Sandawe
Kisandawe
Khoisan (yapendekezwa kuwa lugha pekee, au pamoja na Hadza)
Kisandawe ni lugha yenye sauti za klikisi katika Tanzania ya kati. Baadhi ya nadharia zinaiunganisha na familia ya Khoekhoe au kuiona kama jamaa wa Kihadza, lakini kwa kawaida inaonekana kama lugha iliyojitenga. Ina aina nne za klikisi za kifonimu na mfumo wa toni tano, na ni mojawapo ya lugha za Afrika zenye changamano kubwa zaidi ya kifonolojia.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kisandawe
Vyanzo
- G. Starostin, Annotated Swadesh wordlist for Sandawe, starlingdb.org/new100/snd.pdf (drawing on Eaton & Hunziker 2007, Kagaya 1993 A Classified Vocabulary of the Sandawe Language, Dempwolff 1916); Johansson et al. sound-symbolism dataset (lexibank johanssonsoundsymbolic), Sandawe
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Khoisan (yapendekezwa kuwa lugha pekee, au pamoja na Hadza)
| Maana | Kisandawe | Kiwichita | Kiwayuu | Kiitza | Kimingreli | Kioromo | Kimaya cha Yucatec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | tsʼa /tsʼa/ | kicʔa /kitsʔa/ | wuin /wuin/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | წყარი /tsʼqʼari/ | bishaan /biʃaːn/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ |
| Moto | ǁʼiŋ /ǁʼiŋ/ | heːcʔa /heːtsʔa/ | siki /siki/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | დაჩხირი /datʃxiri/ | ibidda /ibidːa/ | kʼáakʼ /kʼaːkʼ/ |
| Jua | ǁʼakasu /ǁʼakasu/ | saːkhirʔa /saːkʰiɾʔa/ | kaʼi /kaʔi/ | kʼin /kʼin/ | ბჟა /bʒa/ | aduu /aduː/ | kʼiin /kʼiːn/ |
| Mwezi | ǃaapuso /ǃaːpuso/ | waːh /waːh/ | kashi /kaʃi/ | uj /uh/ | თუთა /tʰutʰa/ | jiʼa /dʒiʔa/ | uj /uh/ |
| Nyota | hĩǀáwã /hĩ́ǀáwã̀ː/ | hiːkwirikʔa /hiːkʷiɾikʔa/ | jolotsü /holotsɨ/ | ekʼ /ekʼ/ | მურიცხი /muritsxi/ | urjii /urdʒiː/ | eekʼ /eːkʼ/ |
| Usiku | twee /tʷeː/ | ckhaːrʔa /tskʰaːɾʔa/ | aiʼpaʼa /aiʔpaʔa/ | akʼabʼ /akʼaɓ/ | სერი /seri/ | halkan /halkan/ | áakʼabʼ /aːkʼaɓ/ |
| Mvua | tlʼwaŋ /tɬʼwaŋ/ | — | huya /huja/ | — | ჭვიმა /tʃʼvima/ | bokkaa /ˈbokːaː/ | cháak /tʃáːk/ |
| Upepo | wekheŋ /wekʰeŋ/ | niweʔeːrʔa /niweʔeːɾʔa/ | houtai /houtai/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ბორია /boria/ | bubbee /ˈbubːeː/ | iikʼ /iːkʼ/ |
| Udongo | ǀʼina /ǀʼina/ | — | mmoo-ľuʼu /mmoo-ľuʔu/ | luʼum /luʔum/ | დიხა /dixa/ | lafa /lafa/ | luʼum /luʔum/ |
| Jiwe | diin /diːn/ | — | ipa /ipa/ | tunich /tunitʃ/ | ქუა /kʰua/ | dhagaa /ɖaˈɡaː/ | tuunich /tuːˈnitʃ/ |
