Nheengatú
Kinheengatu
Kitupi
Nheengatu (Língua Geral Amazônica, "usemi mzuri wa Amazoni") ni mzao wa kisasa wa Tupinambá, lugha ya Kitupi-Kiguarani iliyotumiwa na Wajesuiti wa Kireno wa enzi ya ukoloni kama lugha ya mawasiliano ya pamoja kwa kuwasiliana na wenyeji kotekote katika pwani na Amazoni ya Brazili kuanzia karne ya 16 hadi 18. Kufikia karne ya 19, baada ya kuporomoka kwa ukoloni na kulazimishwa kwa Kireno, Tupinambá ilikufa kwa kiasi kikubwa kama lugha ya kwanza (L1), lakini Nheengatu ilinusurika kama lugha ya kienyeji ya kikanda katika eneo la juu la Rio Negro karibu na mpaka wa nchi tatu wa Brazili-Kolombia-Venezuela. Mwaka 2002, São Gabriel da Cachoeira (Amazonas, Brazili) ikawa manispaa ya kwanza ya Brazili kutambua lugha za wenyeji kuwa lugha rasmi pamoja na Kireno, Nheengatu ikiwa miongoni mwazo. Leo hii wazungumzaji wapatao 6,000 hadi 8,000 wanaiendeleza, hasa katika jamii za wenyeji kando ya Rio Negro na vijito vyake.
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kinheengatu
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Kitupi
| Maana | Kinheengatu | Kitupinamba | Kiguarani | Kigurarani cha Mbyá | Kimbundu | Lugha ya Purépecha | Kiluvale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | ií /iˈʔi/ | ʼy /ʔɨ/ | y /ɨ/ | y /ɨ/ | menha /meɲa/ | itsï /iˈtsɨ/ | meya /meja/ |
| Moto | tatá /tata/ | tatá /taˈta/ | tata /tata/ | tata /taˈta/ | tubia /tubja/ | chpíri /ˈtʃpʰiɾi/ | kakahya /kakahja/ |
| Jua | kurasi /kuɾasi/ | kuarasy /kwaɾaˈsɨ/ | kuarahy /kwaɾahɨ/ | kuaray /kʷaɾaˈɨ/ | dikumbi /dikumbi/ | jurhiata /xuɽˈjata/ | likumbi /likumbi/ |
| Mwezi | yasi /jasi/ | iasy /jaˈsɨ/ | jasy /dʒasɨ/ | jaxy /ʒaˈʃɨ/ | mbeji /mbeʒi/ | kutsi /ˈkutsi/ | kakweji /kakwedʒi/ |
| Nyota | yasytatá /jasɨtaˈta/ | jasytata /jasɨtaˈta/ | mbyja /mbɨˈdʒa/ | jaxy tata /ʒaʃɨ taˈta/ | tetembwa /teˈtembwa/ | jóskua /ˈxoskʷa/ | tanganyeka /taŋɡaˈɲeka/ |
| Usiku | pituna /pituna/ | pytuna /pɨtuna/ | pyhare /pɨhaɾe/ | pytũ /pɨtũ/ | usuku /usuku/ | churikua /tʃuɾikʷa/ | ufuku /ufuku/ |
| Mvua | amana /amana/ | amana /amaˈna/ | ama /ˈama/ | oky /okɨ/ | mvula /mvula/ | janikua /xanikʷa/ | vula /vula/ |
| Upepo | iwitú /iwiˈtu/ | ybytu /ɨβɨˈtu/ | yvytu /ɨvɨˈtu/ | yvytu /ɨvɨˈtu/ | kitembu /kitembu/ | tarhiata /taˈɽiata/ | peho /peho/ |
| Udongo | iwi /iwi/ | yby /ɨˈβɨ/ | yvy /ɨvɨ/ | yvy /ɨˈvɨ/ | mavu /mavu/ | echeri /etʃeɾi/ | mavu /mavu/ |
| Jiwe | itá /iˈta/ | itá /iˈta/ | ita /iˈtaʔ/ | ita /ita/ | ditadi /ditadi/ | tsakapu /tsaˈkapu/ | lilolwa /lilolwa/ |
