Ndee bizaa
Western Apache
Na-Dené (Athabaskan, Southern)
Western Apache is one of the largest Athabaskan languages, closely related to Navajo. It uses a complex tone system marked with acute accents and has consonant inventory featuring lateral fricatives ɬ and ejective stops.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Western Apache
Sources
- no dictionary text reachable (Bray 1998 Western Apache-English Dictionary and the 1972 White Mountain Apache Culture Center dictionary are lending-restricted on archive.org). Checked against English Wiktionary Western Apache entries/translation tables (largely from Bray 1998): zas, niʼ, dził, bichį́h, bizéʼ, dił, bichan, góshé, łóg, dlǫ́ʼ, doolé, shash, łį́į́ʼ, gosnih, nałtsoos, táági, łigai, diłhił match the row
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Na-Dené (Athabaskan, Southern)
| Meaning | Western Apache | Navajo | Hupa | Carrier | Chipewyan | Koyukon | Chickasaw |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | tu /tu/ | tó /tʰó/ | taʼna:n /taʔnaːn/ | too /tu/ | tu /tu/ | too /toː/ | okaʼ /okaʔ/ |
| Fire | kǫʼ /kṍʔ/ | kǫʼ /kʰõ̀ʔ/ | xoŋʼ /xoŋʔ/ | kwun /kʷun/ | kón /kón/ | kkonʼ /kːonʔ/ | lowak /lowak/ |
| Sun | shándaʼá /ʃándaːʔá/ | jóhonaaʼéí /tʃóhònàːʔéí/ | wha /hʷa/ | sa /sa/ | sa /sa/ | so /so/ | hashiʼ /haʃiʔ/ |
| Moon | tłʼéʼgonaʼáí /tɬʼéʔɡonaʔáí/ | tłʼéhonaaʼéí /tɬʼéhònɑ̀ːʔéí/ | hwa-ʼaŋʼ /hwaʔɑŋʔ/ | ʼulhdzis oozaʼ /ʔuɬdzis oːzaʔ/ | hadelyi /haðeli/ | dołtʼolee /doɬtʼoliː/ | hashiʼ ninak /haʃiʔ ninak/ |
| Star | sǫʼs /sṍʔs/ | sǫʼ /sõ̀ʔ/ | tsingʼ /tsiŋʔ/ | sum /sum/ | thën /θən/ | tłoonʼ /tɬoːnʔ/ | fochik /fotʃik/ |
| Night | tłʼéʼ /tɬʼéʔ/ | tłʼééʼ /tɬʼéːʔ/ | xiłeʼ /xiɬeʔ/ | ʼulhdzis /ʔuɬdzis/ | xeł /xeɬ/ | łida /ɬida/ | ninak /ninak/ |
| Snow | zas /zas/ | yas /jɑ̀s/ | nundil /nʊndɪl/ | yus̲ /jus/ | yath /jaθ/ | tseetl /tsʰiːtɬʰ/ | oktiʼ /oktiʔ/ |
| Wind | níłchʼi /níɬtʃʼi/ | níyol /níjol/ | — | nilhtsi /niɬtsi/ | nįtsʼi /nĩtsʼi/ | — | mahli /mahli/ |
| Earth | niʼ /niʔ/ | łeezh /ɬeːʒ/ | ninʼ /nɪnʔ/ | yun /jun/ | ní /ní/ | ninʼ /nɪnʔ/ | yaakniʼ /jaːkniʔ/ |
| Stone | tsé /tsʰé/ | tsé /tsʰé/ | — | t̲s̲e /tse/ | tthe /tθe/ | laʼona /laʔona/ | taliʼ /taliʔ/ |
| Mountain | dził /tsiɬ/ | dził /tsìɬ/ | — | d̲z̲ulh /dzuɬ/ | ttheshéth /tθeʃéθ/ | — | onchaba /ontʃaba/ |
| Sea | túnteel /túnteːl/ | tónteel /tʰóntʰèːl/ | — | yatoo /jatoː/ | tucho /tutʃo/ | — | okhata /okhata/ |
