Tupinambá / Nhe'engatú
Kitupinamba
Familia ya Tupi (Tupi-Guarani, Kikundi kidogo III) · aina ya kihistoria / iliyofichwa
Kitupinambá (Kitupi cha Kale) kilikuwa lugha asilia iliyotawala pwani ya Brazili wakati wa mawasiliano na Wazungu na msingi wa Língua Geral ya Wajesuiti iliyotumika kama lugha ya mawasiliano ya kikoloni ya Brazili hadi karne ya 18. Kitaipolojia ni Kitupi-Guarani: ya kuambatanisha (agglutinative), yenye kuweka alama kichwani (head-marking), yenye mpangilio wa active-stative na upatanifu wa pua ulioenea; sarufi yake ya kwanza (Anchieta, 1595) ndiyo maelezo ya kale zaidi ya lugha yoyote ya Amerika Kusini. Inaendelea kuishi kileksika katika maelfu ya maneno yaliyoazimwa na majina ya mahali ya Kireno cha Brazili (Ipanema, Paraná, jaguar, piranha).
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kitupinamba
Vyanzo
- Anchieta, José de (1595) Arte de Grammatica da Lingoa Mais Usada na Costa do Brasil. Coimbra: Antonio de Mariz.
- Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida (1998/2013) Método Moderno de Tupi Antigo: a língua do Brasil dos primeiros séculos. São Paulo: Global.
- Rodrigues, Aryon Dall'Igna (1981) Estrutura do Tupinambá. In Lenguas Indígenas de America del Sur.
- Barbosa, A. Lemos (1956) Curso de Tupi Antigo. Rio de Janeiro: São José.
- Glottolog: Tupinamba
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Familia ya Tupi (Tupi-Guarani, Kikundi kidogo III)
| Maana | Kitupinamba | Kinheengatu | Kiguarani | Kigurarani cha Mbyá | Xavante | Kimaguindanao | Kigiriki |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | ʼy /ʔɨ/ | ií /iˈʔi/ | y /ɨ/ | y /ɨ/ | â /ə/ | ig /ʔiɡ/ | νερό /neˈɾo/ |
| Moto | tatá /taˈta/ | tatá /tata/ | tata /tata/ | tata /taˈta/ | uzâ /uˈzə/ | apoy /ʔaˈpoj/ | φωτιά /foˈtʲa/ |
| Jua | kuarasy /kwaɾaˈsɨ/ | kurasi /kuɾasi/ | kuarahy /kwaɾahɨ/ | kuaray /kʷaɾaˈɨ/ | bâdâ /bəˈdə/ | senang /seˈnaŋ/ | ήλιος /ˈiʎos/ |
| Mwezi | iasy /jaˈsɨ/ | yasi /jasi/ | jasy /dʒasɨ/ | jaxy /ʒaˈʃɨ/ | aʼamo /aʔaˈmɔ/ | bulan /buˈlan/ | φεγγάρι /feˈŋɡaɾi/ |
