Na:tinixwe Mixine:whe’
Hupa
Na-Dené (Athabaskan, Pacific Coast)
Hupa (Na:tinixwe Mixine:whe’, "the language of the Hoopa Valley people") is a Pacific Coast Athabaskan language of NW California, sister to Chilula and Whilkut. It has a typical Athabaskan classificatory-verb system with prefixing morphology, lateral fricatives (ɬ) and ejectives. Today it has only a handful of elderly L1 speakers but is the focus of intensive tribal revitalization including immersion schools.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Hupa
Sources
- Golla, Victor (1996) Hupa Language Dictionary. Second edition. Hoopa Valley Tribal Council.
- Sapir, Edward & Golla, Victor (2001) The Collected Works of Edward Sapir XIV: Northwest California Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Glottolog: Hupa
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Na-Dené (Athabaskan, Pacific Coast)
| Meaning | Hupa | Navajo | Koyukon | Western Apache | Wichita | Carrier | Chipewyan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | taʼna:n /taʔnaːn/ | tó /tʰó/ | too /toː/ | tu /tu/ | kicʔa /kitsʔa/ | too /tu/ | tu /tu/ |
| Fire | xoŋʼ /xoŋʔ/ | kǫʼ /kʰõ̀ʔ/ | kkonʼ /kːonʔ/ | kǫʼ /kṍʔ/ | heːcʔa /heːtsʔa/ | kwun /kʷun/ | kón /kón/ |
| Sun | wha /hʷa/ | jóhonaaʼéí /tʃóhònàːʔéí/ | so /so/ | shándaʼá /ʃándaːʔá/ | saːkhirʔa /saːkʰiɾʔa/ | sa /sa/ | sa /sa/ |
| Moon | hwa-ʼaŋʼ /hwaʔɑŋʔ/ | tłʼéhonaaʼéí /tɬʼéhònɑ̀ːʔéí/ | dołtʼolee /doɬtʼoliː/ | tłʼéʼgonaʼáí /tɬʼéʔɡonaʔáí/ | waːh /waːh/ | ʼulhdzis oozaʼ /ʔuɬdzis oːzaʔ/ | hadelyi /haðeli/ |
| Star | tsingʼ /tsiŋʔ/ | sǫʼ /sõ̀ʔ/ | tłoonʼ /tɬoːnʔ/ | sǫʼs /sṍʔs/ | hiːkwirikʔa /hiːkʷiɾikʔa/ | sum /sum/ | thën /θən/ |
| Night | xiłeʼ /xiɬeʔ/ | tłʼééʼ /tɬʼéːʔ/ | łida /ɬida/ | tłʼéʼ /tɬʼéʔ/ | ckhaːrʔa /tskʰaːɾʔa/ | ʼulhdzis /ʔuɬdzis/ | xeł /xeɬ/ |
| Snow | nundil /nʊndɪl/ | yas /jɑ̀s/ | tseetl /tsʰiːtɬʰ/ | zas /zas/ | hiraːʔa /hiɾaːʔa/ | yus̲ /jus/ | yath /jaθ/ |
| Earth | ninʼ /nɪnʔ/ | łeezh /ɬeːʒ/ | ninʼ /nɪnʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | — | yun /jun/ | ní /ní/ |
| Mother | -anʼ /-anʔ/ | shimá /ʃimá/ | eenaa /iːnaː/ | shimá /ʃimá/ | eciyeːh /etsijeːh/ | oo /oː/ | ená /ená/ |
| Father | -taʼ /-taʔ/ | shizhéʼé /ʃiʒéʔé/ | eetaa /iːtaː/ | shitaa /ʃitaː/ | taːtah /taːtah/ | abe /abe/ | etá /etá/ |
| Daughter | -tse:ʼ /-tseːʔ/ | shichʼéʼé /ʃitʃʼéʔé/ | — | shitsiʼ /ʃitsiʔ/ | — | oot̲s̲eʼ /oːtseʔ/ | — |