| Mlima | gawa /ɡawa/ | — | uuchi /uːtʃi/ | — | გვალა /ɡvala/ | tulluu /tulːuː/ | wiits /wiːts/ |
| Mama | yei /jei/ | eciyeːh /etsijeːh/ | ei /ei/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | დიდა /dida/ | haadha /haːɗa/ | naʼ /naʔ/ |
| Baba | ai /ai/ | taːtah /taːtah/ | ashi /aʃi/ | tat /tat/ | მუმა /muma/ | abbaa /abːaː/ | taata /taːta/ |
| Binti | thames /tʰames/ | — | achon /atʃon/ | — | ცირა /tsira/ | intala /intala/ | x aal /ʃaːl/ |
| Mimi | tsi /tsi/ | nacʔih /natsʔih/ | taya /taja/ | ten /ten/ | მა /ma/ | ani /ani/ | teen /teːn/ |
| Wewe | hapu /hapu/ | nasʔih /nasʔih/ | pia /pia/ | tech /tetʃ/ | სი /si/ | ati /ati/ | teech /teːtʃ/ |
| Sisi | sũ /sṹ/ | — /—/ | waya /waja/ | toʼon /toʔon/ | ჩქი /tʃkʰi/ | nuti /nuti/ | toʼon /toʔon/ |
| Jina | ǁwâ /ǁʷâ/ | hissaːrʔa /hissaːɾʔa/ | anülia /anɨlia/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaɓaʔ/ | ჯოხო /dʒoxo/ | maqaa /makʼaː/ | kʼaabaʼ /kʼaːɓaʔ/ |
| Mtu | ǀnomese /ǀⁿomese/ | ihaas /ihaas/ | wayuu /wajuː/ | — | კოჩი /kʼotʃi/ | nama /nama/ | máak /maːk/ |
| Kichwa | tsee /tseː/ | — | ekii /ekiː/ | — | დუდი /dudi/ | mataa /mataː/ | pool /poːl/ |
| Jicho | ǀʷěː /ǀʷěː/ | kirikʔa /kiɾikʔa/ | oʼu /oʔu/ | ich /itʃ/ | თოლი /tʰoli/ | ija /idʒa/ | ich /itʃ/ |
| Sikio | keke /keke/ | — | ta-čeʼe /ta-tʃeʔe/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | ჸუჯი /ʔudʒi/ | gurra /ɡurra/ | xikin /ʃikin/ |
| Pua | ǀnati /ǀⁿati/ | — | eʼichi /eʔitʃi/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | ჩხვინდი /tʃxvindi/ | funyaan /fuɲaːn/ | niʼ /niʔ/ |
| Mdomo | ǃnum /ǃⁿum/ | — | aaniikii /aːniːkiː/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | პიჯი /pʼidʒi/ | afaan /afaːn/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ |
| Jino | ǃʼakhaŋ /ǃʼakʰaŋ/ | aːkʔa /aːkʔa/ | ai /ai/ | koh /koh/ | კიბირი /kʼibiri/ | ilkaan /ilkaːn/ | koh /koh/ |
| Ulimi | ǃheŋ /ǃʰeŋ/ | hacʼa /hatsʔa/ | ayee /ajeː/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | ნინა /nina/ | arraba /arːaba/ | aakʼ /aːkʼ/ |
| Mkono | tlʼuŋ /tɬʼuŋ/ | iskʔa /iskʔa/ | ajapü /axapɨ/ | kʼab /kʼab/ | ხე /xe/ | harka /haɾka/ | kʼabʼ /kʼaɓ/ |
| Mguu | ǁhata /ǁʰata/ | asʔa /asʔa/ | ooʼui /oːʔui/ | — | კუჩხი /kʼutʃxi/ | miilla /miːlːa/ | ook /oːk/ |
| Moyo | jigida /ɟiɡida/ | sikicʔa /sikitsʔa/ | aaʼin /aːʔin/ | pukʼsikʼal /pukʼsikʼal/ | გური /ɡuri/ | onnee /onːeː/ | puksiʼikʼal /puksiʔikʼal/ |