| Nyota | jasytata /jasɨtaˈta/ | yasytatá /jasɨtaˈta/ | mbyja /mbɨˈdʒa/ | jaxy tata /ʒaʃɨ taˈta/ | wasi /waˈsi/ | bitun /biˈtun/ | αστέρι /aˈsteri/ |
| Usiku | pytuna /pɨtuna/ | pituna /pituna/ | pyhare /pɨhaɾe/ | pytũ /pɨtũ/ | mara /maɾa/ | magabi /maɡabi/ | νύχτα /ˈnixta/ |
| Mvua | amana /amaˈna/ | amana /amana/ | ama /ˈama/ | oky /okɨ/ | tã /tã/ | ulan /ˈʔulan/ | βροχή /vroˈxi/ |
| Theluji | amanarypyʼoka /ãmãnaɾɨpɨˈʔɔka/ | — | yrypyʼa veve /ɨɾɨpɨʔa veve/ | yroʼy apĩgue /ɨɾoʔɨ apĩŋɡwe/ | — | — | χιόνι /çoni/ |
| Upepo | ybytu /ɨβɨˈtu/ | iwitú /iwiˈtu/ | yvytu /ɨvɨˈtu/ | yvytu /ɨvɨˈtu/ | rowaʼu /ɾɔwaˈʔu/ | endu /ʔənˈdu/ | άνεμος /ˈanemos/ |
| Udongo | yby /ɨˈβɨ/ | iwi /iwi/ | yvy /ɨvɨ/ | yvy /ɨˈvɨ/ | tiʼa /tiˈʔa/ | lupa /lupaʔ/ | γη /ʝi/ |
| Jiwe | itá /iˈta/ | itá /iˈta/ | ita /iˈtaʔ/ | ita /ita/ | ẽne /ɛ̃ˈne/ | watu /waˈtu/ | πέτρα /ˈpetra/ |
| Bahari | paranã /paɾãˈnã/ | paranawasú /paɾanawaˈsu/ | para /paˈɾa/ | yeʼẽ /ɨeˈʔẽ/ | â poré /ə pɔɾɛ/ | lagat /ˈlaɡat/ | θάλασσα /ˈθalasa/ |
| Mama | sy /sɨ/ | manha /ˈmaɲa/ | sy /sɨ/ | xy /ʃɨ/ | dana /daˈna/ | ina /ˈʔina/ | μητέρα /miˈteɾa/ |
| Baba | tuba /ˈtuβa/ | paiá /paja/ | túva /tuva/ | tuu /tuu/ | damama /damaˈma/ | ama /ˈʔama/ | πατέρας /paˈteɾas/ |
| Binti | tajyra /taˈjɨɾa/ | tayera /tajeˈɾa/ | tajýra /taˈdʒɨɾa/ | tajy /taˈʒɨ/ | daʼra sipiʼõ /daʔɾa sipiʔɔ̃/ | wata babay /wata babaj/ | κόρη /ˈkori/ |
| Mimi | ixé /iˈʃɛ/ | ixé /iˈʃe/ | che /ʃe/ | xee /ʃeː/ | wa /wa/ | saki /saki/ | εγώ /eˈɣo/ |
| Wewe | endé /ẽˈdɛ/ | indé /ĩˈde/ | nde /nde/ | ndee /ndeː/ | a /a/ | seka /səka/ | εσύ /eˈsi/ |
| Sisi | îandé / oré /ɲãˈdɛ / oˈɾɛ/ | yandé /jãˈde/ | ñande / ore /ɲãnde / oɾe/ | nhande / ore /ɲãnde / oɾe/ | wa norĩ /wa noɾĩ/ | sekitanu / sekami /səkitanu / səkami/ | εμείς /eˈmis/ |
| Jina | tera /ˈteɾa/ | sera /seˈɾa/ | téra /ˈtera/ | tery /teɾɨ/ | danhisi /daɲiˈsi/ | ngala /ŋala/ | όνομα /ˈonoma/ |
| Mtu | abá /aˈβa/ | mira /miɾa/ | yvypóra /ɨʋɨˈpoɾa/ | — | aʼuwẽ /aʔuˈwɛ̃/ | taw /taw/ | άνθρωπος /ˈanθropos/ |