| Mlima | iwitera /iwiteɾa/ | — | yvyty /ɨʋɨˈtɨ/ | yvyty /ɨvɨˈtɨ/ | mulundu /mulundu/ | uata /wata/ | pili /pili/ |
| Bahari | paranawasú /paɾanawaˈsu/ | paranã /paɾãˈnã/ | para /paˈɾa/ | yeʼẽ /ɨeˈʔẽ/ | kalunga /kaluŋɡa/ | kʼéri japunta /ˈkʰeɾi xapunta/ | kalungalwiji /kaluŋɡalwidʒi/ |
| Mama | manha /ˈmaɲa/ | sy /sɨ/ | sy /sɨ/ | xy /ʃɨ/ | mama /mama/ | nana /ˈnana/ | mama /mama/ |
| Baba | paiá /paja/ | tuba /ˈtuβa/ | túva /tuva/ | tuu /tuu/ | tata /tata/ | tata /ˈtata/ | tata /tata/ |
| Binti | tayera /tajeˈɾa/ | tajyra /taˈjɨɾa/ | tajýra /taˈdʒɨɾa/ | tajy /taˈʒɨ/ | mona a muhatu /mona a muhatu/ | — | mwana wapwevo /mwana wapwevo/ |
| Mimi | ixé /iˈʃe/ | ixé /iˈʃɛ/ | che /ʃe/ | xee /ʃeː/ | eme /eme/ | ji /xi/ | ami /ami/ |
| Wewe | indé /ĩˈde/ | endé /ẽˈdɛ/ | nde /nde/ | ndee /ndeː/ | eie /eje/ | tʼu /tʰu/ | ove /ove/ |
| Sisi | yandé /jãˈde/ | îandé / oré /ɲãˈdɛ / oˈɾɛ/ | ñande / ore /ɲãnde / oɾe/ | nhande / ore /ɲãnde / oɾe/ | etu /etu/ | juchá /xuˈtʃa/ | etu /etu/ |
| Jina | sera /seˈɾa/ | tera /ˈteɾa/ | téra /ˈtera/ | tery /teɾɨ/ | dijina /diˈʒina/ | arhikua /aɽiˈkʷa/ | lijina /liˈʒina/ |
| Mtu | mira /miɾa/ | abá /aˈβa/ | yvypóra /ɨʋɨˈpoɾa/ | — | mutu /mutu/ | kʼuiripu /kʰʷiˈɾipu/ | mutu /mutu/ |
| Kichwa | akanga /akaŋa/ | akanga /aˈkãŋa/ | akã /aˈkã/ | akã /aˈkã/ | mutue /mutue/ | ejpu /expu/ | mutwe /mutwe/ |
| Jicho | sesa /sesa/ | t-esá /teˈsa/ | tesa /tesa/ | esa /esa/ | disu /disu/ | éskua /ˈeskʷa/ | liso /liso/ |
| Sikio | nambi /nambi/ | nambi /nãbi/ | nambi /nãmbi/ | nambi /nambi/ | ditui /ditui/ | kutsïkua /kuˈtsɨkʷa/ | litwitwi /litwitwi/ |
| Pua | tĩ /tĩ/ | tĩ /tĩ/ | tĩ /tĩ/ | xĩ /ʃĩ/ | dizulu /dizulu/ | úrhi /ˈuɽi/ | lizulu /lizulu/ |
| Mdomo | juru /juɾu/ | îuru /juˈɾu/ | juru /dʒuˈɾu/ | juru /ʒuˈɾu/ | dikanu /dikanu/ | penchumikua /pentʃumikʷa/ | kanwa /kanwa/ |
| Jino | sanya /saɲa/ | aĩa /ãia/ | tãi /tãj/ | taĩ /taˈĩ/ | dizu /dizu/ | sïni /sɨni/ | lizo /lizo/ |
| Ulimi | apekũ /apekũ/ | apekũ /apekũ/ | kũ /kũ/ | kũ /kũ/ | dimi /dimi/ | katamba /katamba/ | limi /limi/ |
| Mkono | pú /pu/ | pó /po/ | po /po/ | po /po/ | lukwaku /lukwaku/ | jájki /ˈhaxki/ | livoko /livoko/ |
| Mguu | pí /pi/ | py /pɨ/ | py /pɨ/ | py /pɨ/ | kinama /kinama/ | jantsíri /xanˈtsiɾi/ | lihinji /lihindʒi/ |
| Moyo | piá /piˈa/ | nheʼã /ɲẽˈʔã/ | pyʼa /pɨʔa/ | pyʼa /pɨˈʔa/ | muxima /muʃima/ | mintsita /minˈtsita/ | mutima /mutima/ |
| Mfupa | kãwera /kãweɾa/ | kanga /kaˈŋa/ | kangue /kãŋɡwe/ | kãgue /kãŋɡwe/ | kifuba /kifuba/ | úni /ˈuni/ | lifuwa /lifuwa/ |
