Woleaian
Kiwoleai
Kiaustronesia (Micronesian)
Kiwolai ni lugha ya Kichuuk cha Kiini katika tawi la Kioseaniki la familia ya Kiaustronesia, inayozungumzwa Woleai, Eauripik, Faraulep, Ifalik, Elato na Lamotrek katika Jimbo la Yap, Shirikisho la Mikronesia, na katika jamii za ughaibuni. Utafiti wa hivi karibuni unakadiria wasemaji 3,000–6,000 na kueleza aina sita zinazohusiana kwa karibu na kila kisiwa duara. Urithishaji bado ni imara katika visiwa vya nje, ambako watoto hujifunza Kiwolai kama lugha ya kwanza na ndiyo lugha kuu katika nyanja nyingi za kila siku, hivyo tafiti za karibuni hazikiainishi kuwa hatarini. Kiwolai kina mfumo tajiri wa irabu, viainishaji vya nambari na umilikaji, na mpangilio nyumbufu lakini unaotawaliwa na mtendaji–kitenzi–mtendwa. Maandishi ya kisasa hutumia tahajia zinazotegemea Kilatini; mwandiko asilia wa silabi uliowahi kutumiwa hasa kwa mapambo na ibada ulikuwa karibu umetoweka kufikia mwisho wa karne ya ishirini.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kiwoleai
Vyanzo
- Sohn, Ho-min & Anthony F. Tawerilmang (1976) Woleaian-English Dictionary, University of Hawaii Press (scholarspace 10125/62920); Bender et al. (2003) Proto-Micronesian Reconstructions (ABVD 347)
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Kiaustronesia (Micronesian)
| Maana | Kiwoleai | Kichuuk | Kiyap | Kikiribati | Kisamoa | Kituvalu | Kitonga |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | shal /ʃalʉ/ | kkónik /kːonik/ | raen /raen/ | ran /ɾan/ | vai /vai/ | vai /vai/ | vai /vai/ |
| Moto | yaf /jaːfi/ | ekkei /ekːei/ | nifiy /nifij/ | ai /ai/ | afi /afi/ | afi /afi/ | afi /afi/ |
| Jua | yal /jal/ | akkar /akːaɾ/ | yalʼ /jalʼ/ | taai /taːi/ | lā /laː/ | laa /laː/ | laʻā /laʔaː/ |
| Mwezi | meram /meɻame/ | maram /maɾam/ | pul /pul/ | namwakaina /namʷakaina/ | māsina /maːsina/ | masina /masina/ | māhina /maːhina/ |
| Nyota | fius /fʉːs/ | fúú /fɨː/ | tʼuuf /tʼuːf/ | itoi /iˈtoi/ | fetū /fetuː/ | fetū /fetuː/ | fetuʻu /fetuʔu/ |
| Usiku | bong /boːŋi/ | pwiin /pʷiːn/ | neapʼ /nɛapʼ/ | bong /boŋ/ | pō /poː/ | pō /poː/ | pō /poː/ |
| Mvua | ut /uːte/ | wúút /wɨːt/ | nʼuw /nʔuw/ | karau /kaˈɾau/ | ua /ua/ | ua /ua/ | ʻuha /ʔuha/ |
| Upepo | yang /jaːŋi/ | eng /eŋ/ | nifeng /nifɛŋ/ | ang /aŋ/ | matagi /mataŋi/ | matagi /mataŋi/ | matangi /mataŋi/ |
| Udongo | bbel /bːəlʉ/ | pwpwún /pʷːɨn/ | buutʼ /buːtʼ/ | tano /tano/ | ʻeleʻele /ʔeleʔele/ | kelekele /kelekele/ | kelekele /kelekele/ |