| Mother | shimá /ʃimá/ | shimá /ʃimá/ | -anʼ /-anʔ/ | oo /oː/ | ená /ená/ | eenaa /iːnaː/ | ishkiʼ /iʃkiʔ/ |
| Father | shitaa /ʃitaː/ | shizhéʼé /ʃiʒéʔé/ | -taʼ /-taʔ/ | abe /abe/ | etá /etá/ | eetaa /iːtaː/ | inkiʼ /inkiʔ/ |
| Daughter | shitsiʼ /ʃitsiʔ/ | shichʼéʼé /ʃitʃʼéʔé/ | -tse:ʼ /-tseːʔ/ | oot̲s̲eʼ /oːtseʔ/ | — | — | oshiitiik /oʃiːtiːk/ |
| I | shíí /ʃíː/ | shí /ʃí/ | whe /hʷe/ | si /si/ | si /si/ | see /siː/ | anoʼ /anoʔ/ |
| You | ni /ní/ | ni /ni/ | niŋ /nɪŋ/ | nen /nen/ | nen /nɛn/ | nee /niː/ | ishnoʼ /iʃnoʔ/ |
| We | nohwí /nohwí/ | nihí /nihí/ | nehe /nehe/ | neni /neni/ | nuhni /nuhni/ | — /—/ | poshnoʼ /poʃnoʔ/ |
| Name | -zhiʼ /ʒìʔ/ | ázhiʼ /ʔáʒìʔ/ | -ooziʼ /oːzɪʔ/ | uzi /uzi/ | bįzį́ /bĩzĩ́/ | oos /oːs/ | holhchifo /hoɬtʃifo/ |
| Person | nnee /nːeː/ | diné /tìné/ | kʼiwinyaʼa:n /kʲʼiwinjaʔaːn/ | dune /dune/ | dëne /denɛ/ | dinaa /dinaː/ | hattak /hatːak/ |
| Head | bitsitsʼin /bitsitsʼin/ | atsiitsʼiin /atsiːtsʼiːn/ | — | ut̲s̲i /utsi/ | dënetthí /denetθí/ | -tłeeʼ /tɬiːʔ/ | ishkoboʼ /iʃkoboʔ/ |
| Eye | bidáá /bidáː/ | anááʼ /ʔanáːʔ/ | -na:ʼ /-nɑːʔ/ | oona /oːna/ | índa /índa/ | -noghaʼ /noɣaʔ/ | ishkin /iʃkin/ |
| Ear | shijaaʼ /ʃidʒaːʔ/ | jaaʼ /tʃaːʔ/ | -chiwʼ /-tʃiwʔ/ | ʼudzo /ʔudzo/ | dënedzaghé /denedzaʁé/ | — | haksibish /haksibiʃ/ |
| Nose | bichį́h /bitʃĩ́h/ | áchįįh /átʃĩːh/ | — | ʼunintsis /ʔunintsis/ | dënetsį /denetsĩ/ | — | ibichchalaʼ /ibitʃːalaʔ/ |
| Mouth | bizéʼ /bizéʔ/ | azééʼ /àzéːʔ/ | -daʼ /-daʔ/ | ʼuẕe /ʔuze/ | dënedhá /deneðá/ | — | — |
| Tooth | ghoʼ /ɣoʔ/ | awooʼ /awoːʔ/ | woʼ /woʔ/ | ughu /uɣu/ | ghu /xu/ | aghoʼ /axoʔ/ | notiʼ /notiʔ/ |
| Tongue | atsooʼ /ʔatsoːʔ/ | atsooʼ /atsoːʔ/ | sastan /sastan/ | ecula /etsula/ | ethu /eðu/ | łolaʼ /ɬolaʔ/ | iso̱lash /isõːlaʃ/ |
| Hand | bigan /biɡan/ | álaʼ /ʔálaʔ/ | -laʼ /-laʔ/ | la /la/ | ela /ela/ | -loʼ /loʔ/ | ilbak /ilbak/ |
| Foot | shikee /ʃikeː/ | akeeʼ /ʔàkʰèːʔ/ | -xeʼ /-xeʔ/ | ʼuke /ʔuke/ | eke /eke/ | -kkaaʼ /kːaːʔ/ | iyyiʼ /ijːiʔ/ |
| Heart | bijíí /bidʒíː/ | ajéí /ʔɑ̀tʃéí/ | -piŋ /-piŋ/ | ʼunjid /ʔundʒid/ | eθey /eθej/ | -dzaayaʼ /tsæːjəʔ/ | chonkash /tʃonkaʃ/ |
| Bone | tsʼin /tsʼin/ | tsʼin /tsʼin/ | -tsʼinʼ /-tsʼinʔ/ | ootsʼun /oːtsʼun/ | thʼen /θʼen/ | tlʼin /tɬʼin/ | foniʼ /foniʔ/ |
| Blood | dił /tiɬ/ | dił /tìɬ/ | tse:lin /tseːlin/ | delel /delel/ | del /dɛl/ | lakona /lakona/ | issish /isːiʃ/ |
