yu /ju/ | yu /ju/ | yu /ju/ | iu /iu/ | ʼimo /ʔimo/ |
| Sisi | níbó / ní /nibo / ni/ | nu /nu/ | yumi / mipela /jumi / mipela/ | yumpla / mipla /jumpla / mipla/ | yumi / mifala /jumi / mifala/ | iumi / mifala /jumi / mifala/ | yaten / yamen /jatɨn / jamɨn/ |
| Jina | ninǐn /ninin/ | win /win/ | nem /nem/ | nem /nem/ | nem /nem/ | nem /nem/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ |
| Kichwa | gabam /ɡabam/ | gebom /ɡebom/ | het /het/ | ed /ed/ | hed /hed/ | hed /hed/ | oxo /oɣo/ |
| Jicho | kin /kin/ | nin /nin/ | ai /aj/ | ai /aj/ | ae /ae/ | ae /ae/ | mata /mata/ |
| Sikio | klon /klon/ | kalun /kalun/ | yau /jau/ | talinga /taliŋa/ | ia /ia/ | ia /ia/ | talinya /taliɲa/ |
| Pua | múkûng /mukuŋ/ | mutum /mutum/ | nus /nus/ | nus /nus/ | nus /nus/ | nos /nos/ | mohdan /mohdan/ |
| Mdomo | sital /sital/ | bon /bon/ | maus /maus/ | maut /maut/ | maot /maot/ | maot /maot/ | vivih /vivih/ |
| Jino | sit /sit/ | kail /kaʔil/ | tit /tit/ | tit /tit/ | tut /tut/ | titi /titi/ | nyipen /ɲipɨn/ |
| Ulimi | haang /haːŋ/ | falang /falaŋ/ | tang /taŋ/ | tang /taŋ/ | tang /taŋ/ | tang /taŋ/ | rila /rila/ |
| Mkono | kwěil /kweil/ | miim /miːm/ | han /han/ | an /an/ | han /han/ | han /han/ | lima /lima/ |
| Mguu | sikir /sikir/ | jɑn /jɑn/ | lek /lek/ | put /put/ | leg /leɡ/ | leg /leɡ/ | ayi /aji/ |
| Moyo | bobol /bobol/ | kayem /kajem/ | bel /bel/ | at /at/ | bel /bel/ | hat /hat/ | tawor /tawor/ |
| Mfupa | on /on/ | kun /kun/ | bun /bun/ | bon /bon/ | bun /bun/ | bon /bon/ | toʼxang /toʔɣaŋ/ |
| Damu | ilem /ilem/ | kaim /kaim/ | blut /blut/ | blad /blad/ | blad /blad/ | blad /blad/ | raya /raja/ |
| Kinyesi | ai /ai/ | — | pekpek /pɛkpɛk/ | kaka /kaka/ | kaka /kaka/ | kaka /kaka/ | — |
| Upendo | na /na/ | kunum /kunum/ | laikim /lajkim/ | lavem /lavem/ | laekem /laekem/ | lavem /lavem/ | — /—/ |
| Mti | as /as/ | biin /biːn/ | diwai /diwaj/ | tri /tri/ | tri /tri/ | tri /tri/ | kayoh /kajoh/ |
| Mbwa | til /til/ | kuyak /kujak/ | dok /dok/ | dog /doɡ/ | dog /doɡ/ | dogi /doɡi/ | tito /tito/ |
| Paka | til busi /til busi/ | kit /kit/ | pusi /pusi/ | pusiket /pusiket/ | pusi /pusi/ | puskat /puskat/ | — /—/ |
| Samaki | aning /aniŋ/ | takam /takam/ | pis /pis/ | pis /pis/ | fis /fis/ | fis /fis/ | among /amoŋ/ |
| Ndege | wan /wan/ | awon /awon/ | pisin /ˈpisin/ | pizin /pizin/ | pijin /pidʒin/ | bed /bed/ | kangkang /kaŋkaŋ/ |
| Yai | un /un/ | — | kiau /kiau/ | eg /eɡ/ | eg /ɛɡ/ | eg /eɡ/ | ittiiyoy /ittiijoj/ |
| Dubu | beai /beai/ | beya /beja/ | bea /bea/ | bea /bea/ | bea /bea/ | bea /bea/ | — |
| Farasi | til hos /til hos/ | auos /auos/ | hos /hos/ | os /os/ | hos /hos/ | hos /hos/ | — |