| Jiwe | faiu /faːʉ/ | faaw /faːw/ | malaang /malaːŋ/ | atibu /aˈsibu/ | maʻa /maʔa/ | fatu /fatu/ | maka /maka/ |
| Mlima | taiit /taiːt/ | chuuk /tʃuːk/ | burey /burej/ | maunga /mauŋa/ | mauga /mauŋa/ | mauga /mauŋa/ | moʻunga /moʔuŋa/ |
| Bahari | metaw /metaw/ | sáát /saːt/ | madaay /madaːj/ | marawa /maɾawa/ | sami /sami/ | tai /tai/ | tahi /tahi/ |
| Mama | sila /sila/ | iin /iːn/ | chitiningin /tʃitiniŋin/ | tina /ˈsina/ | tinā /tinaː/ | maatua /maːtua/ | faʻē /faʔeː/ |
| Baba | tema /tema/ | saam /saːm/ | chiitamoog /tʃiːtamoːɡ/ | tama /tama/ | tamā /tamaː/ | tamana /tamana/ | tamai /tamai/ |
| Mimi | gaang /ɡaːŋ/ | ngang /ŋaŋ/ | gaeg /ɡaːɡ/ | ngai /ŋai/ | aʻu /aʔu/ | au /au/ | au /au/ |
| Wewe | geel /ɡeːle/ | en /en/ | guur /ɡuːr/ | ngkoe /ŋkoe/ | ʻoe /ʔoe/ | koe /koe/ | koe /koe/ |
| Sisi | giish / gaamam /ɡiːʃ / ɡaːmam/ | kich / áám /kitʃ / aːm/ | gadaed / gamaed /ɡadɛːd / ɡamɛːd/ | ngaira /ŋaira/ | tātou / mātou /taːtou / maːtou/ | tātou / mātou /taːtou / maːtou/ | kitautolu / kimautolu /kitautolu / kimautolu/ |
| Jina | it /iːt/ | iit /iːt/ | fithingan /fiθiŋan/ | ara /ˈara/ | igoa /iŋoa/ | igoa /iŋoa/ | hingoa /hiŋoa/ |
| Mtu | yaremat /jaɻemat/ | aramas /aramas/ | girdiʼ /ɡirdiːʔ/ | aomata /aomata/ | tagata /taŋata/ | tino /tino/ | tangata /taŋata/ |
| Kichwa | shimw /ʃimʷ/ | mékúr /məkɨɾ/ | lolug /loluɡ/ | atu /ˈatu/ | ulu /ulu/ | ulu /ulu/ | ʻulu /ʔulu/ |
| Jicho | mat /maːte/ | maas /maːs/ | miit /miːt/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ |
| Sikio | taling /taliŋa/ | sening /seniŋ/ | teel /teːl/ | taninga /taniŋa/ | taliga /taliŋa/ | taliga /taliŋa/ | telinga /teliŋa/ |
| Pua | boot /boːti/ | pwéét /pʷeːt/ | pʼeethunguun /pʼeːθuŋuːn/ | bwairi /bʷairi/ | isu /isu/ | isu /isu/ | ihu /ihu/ |
| Mdomo | yaw /jaw/ | aaw /aːw/ | lʼugun /lʼuɡun/ | — | gutu /ŋutu/ | gutu /ŋutu/ | ngutu /ŋutu/ |
| Jino | ngi /ŋiː/ | nii /niː/ | nguwol /ŋuwoːl/ | wi /wi/ | nifo /nifo/ | nifo /nifo/ | nifo /nifo/ |
| Ulimi | lew /leːwe/ | chénnaaw /tʃenːaːw/ | balwoth /balwoθ/ | newe /newe/ | laulaufaiva /laulaufaiva/ | alelo /alelo/ | ʻelelo /ʔelelo/ |
| Mkono | paiu /paːʉ/ | paaw /paːw/ | paʼ /paʔ/ | bai /bai/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | nima /nima/ |
| Mguu | peshe /peʃe/ | peche /petʃe/ | ay /ʔaːj/ | wae /wae/ | vae /vae/ | vae /vae/ | vaʻe /vaʔe/ |
| Moyo | bun /buno/ | letip /letip/ | gam /ɡam/ | nano /nano/ | loto /loto/ | fatu /fatu/ | loto /loto/ |