| Kichwa | akanga /aˈkãŋa/ | akanga /akaŋa/ | akã /aˈkã/ | akã /aˈkã/ | daʼrã /daʔɾã/ | ulu /ˈʔulu/ | κεφάλι /ceˈfali/ |
| Jicho | t-esá /teˈsa/ | sesa /sesa/ | tesa /tesa/ | esa /esa/ | dato /daˈtɔ/ | mata /maˈta/ | μάτι /ˈmati/ |
| Sikio | nambi /nãbi/ | nambi /nambi/ | nambi /nãmbi/ | nambi /nambi/ | dapoʼre /dapɔˈʔɾe/ | tangila /taˈŋila/ | αυτί /afˈti/ |
| Pua | tĩ /tĩ/ | tĩ /tĩ/ | tĩ /tĩ/ | xĩ /ʃĩ/ | danhisiʼre /daɲisiˈʔɾe/ | ngilung /ˈŋiluŋ/ | μύτη /ˈmiti/ |
| Mdomo | îuru /juˈɾu/ | juru /juɾu/ | juru /dʒuˈɾu/ | juru /ʒuˈɾu/ | dapẽʼẽ /dapɛ̃ˈʔɛ̃/ | ngali /ˈŋali/ | στόμα /ˈstoma/ |
| Jino | aĩa /ãia/ | sanya /saɲa/ | tãi /tãj/ | taĩ /taˈĩ/ | daʼwa /daˈʔwa/ | ngipen /ŋipen/ | δόντι /ˈðondi/ |
| Ulimi | apekũ /apekũ/ | apekũ /apekũ/ | kũ /kũ/ | kũ /kũ/ | danhoto /daɲɔˈtɔ/ | dila /dila/ | γλώσσα /ˈɣlosa/ |
| Mkono | pó /po/ | pú /pu/ | po /po/ | po /po/ | danhibʼrada /daɲibʔɾaˈda/ | lima /liˈma/ | χέρι /ˈçeɾi/ |
| Mguu | py /pɨ/ | pí /pi/ | py /pɨ/ | py /pɨ/ | dapara /dapaˈɾa/ | ai /ʔai/ | πόδι /ˈpoði/ |
| Moyo | nheʼã /ɲẽˈʔã/ | piá /piˈa/ | pyʼa /pɨʔa/ | pyʼa /pɨˈʔa/ | dasiri /dasiˈɾi/ | pusong /puˈsoŋ/ | καρδιά /kaɾˈðʲa/ |
| Mfupa | kanga /kaˈŋa/ | kãwera /kãweɾa/ | kangue /kãŋɡwe/ | kãgue /kãŋɡwe/ | dahi /daˈhi/ | tulan /tuˈlan/ | κόκαλο /ˈkokalo/ |
| Damu | tuguy /tuɣɨ/ | tuwi /tuwi/ | tuguy /tuɣɨ/ | tuguy /tuɣɨ/ | dawapru /dawaˈpɾu/ | lugu /luɡuʔ/ | αίμα /ˈema/ |
| Kinyesi | tepoti /tepoˈti/ | tiputí /tipuˈti/ | tepoti /tepoti/ | — | danhana /daɲaˈna/ | tahi /ˈtahi/ | κακά /kaˈka/ |
| Upendo | aûsub /aˈwsuβ/ | saysu /sajsu/ | hayhu /haɨhu/ | mborayvu /mboɾaɨvu/ | danhimizawi pese zé /daɲimizawi pese zɛ/ | kalini /kaˈlini/ | αγάπη /aˈɣapi/ |
| Mti | ybyʼrá /ɨβɨˈɾa/ | mirá /miˈɾa/ | yvyra /ɨvɨɾa/ | yvyra /ɨvɨˈɾa/ | wede /weˈde/ | kayu /kaˈju/ | δέντρο /ˈðendɾo/ |
| Mbwa | îagûara /jaˈɣwaɾa/ | yawara /jawaɾa/ | jagua /dʒaɡwa/ | jagua /ʒaɡuˈa/ | wapsã /wapˈsã/ | aso /ˈʔaso/ | σκύλος /ˈscilos/ |