| Nyumba | am /am/ | am /am/ | haus /haus/ | haus /haus/ | haos /haos/ | haos /haos/ | vaxay /vaɣaj/ |
| Chumvi | yal /jal/ | yol /jol/ | sol /sol/ | solt /solt/ | sol /sol/ | sol /sol/ | asin /asin/ |
| Mvinyo | waen /waen/ | wain /wain/ | wain /wain/ | wain /wain/ | waen /waen/ | waen /waen/ | parek /parɨk/ |
| Mchele | lais /lais/ | — | rais /rais/ | rais /rais/ | raes /raes/ | raes /raes/ | paray /paraj/ |
| Chuma | ain /ain/ | ayen /ajen/ | ain /ain/ | aian /aian/ | aean /aean/ | aean /aean/ | — |
| Kitabu | buk /buk/ | buk /buk/ | buk /buk/ | buk /buk/ | buk /buk/ | buk /buk/ | — |
| Kula | dowon /dowon/ | nemin /nemin/ | kaikai /kajkaj/ | kaikai /kajkaj/ | kakae /kakae/ | kaikai /kajkaj/ | koman /koman/ |
| Kunywa | dowon /dowon/ | ok ne /ok ne/ | dring /dɾiŋ/ | dringk /driŋk/ | dring /driŋ/ | drinkim /driŋkim/ | ominom /ominom/ |
| Moja | élekiem /elekiem/ | makuw /makuw/ | wanpela /wanpɛla/ | wan /wan/ | wan /wan/ | wanfala /wanfala/ | aʼsa /aʔsa/ |
| Mbili | asu /asu/ | alew /alew/ | tu /tu/ | tu /tu/ | tu /tu/ | tufala /tufala/ | doha /doha/ |
| Tatu | asumatna /asumatna/ | alewbino /alewbino/ | tripela /tripɛla/ | tri /tri/ | tri /tri/ | trifala /trifala/ | atlo /atlo/ |
| Nne | asuke asuke /asuke asuke/ | alalew /alalew/ | fopela /fopɛla/ | fo /fo/ | fo /fo/ | fofala /fofala/ | aʼpat /aʔpat/ |
| Tano | asuke asuke make /asuke asuke make/ | auok kal /auok kal/ | faiv /faiv/ | faiv /faiv/ | faev /faev/ | faefala /faefala/ | lima /lima/ |
| Habari | — /—/ | ben kaba /ben kaba/ | halo /halo/ | wis wei /wis wej/ | halo /halo/ | halo /halo/ | — /—/ |
| Asante | — /—/ | ngam ngam /ŋam ŋam/ | tenkyu /tɛŋkju/ | eso /eso/ | tangkyu /taŋkju/ | tagio /taɡio/ | — /—/ |
| Nzuri | ayam /ajam/ | kanim /kanim/ | gutpela /ɡutpɛla/ | gud /ɡud/ | gud /ɡud/ | gud /ɡud/ | mapia /mapia/ |
| Mpya | mema /mema/ | alokso /alokso/ | nupela /nupɛla/ | niu /niu/ | niufala /niufala/ | niu /niu/ | vaʼyo /vaʔjo/ |
| Nyekundu | ilem /ilem/ | kaim /kʰaim/ | retpela /retpela/ | red /red/ | red /red/ | red /red/ | mavayah /mavajah/ |
| Nyeupe | nama /nama/ | namal /namal/ | waitpela /waitpela/ | wait /wait/ | waet /waet/ | waet /waet/ | mahilak /mahilak/ |
| Nyeusi | milil /milil/ | mitik /mitik/ | blakpela /blakpela/ | blak /blak/ | blak /blak/ | blak /blak/ | mavaeng /mavaɨŋ/ |
| Kijani | itanasit /itanasit/ | — | grinpela /ɡrinpela/ | grin /ɡrin/ | grin /ɡrin/ | grin /ɡrin/ | maharem /maharɨm/ |
| Buluu | mokim /mokim/ | — | blupela /blupela/ | blu /blu/ | blu /blu/ | blu /blu/ | asol /asol/ |
Ukurasa 1/8
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