| Mfupa | ǃi /ǃi/ | kiːsʔa /kiːsʔa/ | ipü /ipɨ/ | bʼak /ɓak/ | ძვალი /dzvali/ | lafee /lafeː/ | bʼaak /ɓaːk/ |
| Damu | ǁʼekʼa /ǁʼekʼa/ | waːckicʔa /waːtskitsʔa/ | isha /iʃaː/ | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ | ზისხირი /zisxiri/ | dhiiga /ɖiːɡa/ | kʼiʼikʼ /kʼiʔikʼ/ |
| Upendo | kalokisi /kalokisi/ | — /—/ | alasüin /alasɨin/ | yakunti /jakunti/ | ჸოროფა /ʔoropʰa/ | jaalala /dʒaːlala/ | yaakuntej /jaːkunteh/ |
| Mti | thee /tʰeː/ | tiyaːhkw /tijaːhkʷ/ | wunuʼu /wunuʔu/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | ჯა /dʒa/ | muka /muka/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ |
| Mbwa | ǀɔɔ /ǀɔː/ | kiciyeːh /kitsijeːh/ | erü /eɾɨː/ | pekʼ /pekʼ/ | ჯოღორი /dʒoɣori/ | saree /saɾeː/ | peekʼ /peːkʼ/ |
| Paka | misho /miʃo/ | — /—/ | misho /miʃo/ | mis /mis/ | კატუ /kʼatʼu/ | adurree /adurːeː/ | miis /miːs/ |
| Samaki | somba /somba/ | kaːcʔa /kaːtsʔa/ | jime /hime/ | käy /kɨj/ | ჩხომი /tʃxomi/ | qurxummii /qurxummiː/ | kay /kaj/ |
| Ndege | thwii /tʰwiː/ | ichir /itsʰiɾ/ | wuchii /wutʃiː/ | chʼiichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ | ჩიტი /tʃitʼi/ | simbirroo /simbirroː/ | chʼíichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ |
| Kipepeo | karapupu /karapupu/ | — | julirü /huliɾɨ/ | — | ფარფალია /pʰarpʰalia/ | billaacha /bilːaːtʃa/ | péepen /peːpen/ |
| Yai | diʼa /diʔa/ | nikwiːkʔa /nikʷiːkʔa/ | ashuku /aʃuku/ | jeʼ /heʔ/ | მარქვალი /markʰvali/ | hanqaaquu /hanqaːquː/ | jeʼ /heʔ/ |
| Nyumba | khoo /kʰoː/ | akhaːrʔa /akʰaːɾʔa/ | miichi /miːtʃi/ | nah /nah/ | ოხორი /oxori/ | mana /mana/ | naj /nah/ |
| Maziwa | jikʼe /ɟikʼe/ | — | leechi /leːtʃi/ | — | ბჟა /bʒa/ | aannan /aːnːan/ | leche /letʃe/ |
| Chumvi | uuhlii /uːɬiː/ | — | ichii /itʃiː/ | tab /tab/ | ჯიმუ /dʒimu/ | soogidda /soːɡidːa/ | taʼab /taʔaɓ/ |
| Chuma | keeya /keːja/ | — | kachueera /katʃueːra/ | — | რკინა /rkʼina/ | sibiila /sibiːla/ | máaskab /maːskab/ |
| Kitabu | kitabu /kitabu/ | — | karaloukta /karaloukta/ | Juʼumilxok /huʔumilʃok/ | წინგი /tsʼinɡi/ | kitaaba /kitaːba/ | juʼun /huʔun/ |
| Kula | mánčʰâ /mántʃʰâ/ | kaʔac /kaʔats/ | ekaa /ekaː/ | jant /hant/ | ჭკომუა /tʃʼkʼomua/ | nyaachuu /ɲaːtʃuː/ | jaant /haːnt/ |
| Kunywa | tsʼee /tsʼeː/ | kikʔa /kikʔa/ | asaa /asaː/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | წუმა /tsʼuma/ | dhuguu /ɗuɡuː/ | ukʼul /ukʼul/ |