| Paka | marakaîá /maɾakaˈja/ | pixana /piʃana/ | mbarakaja /mbaɾakadʒa/ | xiviʼi /ʃiviˈʔi/ | — /—/ | kuting /kuˈtiŋ/ | γάτα /ˈɣata/ |
| Samaki | pirá /piˈɾa/ | pirá /piˈɾa/ | pira /piɾa/ | pira /piɾa/ | tebe /tebe/ | seda /səˈdaʔ/ | ψάρι /ˈpsari/ |
| Ndege | gûyrá /ɡʷɨˈɾa/ | wirá /wiˈɾa/ | guyra /ɡʷɨɾa/ | guyra /ɡɨˈɾa/ | sire /siˈɾe/ | papanuk /papaˈnuk/ | πουλί /puˈli/ |
| Kipepeo | panam /paˈnam/ | panapana /panapana/ | panambi /panaˈmbi/ | popo /popo/ | piro /piˈɾɔ/ | paro-paro /paroˈparo/ | πεταλούδα /petaˈluða/ |
| Yai | s-upiʼa /supiˈʔa/ | supiá /supiˈa/ | rupiʼa /ɾupiʔa/ | rupiʼa /ɾupiʔa/ | siʼaʼre /siʔaˈʔɾe/ | leman /ləˈman/ | αυγό /avˈɣo/ |
| Farasi | kabaru /kaβaˈɾu/ | kawarú /kawaˈɾu/ | kavaju /kaʋaˈdʒu/ | kavaju /kavaˈʒu/ | awaru /awaˈɾu/ | kuda /kuda/ | άλογο /ˈaloɣo/ |
| Nyumba | oka /ˈoka/ | uka /uka/ | óga /oɡa/ | o /o/ | ʼri /ʔɾi/ | walay /waˈlaj/ | σπίτι /ˈspiti/ |
| Maziwa | kamby /kambɨ/ | kambí /kamˈbi/ | kamby /kambɨ/ | kamby /kambɨ/ | hâiwaʼu /həiwaˈʔu/ | gatas /ɡaˈtas/ | γάλα /ˈɣala/ |
| Asali | eíra /eˈiɾa/ | íra /ˈiɾa/ | eirete /eiɾeˈte/ | ei /ei/ | ropĩ /ɾɔˈpĩ/ | teneb /təˈnəb/ | μέλι /ˈmeli/ |
| Chumvi | îukyra /juˈkɨɾa/ | yukira /jukiɾa/ | juky /dʒuˈkɨ/ | juky /ʒuˈkɨ/ | sa /sa/ | timus /ˈtimus/ | αλάτι /aˈlati/ |
| Mvinyo | kaûĩ /kãˈwĩ/ | vinyu /viɲu/ | víno /ˈʋino/ | vinho /ˈviɲu/ | — | — | κρασί /kraˈsi/ |
| Chuma | itá /iˈta/ | feru /ˈfeɾu/ | itakandua /itakanˈdua/ | ferro /ˈfɛʁu/ | siʼuwazi /siʔuwaˈzi/ | putaw /puˈtaw/ | σίδερο /ˈsiðero/ |
| Gurudumu | ybyrapararanga /ɨβɨɾapaɾaˈɾãŋa/ | — | rruéda /ruˈeda/ | ruéda /ɾuˈeda/ | — | tilikan /tiliˈkan/ | ρόδα /ˈroða/ |
| Kitabu | kûatiara /kʷatiˈaɾa/ | papera /paˈpeɾa/ | aranduka /aɾanduˈka/ | kuaxia para /kuaˈʃia paɾa/ | ĩbaihâ /ĩbaiˈhə/ | libru /ˈlibɾu/ | βιβλίο /viˈvlio/ |
| Kula | ʼu /ʔu/ | mbaú /mbaˈu/ | karu /kaˈɾu/ | karu /kaɾu/ | tisa /tiˈsa/ | kakan /kaˈkan/ | τρώω /ˈtɾoo/ |
| Kunywa | ʼu /ʔu/ | u /u/ | yʼu /ɨʔu/ | yʼu /ɨʔu/ | hâʼrẽ /həˈʔɾɛ̃/ | inum /ʔiˈnum/ | πίνω /ˈpino/ |
| Kulala | ker /keɾ/ | kéri /keɾi/ | ke /ke/ | ke /ke/ | nhono /ɲɔˈnɔ/ | tulug /ˈtuluɡ/ | κοιμάμαι /ciˈmame/ |
