Chirin nu Itbayaten
Itbayaten
Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian, Batanic)
Itbayaten is spoken by ~3,000 people on Itbayat, the northernmost inhabited island of the Philippines, and is counted separately from Ivatan by ISO and Ethnologue although the two are close and mutually intelligible in part. The clearest difference is a consonant: where Ivatan has h, Itbayaten has a voiced velar fricative written ⟨x⟩ — vaxay against vahay 'house', voxan against vohan 'moon', to'xang against tohang 'bone' — and it contrasts with a separate h, as in mahilak 'white'. Its documentation is thin: English Wiktionary has no Itbayaten entries at all and there is no Wikipedia article, so this row rests on the two published Batanic wordlists, Tsuchida, Yamada & Moriguchi (1987) for the spelling and Reid (1971) for the phonemic check. Five cells are left unattested for that reason rather than guessed at; they need Yamada's Itbayat-English Dictionary (1998), which is print-only.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Itbayaten
Sources
- Tsuchida, S., Yamada, Y. & Moriguchi, T. (1987) Lists of Selected Words of Batanic Languages. Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Tokyo
- Reid, L. A. (1971) Philippine Minor Languages: Word Lists and Phonologies. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publication 8, Univ. of Hawaii Press
- Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian, Batanic)
| Meaning | Itbayaten | Ivatan | Tao | Old Malay | Maranao | Proto-Austronesian | Babuza |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ranom /ranom/ | danom /danom/ | ranom /ranom/ | air /air/ | ig /iɡ/ | *daNum /daNum/ | zalum /zalum/ |
| Fire | hapoy /hapoj/ | apoy /apoj/ | apuy /apuj/ | api /api/ | apoy /apoj/ | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ | chau /tʃau/ |
| Sun | araw /araw/ | araw /araw/ | araw /araw/ | matari /matari/ | alongan /aloŋan/ | *waRi /waRi/ | — /—/ |
| Moon | voxan /voɣan/ | vohan /vohan/ | vehan /vehan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bolan /bolan/ | *bulaN /bulaN/ | zilias /siliəs/ |
| Star | vitoen /vitoɨn/ | vitohen /vitohɨn/ | vituen /vituən/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bito-on /bitoʔon/ | *bituqen /bituqen/ | botto /botːo/ |
| Night | aʼxep /aʔɣɨp/ | maʼhep /maʔhɨp/ | mahep /mahəp/ | malam /malam/ | gagawiʼi /ɡaɡawiʔi/ | *beRŋi /beʀŋi/ | bini /bini/ |
| Rain | timoy /timoj/ | timoy /timoj/ | cimoy /tsimoi/ | — | oran /ʔoran/ | *quzaN /quzaN/ | oetas /utas/ |
| Wind | sarawsaw /sarawsaw/ | salawsaw /salawsaw/ | pagpag /paɡpaɡ/ | — | angin /aŋin/ | *bali /bali/ | barri /barːi/ |
| Earth | tana /tana/ | tana /tana/ | tana /tana/ | — | lopaʼ /lopaʔ/ | *taneq /taneq/ | ta /ta/ |
| Stone | vato /vato/ | bato /bato/ | vato /vato/ | batu /batu/ | wato /wato/ | *batu /batu/ | bato /bato/ |
| Sea | hawa /hawa/ | taaw /taaw/ | wawa /wawa/ | — | ragat /raɡat/ | *tenem /tenem/ | abas /abas/ |