| Damu | tuwi /tuwi/ | tuguy /tuɣɨ/ | tuguy /tuɣɨ/ | tuguy /tuɣɨ/ | manhinga /maɲiŋɡa/ | iurhiri /juɽiɽi/ | manyinga /maɲiŋɡa/ |
| Kinyesi | tiputí /tipuˈti/ | tepoti /tepoˈti/ | tepoti /tepoti/ | — | tuji /tuʒi/ | kuatsita /kʷatsita/ | tuji /tudʒi/ |
| Upendo | saysu /sajsu/ | aûsub /aˈwsuβ/ | hayhu /haɨhu/ | mborayvu /mboɾaɨvu/ | henda /henda/ | uekpini /wekpini/ | zangi /zaŋɡi/ |
| Mti | mirá /miˈɾa/ | ybyʼrá /ɨβɨˈɾa/ | yvyra /ɨvɨɾa/ | yvyra /ɨvɨˈɾa/ | muxi /muʃi/ | anhatapu /aŋaˈtapu/ | mutondo /mutondo/ |
| Mbwa | yawara /jawaɾa/ | îagûara /jaˈɣwaɾa/ | jagua /dʒaɡwa/ | jagua /ʒaɡuˈa/ | imbwa /imbwa/ | uíchu /ˈwitʃu/ | kawa /kawa/ |
| Paka | pixana /piʃana/ | marakaîá /maɾakaˈja/ | mbarakaja /mbaɾakadʒa/ | xiviʼi /ʃiviˈʔi/ | kasalu /kasalu/ | misitu /miˈsitu/ | katako /katako/ |
| Samaki | pirá /piˈɾa/ | pirá /piˈɾa/ | pira /piɾa/ | pira /piɾa/ | mbiji /mbiʒi/ | kurucha /kuɾutʃa/ | shi /ʃi/ |
| Ndege | wirá /wiˈɾa/ | gûyrá /ɡʷɨˈɾa/ | guyra /ɡʷɨɾa/ | guyra /ɡɨˈɾa/ | njila /ndʒila/ | kuini /kʷini/ | kajila /kadʒila/ |
| Kipepeo | panapana /panapana/ | panam /paˈnam/ | panambi /panaˈmbi/ | popo /popo/ | kimbiambia /kimbjambja/ | parakata /paˈɾakata/ | kauyauya /kaujauja/ |
| Yai | supiá /supiˈa/ | s-upiʼa /supiˈʔa/ | rupiʼa /ɾupiʔa/ | rupiʼa /ɾupiʔa/ | diiaki /dijaki/ | kuaxanda /kʷaʃanda/ | liulu /liulu/ |
| Dubu | ursu /uɾsu/ | — | óso /ˈoso/ | kaguare-jagua /kaɡuaɾeʒaɡuˈa/ | ulusu /ulusu/ | osu /osu/ | ulusu /ulusu/ |
| Farasi | kawarú /kawaˈɾu/ | kabaru /kaβaˈɾu/ | kavaju /kaʋaˈdʒu/ | kavaju /kavaˈʒu/ | kabalu /kabalu/ | kabaiu /kaˈbaju/ | kavalu /kavalu/ |
| Nyumba | uka /uka/ | oka /ˈoka/ | óga /oɡa/ | o /o/ | inzo /inzo/ | taa /ta/ | zuvo /zuvo/ |
| Maziwa | kambí /kamˈbi/ | kamby /kambɨ/ | kamby /kambɨ/ | kamby /kambɨ/ | lete /lete/ | lechi /letʃi/ | mavele /mavele/ |
| Asali | íra /ˈiɾa/ | eíra /eˈiɾa/ | eirete /eiɾeˈte/ | ei /ei/ | uiki /wiki/ | tékua /ˈtekʷa/ | uchi /utʃi/ |
| Chumvi | yukira /jukiɾa/ | îukyra /juˈkɨɾa/ | juky /dʒuˈkɨ/ | juky /ʒuˈkɨ/ | mungua /muŋɡwa/ | itúkua /iˈtukʷa/ | mungwa /muŋɡwa/ |
| Mvinyo | vinyu /viɲu/ | kaûĩ /kãˈwĩ/ | víno /ˈʋino/ | vinho /ˈviɲu/ | vinyu /viɲu/ | binu /ˈbinu/ | vinyo /viɲo/ |
| Chuma | feru /ˈfeɾu/ | itá /iˈta/ | itakandua /itakanˈdua/ | ferro /ˈfɛʁu/ | felu /felu/ | tiámu /ˈtjamu/ | fwelu /fwelu/ |
| Kitabu | papera /paˈpeɾa/ | kûatiara /kʷatiˈaɾa/ | aranduka /aɾanduˈka/ | kuaxia para /kuaˈʃia paɾa/ | divulu /divulu/ | karakata /kaɾakata/ | mukanda /mukanda/ |
| Kula | mbaú /mbaˈu/ | ʼu /ʔu/ | karu /kaˈɾu/ | karu /kaɾu/ | kudya /kudja/ | tʼireni /tʰiˈɾeni/ | kulya /kuʎa/ |