| Moja | oîepé /ojeˈpe/ | yepé /jepe/ | peteĩ /peteĩ/ | peteĩ /peteˈĩ/ | misi /miˈsi/ | isa /ˈʔisa/ | ένα /ˈena/ |
| Mbili | mokõi /moˈkõj/ | mukũi /muˈkũĩ/ | mokõi /mokõĩ/ | mokoĩ /mokõˈĩ/ | maparane /mapaɾaˈne/ | dua /duwa/ | δύο /ˈðio/ |
| Tatu | mosapyr /mosaˈpɨɾ/ | musapiri /musapiɾi/ | mbohapy /mbohaˈpɨ/ | mboapy /mboaˈpɨ/ | siʼubdatõ /siʔubdaˈtɔ̃/ | telu /təluʔ/ | τρία /ˈtria/ |
| Nne | oîoirundyk /ɔjɔiɾũˈⁿdɨk/ | irundi /iɾunˈdʒi/ | irundy /iɾuˈdɨ/ | irundy /iɾunˈdɨ/ | maparane siʼuiwa /mapaɾane siʔuiwa/ | pat /pat/ | τέσσερα /ˈtesera/ |
| Tano | ambó /ãˈᵐbo/ | pú /pu/ | po /po/ | po /po/ | ĩmrotõ /ĩmɾɔˈtɔ̃/ | lima /lima/ | πέντε /ˈpe̞nde̞/ |
| Habari | ereîubé /eɾejuˈβe/ | poranga /poɾaŋɡa/ | mbaʼéichapa /mbaʔeitʃapa/ | aguyjeve te /aɡʷɨʒeˈvete/ | — /—/ | assalamu alaikum /assaˈlamu ʔaˈlajkum/ | γεια σου /ˈʝa su/ |
| Asante | — /—/ | kuekatú /kwekaˈtu/ | aguyje /aɡuɨdʒe/ | haʼevete /haʔevete/ | — /—/ | sukran /ˈsukɾan/ | ευχαριστώ /efxaɾiˈsto/ |
| Nzuri | katu /kaˈtu/ | katu /katu/ | porã /poɾã/ | porã /poˈɾã/ | ĩwẽ /ĩˈwɛ̃/ | mapiya /maˈpija/ | καλό /kaˈlo/ |
| Mpya | pysasu /pɨsaˈsu/ | pisasú /pisaˈsu/ | pyahu /pɨaˈhu/ | pyau /pɨˈau/ | ĩté /ĩˈtɛ/ | bagu /baˈɡu/ | καινούριο /ceˈnuɾʝo/ |
| Nyekundu | pirang /piɾaŋ/ | piranga /piˈɾaŋa/ | pytã /pɨtã/ | pytã /pɨtã/ | ĩpré /ĩˈpɾɛ/ | maliga /maˈliɡa/ | κόκκινο /ˈkocino/ |
| Nyeupe | ting /tiŋ/ | murutinga /muɾutiŋa/ | morotĩ /moɾoˈtĩ/ | xiĩ /ʃiˈĩ/ | ĩʼa /ĩˈʔa/ | maputi /maputiʔ/ | άσπρο /ˈaspro/ |
| Nyeusi | pixun /piʃun/ | pixuna /piʃuna/ | hũ /hũ/ | hũ /hũ/ | ĩʼrãdâ /ĩʔɾãˈdə/ | maitem /maˈʔitəm/ | μαύρο /ˈmavro/ |
| Kijani | oby /oˈβɨ/ | suikiri /suikiɾi/ | hovyũ /hoʋɨˈʔũ/ | ovy /ovɨ/ | ĩʼuzé /ĩʔuˈzɛ/ | gadung /ˈɡaduŋ/ | πράσινο /ˈprasino/ |
| Buluu | oby /oˈβɨ/ | suikiri /suikiɾi/ | hovy /hoʋɨ/ | ovy /ovɨ/ | ĩʼuzé /ĩʔuˈzɛ/ | biru /ˈbiru/ | μπλε /ble/ |
| Kekeo | anũ /ãˈnũ/ | anú /aˈnu/ | anó /aˈno/ | — | — | — | κούκος /ˈkukos/ |
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