| Mother | ina /ina/ | ina /ina/ | ina /ina/ | ibu /ibu/ | ina /ina/ | *ina /ina/ | nai /nai/ |
| Father | ama /ama/ | ama /ama/ | ama /ama/ | bapa /bapa/ | ama /ama/ | *ama /ama/ | tama /tama/ |
| I | yaken /jakɨn/ | yaken /jakɨn/ | yaken /jakən/ | aku /aku/ | ako /ako/ | *aku /aku/ | ka-ina /kaina/ |
| You | ʼimo /ʔimo/ | ʼimo /ʔimo/ | imo /ʔimo/ | kamu /kamu/ | seka /sɵka/ | *iSu /iSu/ | ijo /ijo/ |
| We | yaten / yamen /jatɨn / jamɨn/ | yaten / yamen /jatɨn / jamɨn/ | yaten / yamen /jatən / jamən/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | *kita / *kami /kita / kami/ | totto / namo /toto / namo/ |
| Name | ngaran /ŋaran/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ | naan /naːn/ |
| Person | tawo /tawo/ | tao /tao/ | tao /tao/ | — | taw /taw/ | *Cau /tsau/ | cho /tʃo/ |
| Head | oxo /oɣo/ | oho /oho/ | oo /oo/ | — | olo /olo/ | *quluh /quluh/ | oeno /uno/ |
| Eye | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | *maCa /maCa/ | macha /matʃa/ |
| Ear | talinya /taliɲa/ | tadinya /tadiɲa/ | talinga /taˈliŋa/ | — | tangila /taŋila/ | *Caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | charrina /tʃarːina/ |
| Nose | mohdan /mohdan/ | mohed /mohɨd/ | momodan /momodan/ | — | ngirong /ŋiroŋ/ | *ujuŋ /ujuŋ/ | not /not/ |
| Mouth | vivih /vivih/ | vivi /vivi/ | ngongoy /ŋoŋoj/ | — | ngariʼ /ŋariʔ/ | — | ranied /ranied/ |
| Tooth | nyipen /ɲipɨn/ | nyipen /ɲipɨn/ | nepen /nəpən/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | ngipen /ŋipən/ | *nipen /nipen/ | sien /sien/ |
| Tongue | rila /rila/ | rida /rida/ | lila /lilaʔ/ | lidah /lidah/ | dilaʼ /dilaʔ/ | *Sema /Sema/ | tacira /tatsira/ |
| Hand | lima /lima/ | tanoro /tanoro/ | kamay /kamaj/ | tangan /taŋan/ | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ | rima /rima/ |
| Foot | ayi /aji/ | kokod /kokod/ | ai /ai/ | — | aʼi /aʔi/ | *qaqay /qaqay/ | asiel /asiel/ |
| Heart | tawor /tawor/ | tawol /tawol/ | paso /paso/ | hati /hati/ | pusoʼ /pusoʔ/ | *pusuq /pusuq/ | — /—/ |
| Bone | toʼxang /toʔɣaŋ/ | tohang /tohaŋ/ | toang /toaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tolan /toˈlan/ | *CuqelaN /CuqelaN/ | ot /ot/ |
| Blood | raya /raja/ | raya /raja/ | rala /ralaʔ/ | darah /darah/ | rogoʼ /roɡoʔ/ | *daRaq /daRaq/ | taga /taɡa/ |
| Love | — /—/ | addaw /addaw/ | makakdeng /makakdəŋ/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | kalimo /kalimo/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Tree | kayoh /kajoh/ | kayo /kajo/ | kayo /kajo/ | kayu /kaju/ | kayo /kajo/ | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ | baron /baron/ |
| Dog | tito /tito/ | cito /tʃito/ | ino /ino/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | aso /aso/ | *asu /asu/ | mado /mado/ |
| Cat | — /—/ | — /—/ | koving /koviŋ/ | — /—/ | pusa /pusa/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Fish | among /amoŋ/ | among /amoŋ/ | among /amoŋ/ | ikan /ikan/ | seda /səˈdaʔ/ | *Sikan /Sikan/ | ci /tsi/ |