| Kunywa | u /u/ | ʼu /ʔu/ | yʼu /ɨʔu/ | yʼu /ɨʔu/ | kunwa /kunwa/ | itsïmani /itsɨmani/ | kunwa /kunwa/ |
| Kulala | kéri /keɾi/ | ker /keɾ/ | ke /ke/ | ke /ke/ | kuzeka /kuzeka/ | kʼuíni /ˈkʰʷini/ | kusavala /kusavala/ |
| Moja | yepé /jepe/ | oîepé /ojeˈpe/ | peteĩ /peteĩ/ | peteĩ /peteˈĩ/ | moxi /moʃi/ | ma /ma/ | mwe /mwe/ |
| Mbili | mukũi /muˈkũĩ/ | mokõi /moˈkõj/ | mokõi /mokõĩ/ | mokoĩ /mokõˈĩ/ | iadi /jaːdi/ | tsimani /tsiˈmani/ | vali /vali/ |
| Tatu | musapiri /musapiɾi/ | mosapyr /mosaˈpɨɾ/ | mbohapy /mbohaˈpɨ/ | mboapy /mboaˈpɨ/ | tatu /tatu/ | tanimu /tanimu/ | tatu /tatu/ |
| Nne | irundi /iɾunˈdʒi/ | oîoirundyk /ɔjɔiɾũˈⁿdɨk/ | irundy /iɾuˈdɨ/ | irundy /iɾunˈdɨ/ | uana /wana/ | tʼamu /tʰamu/ | wana /wana/ |
| Tano | pú /pu/ | ambó /ãˈᵐbo/ | po /po/ | po /po/ | tanu /tanu/ | yumu /jumu/ | tanu /tanu/ |
| Mia | papasawa /papaˈsawa/ | — | sa /sa/ | cem /sẽj̃/ | hama /hama/ | yumu ekuatsi /jumu ekʷatsi/ | likulukaji /likulukadʒi/ |
| Habari | poranga /poɾaŋɡa/ | ereîubé /eɾejuˈβe/ | mbaʼéichapa /mbaʔeitʃapa/ | aguyjeve te /aɡʷɨʒeˈvete/ | nga ku menekena /ŋɡa ku menekena/ | — /—/ | mwane /mwane/ |
| Asante | kuekatú /kwekaˈtu/ | — /—/ | aguyje /aɡuɨdʒe/ | haʼevete /haʔevete/ | nga ku sakidila /ŋɡa ku sakidila/ | diosï meyamu /diosɨ meˈjamu/ | nasakwilila /nasakwilila/ |
| Nzuri | katu /katu/ | katu /kaˈtu/ | porã /poɾã/ | porã /poˈɾã/ | kiambote /kiambote/ | sesi /ˈsesi/ | mwaza /mwaza/ |
| Mpya | pisasú /pisaˈsu/ | pysasu /pɨsaˈsu/ | pyahu /pɨaˈhu/ | pyau /pɨˈau/ | kiobe /kjobe/ | jimbanhi /ximbaŋi/ | chihya /tʃihja/ |
| Nyekundu | piranga /piˈɾaŋa/ | pirang /piɾaŋ/ | pytã /pɨtã/ | pytã /pɨtã/ | kusuka /kusuka/ | charhápiti /tʃaˈɽapiti/ | chikuhwa /tʃikuhwa/ |
| Nyeupe | murutinga /muɾutiŋa/ | ting /tiŋ/ | morotĩ /moɾoˈtĩ/ | xiĩ /ʃiˈĩ/ | kuzela /kuzela/ | urapiti /uɾapiti/ | chitoma /tʃitoma/ |
| Nyeusi | pixuna /piʃuna/ | pixun /piʃun/ | hũ /hũ/ | hũ /hũ/ | kuxikela /kuʃikela/ | turhipiti /tuɽipiti/ | chilava /tʃilava/ |
| Kijani | suikiri /suikiɾi/ | oby /oˈβɨ/ | hovyũ /hoʋɨˈʔũ/ | ovy /ovɨ/ | — | xunhupiti /ʃuŋupiti/ | — |
| Buluu | suikiri /suikiɾi/ | oby /oˈβɨ/ | hovy /hoʋɨ/ | ovy /ovɨ/ | mulombe /mulombe/ | — | — |
| Kekeo | anú /aˈnu/ | anũ /ãˈnũ/ | anó /aˈno/ | — | — | — | — |
| Chai | xaa /ʃaʔa/ | — | te /te/ | — | xá /ʃa/ | té /te/ | tiyi /tiji/ |
| Sukari | asukirí /asukiɾi/ | — | asuka /asuka/ | — | sukidi /suˈkidi/ | asukar | shuka /ʃuka/ |
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