| Poop | bichan /bitʃʰan/ | chąąʼ /tʃãːʔ/ | chwungʼ /tʃʷuŋʔ/ | tsan /tsan/ | tsą́ /tsã́/ | — | — |
| Love | ayóigóʼíí /ʔajóiɣóʔíː/ | ayóóʼánóshní /ɑjóːʔɑ́nóʃníː/ | na-wh-ʼishtʼeʼn /nɑwʔɪʃtʼɛʔn/ | sjut /sdʒut/ | hı́la /hila/ | kʼoonejee /kʼooneʒeː/ | ayoppánchi /ajopːántʃi/ |
| Tree | tsin /tsin/ | tsin /tsin/ | kin /kɪn/ | dechen /detʃen/ | dechen /detʃen/ | kʼeyh /kʼejh/ | ittiʼ /itːiʔ/ |
| Dog | góshé /ɡóʃé/ | łééchąąʼí /ɬéːtʃãːʔí/ | łingʼ /ɬiŋʔ/ | lhi /ɬi/ | łı́ /ɬi/ | łeek /ɬeːk/ | ofiʼ /ofiʔ/ |
| Cat | gídí /ɡídí/ | mósí /mósí/ | — /—/ | gus /ɡus/ | mįnus /mĩnus/ | dotonh /dotonh/ | kowiʼ /kowiʔ/ |
| Fish | łóg /ɬóɡ/ | łóóʼ /ɬóːʔ/ | ło:qʼ /ɬoːqʼ/ | lho /ɬo/ | łue /ɬue/ | tookkʼa /toːkʼa/ | naniʼ /naniʔ/ |
| Bird | dlǫ́ʼ /dlṍʔ/ | tsídii /tsʰítìː/ | — | dutʼai /dutʼai/ | įyese /ĩjese/ | — | foshiʼ /foʃiʔ/ |
| Butterfly | doolé /doːlé/ | kʼaalógii /kʼɑ̀ːlókìː/ | — | tsanghoolhtʼah /tsanɣoːɬtʼah/ | yágoli /jáɡoli/ | — | hatalhposhik /hataɬpoʃik/ |
| Egg | iyęęzh /ijẽːʒ/ | ayęęzhii /ajẽːʒiː/ | — | ʼughez /ʔuɣez/ | eghézé /eʁézé/ | — | akankoshiʼ /akankoʃiʔ/ |
| Bear | shash /ʃaʃ/ | shash /ʃaʃ/ | sa:tsʼ /saːtsʼ/ | sus /sus/ | sas /sas/ | sis /sis/ | nitaʼ /nitaʔ/ |
| Horse | łį́į́ʼ /ɬĩːʔ/ | łį́į́ʼ /ɬĩ́ːʔ/ | łingʼ /ɬiŋʔ/ | yeztli /jeztli/ | łįchok /ɬĩtʃok/ | — | issoba /isːoba/ |
| House | kįh /kĩh/ | hooghan /hoːɣɑn/ | xontah /xontɑh/ | yoh /joh/ | kǫ́é /kɔ̃́é/ | yah /jah/ | chokkaʼ /tʃokːaʔ/ |
| Milk | ibeʼ /ibeʔ/ | abeʼ /àpèʔ/ | — | lilet /lilet/ | ejeretthʼúe /edʒeretθʼúe/ | tlʼooʼ /tɬʼoːʔ/ | pishokchiʼ /piʃoktʃiʔ/ |
| Honey | gosnih /ɡosnih/ | tsísʼná bitłʼizh /tsʰísʔnɑ́ pìtɬʼìʒ/ | — | tsʼihnatlʼuz /tsʼihnatɬʼuz/ | tłʼıstthó nı /tɬʼistθó ni/ | — | fohiʼ /fohiʔ/ |
| Salt | ishįįh /ʔiʃĩːh/ | áshįįh /ʔáʃĩːh/ | łehqʼonchʼ /ɬehqʼontʃʼ/ | lisel /lisel/ | dedhai /deðai/ | sol /sol/ | hapiʼ /hapiʔ/ |
| Iron | bésh /béʃ/ | béésh /péːʃ/ | — | lhuztih /ɬuztih/ | — | — | — |
| Book | nałtsoos /naɬtsoːs/ | naaltsoos /nɑːltsoːs/ | — | ʼudustlʼus /ʔudustɬʼus/ | ɂerehtłʼís /ʔerehtɬʼís/ | — | holisso /holisːo/ |
| Eat | yiyąą /jijãː/ | yishą́ /jiʃã́/ | na-ya:n /nɑjɑːn/ | ʼoonjuh /ʔoːndʒuh/ | ɂıłtsu /ʔiɬtsu/ | kʼahonh /kʼahonh/ | apa /apa/ |
| Drink | yidlą /jidlã́ʔ/ | yishdlą́ /jiʃtɬã́/ | na-ʼa:n /nɑʔɑːn/ | dunjuh /dundʒuh/ | ɂıdla /ʔidla/ | kʼisinoonh /kʼisinoːnh/ | ishko /iʃko/ |
| Sleep | iłhosh /iɬhoʃ/ | ałhosh /aɬhoʃ/ | — | nanisti /nanisti/ | thetį /θetĩ/ | — | nosi /nosi/ |
