Tetun
Kitetum
Kiaustronesia (Central Malayo-Polynesian)
Kitetum (Tetun; ISO 639-3: tet) ni lugha ya Kiaustronesia na, kwa mujibu wa Katiba ya Timor-Leste ya 2002, ni mojawapo ya lugha mbili rasmi za nchi hiyo pamoja na Kireno. Tetun Dili, pia huitwa Tetun Prasa, ndiyo lingua franka kuu ya taifa na msingi wa Kitetum Rasmi; karne nyingi za mawasiliano zimeipa msamiati mwingi wa Kireno. Tetun Terik inajumuisha lahaja za kikanda zilizo na uhafidhina zaidi na huhifadhi sifa za kisarufi zilizopungua au kupotea katika Tetun Dili. Kitetum kwa kawaida hufuata mpangilio kiima–kitenzi–yambwa na kwa kiasi kikubwa ni lugha changanuzi, kikieleza mahusiano mengi ya kisarufi kwa mpangilio wa maneno, chembe na maneno ya kisarufi badala ya unyambulishaji mpana; viwakilishi vyake hutofautisha nafsi ya kwanza wingi jumuishi na isiyojumuisha. Amri ya Serikali 1/2004 iliidhinisha Othografia Sanifu ya Kitetum Rasmi inayotegemea Kilatini, iliyotayarishwa na Taasisi ya Taifa ya Isimu kwa matumizi katika utawala wa serikali, elimu na mawasiliano ya umma.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kitetum
Vyanzo
- Hull, Geoffrey (2002) Standard Tetum-English Dictionary (row spelling: haʼu, diʼak, xá, kafé, obrigadu); Tetun Dili Bible (bible.com 4763, 3775); Wiktionary Tetum
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Kiaustronesia (Central Malayo-Polynesian)
| Maana | Kitetum | Atoni | Kimalei cha Kale | Proto-Austronesia | Kibanjar | Kibatak cha Angkola | Kicham cha Kale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | bee /beː/ | oe /oe/ | air /air/ | *daNum /daNum/ | banyu /baɲu/ | aek /aek/ | ie /ʔiə/ |
| Moto | ahi /ahi/ | ai /ai/ | api /api/ | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | apuy /ʔapuj/ |
| Jua | loron /loɾon/ | manas /manas/ | matari /matari/ | *waRi /waRi/ | matahari /matahari/ | mata ni ari /mata ni ari/ | huriy /hurij/ |
| Mwezi | fulan /fulan/ | fun /fun/ | bulan /bulan/ | *bulaN /bulaN/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ |
| Nyota | fitun /ˈfitun/ | kfu /kfuʔ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | *bituqen /bituqen/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bituk /bituʔ/ |
| Usiku | kalan /kalan/ | fai /fai/ | malam /malam/ | *beRŋi /beʀŋi/ | malam /malam/ | borngin /borŋin/ | malam /malam/ |
| Mvua | udan /ˈudan/ | ulan /ˈulan/ | — | *quzaN /quzaN/ | hujan /ˈhudʒan/ | udan /uˈdan/ | — |
| Theluji | neve /ˈnɛvɛ/ | — | — | *SuReNa /SuReNa/ | salju /saldʒu/ | salju /saldʒu/ | — |
| Upepo | anin /ˈanin/ | anin /anin/ | — | *bali /bali/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | — |
| Udongo | rai /ˈrai/ | afu /afu/ | — | *taneq /taneq/ | tanah /tanah/ | tano /tano/ | — |
| Jiwe | fatuk /ˈfatuk/ | fatu /fatu/ | batu /batu/ | *batu /batu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /batu/ | batau /batau/ |
| Mlima | foho /foho/ | nuʼaf /nuʔaf/ | — | *bukij /bukij/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | dolok /dolok/ | — |
| Bahari | tasi /tasi/ | tasi /tasi/ | — | *tenem /tenem/ | laut /laut/ | laut /laut/ | — |
| Mama | inan /inan/ | ainaf /ainaf/ | ibu /ibu/ | *ina /ina/ | uma /uma/ | inang /inaŋ/ | inā /ina/ |
| Baba | aman /aman/ | amat /amat/ | bapa /bapa/ | *ama /ama/ | abah /abah/ | amang /amaŋ/ | amā /ama/ |
| Binti | oan feto /oan feto/ | anfeto /anfeto/ | — | — | anak babinian /anak babinian/ | boru /boru/ | — |
| Mimi | haʼu /haʔu/ | au /au/ | aku /aku/ | *aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ | au /au/ | ku /ku/ |
| Wewe | ó /ɔ/ | ho /ho/ | kamu /kamu/ | *iSu /iSu/ | ikam /ikam/ | ho /ho/ | hã /haː/ |