| Mfupa | shiu /ʃiu/ | chuu /tʃɨː/ | yil /jil/ | ri /ri/ | ivi /ivi/ | ivi /ivi/ | hui /hui/ |
| Damu | cha /tʃa/ | chcha /tʃːa/ | rachaʼ /ratʃaʔ/ | rara /ɾaɾa/ | toto /toto/ | toto /toto/ | toto /toto/ |
| Kinyesi | pag /paɡ/ | — /—/ | taer /taːr/ | butae /butae/ | tae /tae/ | tae /tae/ | taʻe /taʔe/ |
| Upendo | ffageo /fːaɡœː/ | tóng /təŋ/ | tʼuf /tʼuf/ | tangira /taŋiɾa/ | alofa /alofa/ | alofa /alofa/ | ʻofa /ʔofa/ |
| Mti | ira /iɻa/ | irá /iɾaː/ | gekʼiy /ɡekʔij/ | kai /kai/ | laʻau /laʔau/ | laakau /laːkau/ | ʻakau /ʔakau/ |
| Mbwa | gelaag /ɡelaːɡu/ | konak /konak/ | pilis /pilis/ | kamea /kamea/ | maile /maile/ | kuli /kuli/ | kulī /kuliː/ |
| Paka | gaatu /ɡaːtu/ | kkááset /kːaːset/ | katuu /katuː/ | katama /katama/ | pusi /pusi/ | pusi /pusi/ | pusi /pusi/ |
| Samaki | ig /iːɡe/ | iik /iːk/ | nig /niːɡ/ | ika /ˈika/ | iʻa /iʔa/ | ika /ika/ | ika /ika/ |
| Ndege | mal /malʉ/ | machang /matʃaŋ/ | archeʼ /ʔartʃəʔ/ | mannikiba /mannikiba/ | manu /manu/ | manu /manu/ | manupuna /manupuna/ |
| Kipepeo | libegibeg /libeɡibeɡ/ | nipwisipwis /nipʷisipʷis/ | taloolbëy /taloːlbəj/ | bwebwe /bʷebʷe/ | pepe /pepe/ | pepe /pepe/ | pepe /pepe/ |
| Yai | siugiun /sʉɡʉn/ | sókkun /səkːun/ | faak /faːk/ | bunnimoa /bunːiˈmoa/ | fuamoa /fuamoa/ | fuamoa /fuamoa/ | foʻi moa /foʔi moa/ |
| Farasi | yoas /jɒs/ | arus /arus/ | os /ʔoːs/ | aoti /aosi/ | solofanua /solofanua/ | solofanua /solofanua/ | hoosi /hoːsi/ |
| Nyumba | imw /iːmʷe/ | iimw /iːmʷ/ | naʼun /naʔun/ | auti /ˈausi/ | fale /fale/ | fale /fale/ | fale /fale/ |
| Maziwa | milik /milik/ | milik /milik/ | milik /milik/ | miriki /miɾiki/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | huʻakau /huʔakau/ |
| Chumvi | gasiiga /ɡasiːɡa/ | sóón /səːn/ | sool /soːl/ | taoro /taoro/ | masima /masima/ | masima /masima/ | māsima /maːsima/ |
| Mvinyo | waain /waːine/ | wain /wain/ | wayin /wajin/ | wain /wain/ | uaina /uaina/ | uaina /uaina/ | uaine /uaine/ |
| Mchele | peraas /peɻaːs/ | rais /ɾais/ | koomëy /koːməj/ | raiti /ɾaisi/ | alaisa /alaisa/ | laisi /laisi/ | laise /laise/ |
| Chuma | paarang /paːɻaŋ/ | mecha /metʃa/ | waasëy /waːsəj/ | biti /ˈpisi/ | uʻamea /uʔamea/ | fiti /fiti/ | ukamea /ukamea/ |
| Kitabu | baabiyor /baːbijoɻ/ | puk /puk/ | baabiyor /baːbijor/ | boki /ˈboki/ | tusi /tusi/ | tusi /tusi/ | tohi /tohi/ |