| Bird | kangkang /kaŋkaŋ/ | manomanok /manomanok/ | laciw /latsiw/ | burung /buruŋ/ | papanok /papanok/ | *manuk /manuk/ | mampa /mampa/ |
| Egg | ittiiyoy /ittiijoj/ | ottioy /ottioj/ | icioy /itsioj/ | — | orak /orak/ | *qiCeluR /qicəlur/ | rini /rini/ |
| House | vaxay /vaɣaj/ | vahay /vahaj/ | vahay /vahaj/ | rumah /rumah/ | walay /walaj/ | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ | don /don/ |
| Salt | asin /asin/ | asin /asin/ | asin /asin/ | garam /ɡaram/ | asin /asin/ | *qasiRa /qasiRa/ | sassi /sasi/ |
| Wine | parek /parɨk/ | vino /vino/ | potaw cyo /potaw tsjo/ | — | — | — | — |
| Rice | paray /paraj/ | — | mogis /moɡis/ | — | begas /bəɡas/ | *beRas /beRas/ | dasso /dasːo/ |
| Eat | koman /koman/ | koman /koman/ | kuman /kuman/ | makan /makan/ | mangan /maŋan/ | *kaen /kaen/ | maan /maːn/ |
| Drink | ominom /ominom/ | ominom /ominom/ | minum /minum/ | minum /minum/ | minom /minom/ | *inum /inum/ | minum /minum/ |
| Sleep | makahicex /makahitʃɨɣ/ | makayceh /makajtʃɨh/ | mitkeh /mitkəh/ | tidur /tidur/ | matorog /matoˈroɡ/ | *tuduR /tuduR/ | summara /sumːara/ |
| One | aʼsa /aʔsa/ | asa /asa/ | asa /asa/ | sa /sa/ | isa /isa/ | *isa /isa/ | nata /nata/ |
| Two | doha /doha/ | dadwa /dadwa/ | doa /doa/ | dua /dua/ | dowa /dowa/ | *duSa /duSa/ | naroa /naroa/ |
| Three | atlo /atlo/ | tatdo /tatdo/ | tilo /tilo/ | tlu /tlu/ | telu /təlu/ | *telu /telu/ | torro /torːo/ |
| Four | aʼpat /aʔpat/ | aʼpat /aʔpat/ | apat /apat/ | mpat /əmpat/ | pat /pat/ | *Sepat /səpat/ | naspat /naspat/ |
| Five | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ | nachab /natʃab/ |
| Hundred | omyatos /omjatos/ | omyatos /omjatos/ | ranaw /ranaw/ | ratus /ratus/ | magatos /maɡatos/ | *RaCus /RaCus/ | — |
| Hello | — /—/ | Kapian capa nu dios /kapian tʃapa nu dios/ | akokay /akokaj/ | — /—/ | kapian /kapijan/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | — /—/ | Dios mamajes /dios mamahes/ | ayoy /ajoj/ | — /—/ | salamat /salamat/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Good | mapia /mapia/ | mapia /mapia/ | mapia /mapia/ | baik /baik/ | mapia /mapija/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| New | vaʼyo /vaʔjo/ | vayo /vajo/ | vayo /vajo/ | — | bego /bəɡo/ | *baqeRuh /baqeRuh/ | bao /bao/ |
| Red | mavayah /mavajah/ | mavaya /mavaja/ | mivalah /mivalah/ | merah /merah/ | marigaʼ /maˈriɡaʔ/ | *ma-iRaq /ma-iRaq/ | makakas /makakas/ |
| White | mahilak /mahilak/ | maydak /majdak/ | malavang /malavaŋ/ | putih /putih/ | mapoti /maˈpotiʔ/ | *ma-putiq /maputiq/ | mabukkas /mabukas/ |
| Black | mavaeng /mavaɨŋ/ | mavaheng /mavahɨŋ/ | mavaheng /mavahəŋ/ | hitam /hitam/ | maitem /maˈʔitəm/ | *qeCeŋeN /qeCeŋeN/ | makosum /makosum/ |
| Green | maharem /maharɨm/ | maarem /maarɨm/ | mogaraw /moɡaraw/ | — | gadong /ˈɡadoŋ/ | — | — |
| Blue | asol /asol/ | asol /asol/ | mogaraw /moɡaraw/ | — | biro /ˈbiro/ | — | — |
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