| One | dáłaʼá /dáɬaʔá/ | tʼááłáʼí /tʼɑ́ːɬɑ́ʔí/ | łaʼ /ɬaʔ/ | ʼulhah /ʔuɬah/ | įłaghe /ĩɬaɣe/ | kʼeetakkʼee /kʼiːtakʼiː/ | chaffa /tʃafːa/ |
| Two | naki /naki/ | naaki /nɑːki/ | nahx /naːx/ | nanki /nanki/ | nake /nake/ | niteekkʼee /nitiːkʼiː/ | toklo /toklo/ |
| Three | táági /táːɡi/ | tááʼ /tʰáːʔ/ | ta:qʼ /taːqʼ/ | ta /ta/ | tághe /táʁe/ | tokkʼee /tokʼiː/ | tochchiʼna /totʃːiʔna/ |
| Four | dįįʼ /dĩːʔ/ | dį́įʼ /tĩ́ːʔ/ | dinkʼ /dinkʼ/ | dunghi /dunɣi/ | dı̨ghı̨ /dĩʁĩ/ | — | oshta /oʃta/ |
| Five | ashdlaʼ /aʃtɬaʔ/ | ashdlaʼ /aʃtɬaʔ/ | chwolaʼ /tʃʷolaʔ/ | kwulaiʼ /kʷulaiʔ/ | sųlághe /sṹlaʁe/ | — | talhlhaapi /taɬːaːpi/ |
| Hundred | gonenadín /ɡonenadín/ | neeznádiin /neːznáːtiːn/ | łaʼ-dikin /ɬaʔdikʲin/ | whunizyat whunizyai /xʷunizjat xʷunizjai/ | łónona /ɬónona/ | — | talhipa /taɬipa/ |
| Hello | dagotʼee /daɡotʼeː/ | yáʼátʼééh /jɑ́ʔɑ́tʼéːh/ | tsʼehdiyaʼ /tsʼɛhdɪjaʔ/ | ʼahdoozaee /ʔahdoːzaː/ | edlanetʼè /eðlanetʼe/ | — /—/ | chokma /tʃokma/ |
| Thank you | ahíyiʼé /ʔahíjiʔé/ | ahéheeʼ /ʔɑ̀héhèːʔ/ | na:nehs-ʼe:n /nɑːnɛhsʔɛːn/ | snachailya /snatʃailja/ | mąsi chok /mãsi tʃok/ | baaseeʼ /baːseːʔ/ | chokmaʼshki /tʃokmaʔʃki/ |
| Good | nzhǫǫ /nʒõː/ | yáʼátʼééh /jɑ́ʔɑ́tʼéːh/ | niwhoŋ /nɪwhoŋ/ | nezuʼ /nezuʔ/ | nezų /nezũ/ | nizoonh /nizoːnh/ | chokma /tʃokma/ |
| New | áníidé /áníːdé/ | ániid /ániːt/ | — | ʼandidi /ʔandidi/ | degóth /deɡóθ/ | — | himitta /himitːa/ |
| Red | łichíí /ɬitʃʰíː/ | łichííʼ /ɬitʃʰíːʔ/ | łitsʼ /ɬitsʼ/ | delqʼun /delqʼun/ | delkʼoz /delkʼoz/ | nełtseeyh /neɬtseːjh/ | homma /homːa/ |
| White | łigai /ɬiɡai/ | łigai /ɬìkɑ̀ì/ | łiqay /ɬɪqɑj/ | ʼulhyul /ʔuɬjul/ | delgai /delɡai/ | — | tohbi /tohbi/ |
| Black | diłhił /diɬhiɬ/ | łizhin /ɬìʒìn/ | — | dulhgus /duɬɡus/ | delzen /delzen/ | — | losa /losa/ |
| Green | dotłʼizh /dotɬʼiʒ/ | dootłʼizh /tòːtɬʼìʒ/ | łitsow /ɬitsow/ | dultlʼuz /dutɬʼuz/ | — | — | okchamali /oktʃamali/ |
| Blue | dotłʼizh /dotɬʼiʒ/ | dootłʼizh /tòːtɬʼìʒ/ | — | — | déhtłʼéz /déhtɬʼéz/ | — | okchamali /oktʃamali/ |
| Computer | bésh eʼléhí /béʃ eʔléhí/ | béésh nitsékeesí /péːʃ nìtsékèːsí/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Coffee | tudiłhiłi /tutiɬhiɬi/ | gohwééh /kohʷéːh/ | — | — | líkafí /líkafí/ | — | kafiʼ /kafiʔ/ |
| Ninety-nine | ngostʼádin ngostʼáí /ŋɡostʼádin ŋɡostʼáí/ | náhástʼédiindóó baʼaan náhástʼéí /náhástʼétiːntóː paʔaːn náhástʼéí/ | — | — | — | — | — |
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