| I | whe /hʷe/ | shí /ʃí/ | see /siː/ | shíí /ʃíː/ | nacʔih /natsʔih/ | si /si/ | si /si/ |
| You | niŋ /nɪŋ/ | ni /ni/ | nee /niː/ | ni /ní/ | nasʔih /nasʔih/ | nen /nen/ | nen /nɛn/ |
| We | nehe /nehe/ | nihí /nihí/ | — /—/ | nohwí /nohwí/ | — /—/ | neni /neni/ | nuhni /nuhni/ |
| Name | -ooziʼ /oːzɪʔ/ | ázhiʼ /ʔáʒìʔ/ | oos /oːs/ | -zhiʼ /ʒìʔ/ | hissaːrʔa /hissaːɾʔa/ | uzi /uzi/ | bįzį́ /bĩzĩ́/ |
| Person | kʼiwinyaʼa:n /kʲʼiwinjaʔaːn/ | diné /tìné/ | dinaa /dinaː/ | nnee /nːeː/ | ihaas /ihaas/ | dune /dune/ | dëne /denɛ/ |
| Eye | -na:ʼ /-nɑːʔ/ | anááʼ /ʔanáːʔ/ | -noghaʼ /noɣaʔ/ | bidáá /bidáː/ | kirikʔa /kiɾikʔa/ | oona /oːna/ | índa /índa/ |
| Ear | -chiwʼ /-tʃiwʔ/ | jaaʼ /tʃaːʔ/ | — | shijaaʼ /ʃidʒaːʔ/ | — | ʼudzo /ʔudzo/ | dënedzaghé /denedzaʁé/ |
| Mouth | -daʼ /-daʔ/ | azééʼ /àzéːʔ/ | — | bizéʼ /bizéʔ/ | — | ʼuẕe /ʔuze/ | dënedhá /deneðá/ |
| Tooth | woʼ /woʔ/ | awooʼ /awoːʔ/ | aghoʼ /axoʔ/ | ghoʼ /ɣoʔ/ | aːkʔa /aːkʔa/ | ughu /uɣu/ | ghu /xu/ |
| Tongue | sastan /sastan/ | atsooʼ /atsoːʔ/ | łolaʼ /ɬolaʔ/ | atsooʼ /ʔatsoːʔ/ | hacʼa /hatsʔa/ | ecula /etsula/ | ethu /eðu/ |
| Hand | -laʼ /-laʔ/ | álaʼ /ʔálaʔ/ | -loʼ /loʔ/ | bigan /biɡan/ | iskʔa /iskʔa/ | la /la/ | ela /ela/ |
| Foot | -xeʼ /-xeʔ/ | akeeʼ /ʔàkʰèːʔ/ | -kkaaʼ /kːaːʔ/ | shikee /ʃikeː/ | asʔa /asʔa/ | ʼuke /ʔuke/ | eke /eke/ |
| Heart | -piŋ /-piŋ/ | ajéí /ʔɑ̀tʃéí/ | -dzaayaʼ /tsæːjəʔ/ | bijíí /bidʒíː/ | sikicʔa /sikitsʔa/ | ʼunjid /ʔundʒid/ | eθey /eθej/ |
| Bone | -tsʼinʼ /-tsʼinʔ/ | tsʼin /tsʼin/ | tlʼin /tɬʼin/ | tsʼin /tsʼin/ | kiːsʔa /kiːsʔa/ | ootsʼun /oːtsʼun/ | thʼen /θʼen/ |
| Blood | tse:lin /tseːlin/ | dił /tìɬ/ | lakona /lakona/ | dił /tiɬ/ | waːckicʔa /waːtskitsʔa/ | delel /delel/ | del /dɛl/ |
| Poop | chwungʼ /tʃʷuŋʔ/ | chąąʼ /tʃãːʔ/ | — | bichan /bitʃʰan/ | — | tsan /tsan/ | tsą́ /tsã́/ |
| Love | na-wh-ʼishtʼeʼn /nɑwʔɪʃtʼɛʔn/ | ayóóʼánóshní /ɑjóːʔɑ́nóʃníː/ | kʼoonejee /kʼooneʒeː/ | ayóigóʼíí /ʔajóiɣóʔíː/ | — /—/ | sjut /sdʒut/ | hı́la /hila/ |
| Tree | kin /kɪn/ | tsin /tsin/ | kʼeyh /kʼejh/ | tsin /tsin/ | tiyaːhkw /tijaːhkʷ/ | dechen /detʃen/ | dechen /detʃen/ |
| Dog | łingʼ /ɬiŋʔ/ | łééchąąʼí /ɬéːtʃãːʔí/ | łeek /ɬeːk/ | góshé /ɡóʃé/ | kiciyeːh /kitsijeːh/ | lhi /ɬi/ | łı́ /ɬi/ |
| Cat | — /—/ | mósí /mósí/ | dotonh /dotonh/ | gídí /ɡídí/ | — /—/ | gus /ɡus/ | mįnus /mĩnus/ |
| Fish | ło:qʼ /ɬoːqʼ/ | łóóʼ /ɬóːʔ/ | tookkʼa /toːkʼa/ | łóg /ɬóɡ/ | kaːcʔa /kaːtsʔa/ | lho /ɬo/ | łue /ɬue/ |