| Kulala | ǁʼo /ǁʼo/ | — | atunkaa /atuŋkaː/ | wenel /wenel/ | — | rafuu /rafuː/ | wenel /wenel/ |
| Moja | tsʼexe /tsʼexe/ | chiʔass /tsʰiʔass/ | wanee /waneː/ | jun /hun/ | ართი /artʰi/ | tokko /tokːo/ | jun /hun/ |
| Mbili | kisoxo /kisoxo/ | wic /wits/ | piama /piama/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ | ჟირი /ʒiri/ | lama /lama/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ |
| Tatu | swamkixi /sʷamkixi/ | taw /taw/ | apünüin /apɨnɨin/ | ox /oʃ/ | სუმი /sumi/ | sadii /sadiː/ | óox /ʔoːʃ/ |
| Nne | hakaxi /hakaxi/ | taːkwic /taːkʷits/ | pienchi /pieɲtʃi/ | kan /kan/ | ოთხი /otʰxi/ | afur /afur/ | kan /kan/ |
| Tano | kwaʼana /kʷaʔana/ | — | jaʼrai /haʔrai/ | — | ხუთი /xutʰi/ | shan /ʃan/ | joʼ /hoʔ/ |
| Mia | kom kom /kom kom/ | — | poloo shikii /poloː ʃikiː/ | — | ოში /oʃi/ | dhibba /ɗibba/ | joʼokʼáal /hoʔokʼaːl/ |
| Habari | gabaeesa /ɡabaeːsa/ | — /—/ | jamaya /xamaja/ | bʼix a tʼan /biʃ a tʼan/ | გომორძგუა /ɡomordzɡua/ | akkam /akːam/ | baʼax ka waʼalik /baʔaʃ ka waʔalik/ |
| Asante | musʼokoyo /musʼokojo/ | — /—/ | talé /tale/ | dios bʼotik /dios botik/ | მარდი /mardi/ | galatoomi /ɡalatoːmi/ | dios boʼotik /dios boʔotik/ |
| Nzuri | ɬáû /ɬáû/ | acs /atss/ | anasü /anasɨ/ | malobʼ /malob/ | ჯგირი /dʒɡiri/ | gaarii /ɡaːriː/ | maʼalob /maʔalob/ |
| Mpya | ǁae /ǁaé/ | — | jeketü /heketɨ/ | — | ახალი /axali/ | haaraa /haːraː/ | túumben /tuːmben/ |
| Nyekundu | butlʼi /butɬʼi/ | kwhaːc /kʷʰaːts/ | ishoʼusü /iʃoˈʔusɨ/ | chäk /tʃɨk/ | ჭითა /tʃʼitʰa/ | diimaa /diːmaː/ | chak /tʃak/ |
| Nyeupe | phoo /pʰoː/ | — | kasuusü /kasuːsɨ/ | säk /sək/ | ჩე /tʃe/ | adii /adiː/ | sak /sak/ |
| Nyeusi | kʼaŋkʼara /kʼaŋkʼara/ | — | mütsiiasü /mɨtsiːasɨ/ | — | უჩა /utʃa/ | gurraacha /ɡurːaːtʃaː/ | box /boʃ/ |
| Kijani | jaanga /ɟaːŋɡa/ | — | wüitüsü /wɨitɨsɨ/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ | წვანე /tsʼvane/ | magariisa /maɡariːsa/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ |
| Buluu | bulu /bulu/ | — | wüitüsü /wɨitɨsɨ/ | — | ლურჯი /lurdʒi/ | cuquliisa /tʃukʼuliːsa/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ |
| Sukari | sukar /sukar/ | — | suukala /suːkala/ | chʼuuk /tʃʼuːk/ | შანქარი /ʃankʰari/ | sukkaara /sukːaːra/ | asukaar /asukaːr/ |
Ukurasa 1/8
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