| Kula | mwongo /mʷoŋo/ | mwéngé /mʷeŋːe/ | kay /kaj/ | amwarake /amʷaɾake/ | ʻai /ʔai/ | kai /kai/ | kai /kai/ |
| Kunywa | iul /ʉlʉ/ | wún /wɨn/ | unum /unum/ | nima /nima/ | inu /inu/ | inu /inu/ | inu /inu/ |
| Moja | yeta /jeta/ | éét /eːt/ | reb /reb/ | teuana /teuana/ | tasi /tasi/ | tasi /tasi/ | taha /taha/ |
| Mbili | riuwa /ɻʉwa/ | rúúw /rɨːw/ | lʼagruw /laʔɡruw/ | uoua /uˈoua/ | lua /lua/ | lua /lua/ | ua /ua/ |
| Tatu | yeli /jeli/ | wúnú /wɨnɨ/ | dalip /daliːp/ | tenua /teˈnua/ | tolu /tolu/ | tolu /tolu/ | tolu /tolu/ |
| Nne | fangi /faŋi/ | fáán /faːn/ | aningeg /ʔaniŋeːɡ/ | aua /aua/ | fā /faː/ | fā /faː/ | fā /faː/ |
| Tano | lima /lima/ | niim /niːm/ | lalʼ /laːlʼ/ | nimaua /nimaua/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | nima /nima/ |
| Habari | faiisho /faiːʃo/ | ráán annim /raːn annim/ | mogethin /moɡetʰin/ | mauri /mauɾi/ | talofa /talofa/ | taalofa /taːlofa/ | mālō e lelei /maːloː e lelei/ |
| Asante | — /—/ | kinisou /kinisou/ | kammagar /kamːaɡar/ | ko rabwa /ko ɾabʷa/ | faʻafetai /faʔafetai/ | fakafetai /fakafetai/ | mālō /maːloː/ |
| Nzuri | gach /ɡatʃʉ/ | mwirinné /mʷirinːe/ | feelʼ /feːlʼ/ | raoiroi /ɾaoiɾoi/ | lelei /lelei/ | lei /lei/ | lelei /lelei/ |
| Mpya | feo /fœː/ | ffé /fːe/ | beʼech /beʔetʃ/ | bou /bou/ | fou /fou/ | fou /fou/ | foʻou /foʔou/ |
| Nyekundu | cha /tʃa/ | par /par/ | roowroow /roːwroːw/ | uraura /uɾaˈuɾa/ | mūmū /muːmuː/ | kula /kula/ | kulokula /kulokula/ |
| Nyeupe | besh /beʃe/ | pwechepwech /pʷetʃepʷetʃ/ | wechwech /wetʃwetʃ/ | mainaina /mainaina/ | paʻepaʻe /paʔepaʔe/ | kena /kena/ | hinehina /hinehina/ |
| Nyeusi | chochoal /tʃotʃɒl/ | chochol /tʃotʃol/ | talumor /talumor/ | roro /ɾoɾo/ | uliuli /uliuli/ | uli /uli/ | ʻuliʻuli /ʔuliʔuli/ |
| Kijani | gaaraweraw /ɡaːɻaweɻaw/ | araw /araw/ | giriin /ɡiriːn/ | mawawa /mawawa/ | lanumeamata /lanumeamata/ | lanu lau niu /lanu lau niu/ | lanu mata /lanu mata/ |
| Buluu | gaaraweraw /ɡaːɻaweɻaw/ | araw /araw/ | yarraq /jarːaʔ/ | mawawa /mawawa/ | lanumoana /lanumoana/ | lanu moana /lanu moana/ | lanu moana /lanu moana/ |
| Chai | tti /tːi/ | ttii /tːiː/ | tiy /tij/ | ii /iː/ | tī /tiː/ | tī /tiː/ | tī /tiː/ |
| Kahawa | koofi /koːfi/ | kofi /kofi/ | koofiy /koːfij/ | kobe /kobe/ | kofe /kofe/ | kofe /kofe/ | kofi /kofi/ |
| Chungwa | gurugur /ɡuɻuɡuɻu/ | kurukur /kuɾukuɾ/ | goeluugaaw /ɡøluːɡaːw/ | aoranti /aoɾansi/ | moli /moli/ | moli /moli/ | moli /moli/ |
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