| Sisi | ita / ami /ita / ami/ | hit / hai /hit / hai/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | *kita / *kami /kita / kami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | hita / hami /hita / hami/ | — /—/ |
| Jina | naran /ˈnaran/ | kanan /ˈkanan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | goar /ɡoar/ | angan /aŋan/ |
| Mtu | ema /ema/ | atoni /atoni/ | — | *Cau /tsau/ | urang /uraŋ/ | halak /halak/ | urāṅ /uraːŋ/ |
| Kichwa | ulun /ulun/ | nakaf /nakaf/ | — | *quluh /quluh/ | kapala /kapala/ | ulu /ulu/ | — |
| Jicho | matan /matan/ | matan /matan/ | mata /mata/ | *maCa /maCa/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | matā /mata/ |
| Sikio | tilun /tilun/ | luken /luken/ | — | *Caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | talinga /taˈliŋa/ | pinggol /piŋɡol/ | — |
| Pua | inus /inus/ | pana /pana/ | — | *ujuŋ /ujuŋ/ | hidung /hiduŋ/ | igung /iɡuŋ/ | idung /iduŋ/ |
| Mdomo | ibun /ˈibun/ | fefan /fefan/ | — | — | muntung /muntuŋ/ | baba /baba/ | — |
| Jino | nehan /nehan/ | nisi /nisi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | *nipen /nipen/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | ipon /ipon/ | tagai /taɡaj/ |
| Ulimi | nanaan /nanaːn/ | maaʼ /maːʔ/ | lidah /lidah/ | *Sema /Sema/ | ilat /ilat/ | dila /dila/ | dalah /dalah/ |
| Mkono | liman /liman/ | ʼniman /ʔniman/ | tangan /taŋan/ | *lima /lima/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | taŋin /taŋin/ |
| Mguu | ain /ain/ | haef /haef/ | — | *qaqay /qaqay/ | batis /batis/ | pat /pat/ | takai /takai/ |
| Moyo | fuan /fuan/ | nesa /nesa/ | hati /hati/ | *pusuq /pusuq/ | ati /ati/ | roha /roha/ | hatai /hatai/ |
| Mfupa | ruin /ruin/ | nuʼi /nuʔi/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | *CuqelaN /CuqelaN/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | holi-holi /holiˈholi/ | talang /talaŋ/ |
| Damu | raan /raːn/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | darah /darah/ | *daRaq /daRaq/ | darah /darah/ | mudar /mudar/ | darah /darah/ |
| Kinyesi | teen /teːn/ | — | — | *Caqi /tsaqi/ | tahi /tahi/ | — | — |
| Upendo | domin /domin/ | nekat /nekat/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | — /—/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | holong /holoŋ/ | klɛn /klɛn/ |
| Mti | ai /ai/ | hau /hau/ | kayu /kaju/ | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ | batang /bataŋ/ | hayu /haju/ | phuəŋ /pʰuəŋ/ |
| Mbwa | asu /asu/ | asu /asu/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | *asu /asu/ | hadupan /hadupan/ | asu /asu/ | asuv /asuw/ |
| Paka | busa /busa/ | meo /meo/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | pusa /pusa/ | huting /hutiŋ/ | mɛw /mɛw/ |
| Samaki | ikan /ˈikan/ | ikaʼ /ikaʔ/ | ikan /ikan/ | *Sikan /Sikan/ | iwak /ˈiwak/ | ihan /ˈihan/ | ikan /ikan/ |
| Ndege | manu /manu/ | kolo /kolo/ | burung /buruŋ/ | *manuk /manuk/ | burung /buruŋ/ | unggas /uŋɡas/ | cim /tʃim/ |
| Kipepeo | borboleta /borboleta/ | — | — | *baŋbaŋ /baŋbaŋ/ | kupu-kupu /kupukupu/ | — | — |
| Yai | tolun /tolun/ | teko /teko/ | — | *qiCeluR /qicəlur/ | hintalu /hintalu/ | pira /pira/ | — |
| Dubu | ursu /ˈursu/ | — | — | *Cumay /Cumay/ | biruang /biruaŋ/ | gompul /ɡompul/ | — |
| Farasi | kuda /kuda/ | bikase /bikase/ | — | — | kuda /kuda/ | kudo /kudo/ | — |
| Nyumba | uma /uma/ | ume /ume/ | rumah /rumah/ | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ | rumah /rumah/ | bagas /baɡas/ | sɔŋ /sɔŋ/ |
| Maziwa | susubeen /susubeːn/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | — | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | — |
| Asali | bani-been /bani-beːn/ | oni /oni/ | — | — | madu /madu/ | aer ni loba /aer ni loba/ | — |
| Chumvi | masin /ˈmasin/ | masiʼ /masiʔ/ | garam /ɡaram/ | *qasiRa /qasiRa/ | uyah /ujah/ | sira /sira/ | — |
| Mvinyo | tua-uvas /tua uvas/ | — | — | — | anggur /aŋɡur/ | anggur /aŋɡur/ | — |
| Mchele | foos /foːs/ | — | — | *beRas /beRas/ | baras /baras/ | — | — |
| Chokoleti | xoklate /ʃoklate/ | — | — | — | suklat /ˈsuklat/ | — | — |
| Chuma | besi /ˈbesi/ | besi /besi/ | — | *Namat /Namat/ | wasi /ˈwasi/ | bosi /bosi/ | — |
| Gurudumu | roda /roda/ | — | — | — | roda /roda/ | roda /roda/ | — |
| Hariri | seda /seda/ | sutra /sutra/ | — | — | sutra /sutra/ | surto /surto/ | — |
| Kitabu | livru /livɾu/ | sulat /sulat/ | — | — | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | — |
| Kula | han /han/ | ah /ah/ | makan /makan/ | *kaen /kaen/ | makan /makan/ | mangan /maŋan/ | bɔh /bɔh/ |
| Kunywa | hemu /hemu/ | ninu /ninu/ | minum /minum/ | *inum /inum/ | nginum /ŋinum/ | minum /minum/ | mɛnum /mɛnum/ |
| Kulala | toba /ˈtoba/ | tup /tup/ | tidur /tidur/ | *tuduR /tuduR/ | guring /ɡuriŋ/ | modom /modom/ | — |
| Moja | ida /ida/ | mese /mese/ | sa /sa/ | *isa /isa/ | asa /asa/ | sada /sada/ | sa /sa/ |
| Mbili | rua /ˈrua/ | nua /ˈnua/ | dua /dua/ | *duSa /duSa/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ |
| Tatu | tolu /tolu/ | tenu /tenu/ | tlu /tlu/ | *telu /telu/ | talu /talu/ | tolu /tolu/ | klau /klau/ |
| Nne | haat /haːt/ | ha /ha/ | mpat /əmpat/ | *Sepat /səpat/ | ampat /ampat/ | opat /opat/ | pāt /paːt/ |
| Tano | lima /lima/ | nim /nim/ | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Mia | atus /atus/ | natun /natun/ | ratus /ratus/ | *RaCus /RaCus/ | saratus /saratus/ | saratus /saratus/ | — |
| Habari | bondia /bondia/ | neut /neut/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | salam /salam/ | horas /horas/ | — /—/ |
| Asante | obrigadu /obɾiɡadu/ | neno biluk /neno biluk/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | tarima kasih /tarima kasih/ | mauliate /mauliate/ | — /—/ |
| Nzuri | diʼak /diʔak/ | malaek /malaek/ | baik /baik/ | — /—/ | bagus /baɡus/ | denggan /deŋɡan/ | siam /siam/ |
| Mpya | foun /foun/ | feʼu /feʔu/ | — | *baqeRuh /baqeRuh/ | hanyar /haɲar/ | imbaru /imbaru/ | — |
| Nyekundu | mean /mean/ | mtasaʼ /mtasaʔ/ | merah /merah/ | *ma-iRaq /ma-iRaq/ | habang /habaŋ/ | rara /rara/ | mưriah /mɨriah/ |
| Nyeupe | mutin /mutin/ | mutiʼ /mutiʔ/ | putih /putih/ | *ma-putiq /maputiq/ | putih /putih/ | bontar /bontar/ | patih /patih/ |
| Nyeusi | metan /metan/ | metan /metan/ | hitam /hitam/ | *qeCeŋeN /qeCeŋeN/ | hirang /hiraŋ/ | lomlom /lomlom/ | hitam /hitam/ |
| Kijani | matak /matak/ | mateʼ /mateʔ/ | — | — | hijau /hidʒau/ | rata /rata/ | — |
| Buluu | biru /biru/ | — | — | — | biru /biru/ | rata langit /rata laŋit/ | — |
| Kompyuta | komputadór /komputaˈdoɾ/ | — | — | — | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | — |
| Wi-Fi | Wi-Fi /waifai/ | — | — | — | Wi-Fi | — | — |
| Chai | xá /ʃa/ | — | — | — | teh /teh/ | — | — |
| Kahawa | kafé /kaˈfɛ/ | — | — | — | kupi /kupi/ | — | — |
| Sukari | masin-midar /masin-midar/ | — | — | — | gula /ɡula/ | — | — |
| Chungwa | sabraka /sabraka/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 99 | sia-nulu resin sia /sia-nulu resin sia/ | boʼsio am sio /boʔsio am sio/ | — | — | sambilan puluh sambilan /sambilan puluh sambilan/ | sambilan pulu sambilan /sambilan pulu sambilan/ | — |
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