| Bear | sa:tsʼ /saːtsʼ/ | shash /ʃaʃ/ | sis /sis/ | shash /ʃaʃ/ | — | sus /sus/ | sas /sas/ |
| Horse | łingʼ /ɬiŋʔ/ | łį́į́ʼ /ɬĩ́ːʔ/ | — | łį́į́ʼ /ɬĩːʔ/ | — | yeztli /jeztli/ | łįchok /ɬĩtʃok/ |
| House | xontah /xontɑh/ | hooghan /hoːɣɑn/ | yah /jah/ | kįh /kĩh/ | akhaːrʔa /akʰaːɾʔa/ | yoh /joh/ | kǫ́é /kɔ̃́é/ |
| Salt | łehqʼonchʼ /ɬehqʼontʃʼ/ | áshįįh /ʔáʃĩːh/ | sol /sol/ | ishįįh /ʔiʃĩːh/ | — | lisel /lisel/ | dedhai /deðai/ |
| Eat | na-ya:n /nɑjɑːn/ | yishą́ /jiʃã́/ | kʼahonh /kʼahonh/ | yiyąą /jijãː/ | kaʔac /kaʔats/ | ʼoonjuh /ʔoːndʒuh/ | ɂıłtsu /ʔiɬtsu/ |
| Drink | na-ʼa:n /nɑʔɑːn/ | yishdlą́ /jiʃtɬã́/ | kʼisinoonh /kʼisinoːnh/ | yidlą /jidlã́ʔ/ | kikʔa /kikʔa/ | dunjuh /dundʒuh/ | ɂıdla /ʔidla/ |
| One | łaʼ /ɬaʔ/ | tʼááłáʼí /tʼɑ́ːɬɑ́ʔí/ | kʼeetakkʼee /kʼiːtakʼiː/ | dáłaʼá /dáɬaʔá/ | chiʔass /tsʰiʔass/ | ʼulhah /ʔuɬah/ | įłaghe /ĩɬaɣe/ |
| Two | nahx /naːx/ | naaki /nɑːki/ | niteekkʼee /nitiːkʼiː/ | naki /naki/ | wic /wits/ | nanki /nanki/ | nake /nake/ |
| Three | ta:qʼ /taːqʼ/ | tááʼ /tʰáːʔ/ | tokkʼee /tokʼiː/ | táági /táːɡi/ | taw /taw/ | ta /ta/ | tághe /táʁe/ |
| Four | dinkʼ /dinkʼ/ | dį́įʼ /tĩ́ːʔ/ | — | dįįʼ /dĩːʔ/ | taːkwic /taːkʷits/ | dunghi /dunɣi/ | dı̨ghı̨ /dĩʁĩ/ |
| Five | chwolaʼ /tʃʷolaʔ/ | ashdlaʼ /aʃtɬaʔ/ | — | ashdlaʼ /aʃtɬaʔ/ | — | kwulaiʼ /kʷulaiʔ/ | sųlághe /sṹlaʁe/ |
| Hundred | łaʼ-dikin /ɬaʔdikʲin/ | neeznádiin /neːznáːtiːn/ | — | gonenadín /ɡonenadín/ | — | whunizyat whunizyai /xʷunizjat xʷunizjai/ | łónona /ɬónona/ |
| Hello | tsʼehdiyaʼ /tsʼɛhdɪjaʔ/ | yáʼátʼééh /jɑ́ʔɑ́tʼéːh/ | — /—/ | dagotʼee /daɡotʼeː/ | — /—/ | ʼahdoozaee /ʔahdoːzaː/ | edlanetʼè /eðlanetʼe/ |
| Thank you | na:nehs-ʼe:n /nɑːnɛhsʔɛːn/ | ahéheeʼ /ʔɑ̀héhèːʔ/ | baaseeʼ /baːseːʔ/ | ahíyiʼé /ʔahíjiʔé/ | — /—/ | snachailya /snatʃailja/ | mąsi chok /mãsi tʃok/ |
| Good | niwhoŋ /nɪwhoŋ/ | yáʼátʼééh /jɑ́ʔɑ́tʼéːh/ | nizoonh /nizoːnh/ | nzhǫǫ /nʒõː/ | acs /atss/ | nezuʼ /nezuʔ/ | nezų /nezũ/ |
| Red | łitsʼ /ɬitsʼ/ | łichííʼ /ɬitʃʰíːʔ/ | nełtseeyh /neɬtseːjh/ | łichíí /ɬitʃʰíː/ | kwhaːc /kʷʰaːts/ | delqʼun /delqʼun/ | delkʼoz /delkʼoz/ |
| White | łiqay /ɬɪqɑj/ | łigai /ɬìkɑ̀ì/ | — | łigai /ɬiɡai/ | — | ʼulhyul /ʔuɬjul/ | delgai /delɡai/ |
| Green | łitsow /ɬitsow/ | dootłʼizh /tòːtɬʼìʒ/ | — | dotłʼizh /dotɬʼiʒ/ | — | dultlʼuz /dutɬʼuz/ | — |
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