bhāṣā Mlayu kuna
Old Malay
Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic) · historical / hidden variety
Old Malay was the official and trade language of the Srivijaya thalassocracy (7-14c. CE). The Kedukan Bukit inscription (683 CE) is the earliest dated Malay text; subsequent inscriptions across Sumatra, Java, and the Malay Peninsula attest its wide use. The Pallava-derived script descends ultimately from South Indian Brahmi. Modern Malay and Indonesian are direct descendants.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Old Malay
Sources
- Coedès, George 1930, "Les inscriptions malaises de Çrīvijaya", BEFEO 30: 29–80 (Kedukan Bukit, Talang Tuo, Kota Kapur, Telaga Batu, Karang Brahi); Mahdi, Waruno 2005, "Old Malay", in Adelaar & Himmelmann (eds.), The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar, 182–201; inscription transliterations and translations on id.wikipedia (Prasasti Kota Kapur, Kedukan Bukit, Telaga Batu, Talang Tuo)
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic)
| Meaning | Old Malay | Musi | Indonesian | Malay | Banjar | North Moluccan Malay | Ambon Malay |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | air /air/ | ayek /ajek/ | air /ˈair/ | air /ˈair/ | banyu /baɲu/ | aer /aer/ | aer /aer/ |
| Fire | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ |
| Sun | matari /matari/ | matahari /matahari/ | matahari /matahari/ | matahari /matahari/ | matahari /matahari/ | matahari /matahari/ | mata hari /mata hari/ |
| Moon | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulang /bulaŋ/ |
| Star | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ |
| Night | malam /malam/ | malem /maləm/ | malam /ˈmalam/ | malam /ˈmalam/ | malam /malam/ | malam /malam/ | malang /malaŋ/ |
| Stone | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ |
| Mother | ibu /ibu/ | mak /mak/ | ibu /ibu/ | ibu /ibu/ | uma /uma/ | mama /mama/ | mama /mama/ |
| Father | bapa /bapa/ | bapak /bapak/ | ayah /ajah/ | ayah /ajah/ | abah /abah/ | papa /papa/ | papa /papa/ |
| I | aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ | saya /saja/ | saya /saja/ | aku /aku/ | kita /kita/ | beta /beta/ |
| You | kamu /kamu/ | kau /kau/ | kamu /kamu/ | awak /awaʔ/ | ikam /ikam/ | ngana /ŋana/ | ose /ose/ |
| We | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | kito / kami /kito / kami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | torang /toraŋ/ | katong /katoŋ/ |
| Name | ngaran /ŋaran/ | namo /namo/ | nama /nama/ | nama /nama/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | nama /nama/ | nama /nama/ |
| Eye | mata /mata/ | mato /mato/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ |
| Tooth | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ˈɡiɡi/ | gigi /ˈɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ |
| Tongue | lidah /lidah/ | lidah /lidah/ | lidah /ˈlidah/ | lidah /ˈlidah/ | ilat /ilat/ | lida /lida/ | lida /lida/ |
| Hand | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangang /taŋaŋ/ | tangang /taŋaŋ/ |
| Heart | hati /hati/ | hati /hati/ | hati /hati/ | hati /hati/ | ati /ati/ | hati /hati/ | hati /hati/ |
| Bone | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /ˈtulaŋ/ | tulang /ˈtulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ |
| Blood | darah /darah/ | darah /darah/ | darah /ˈdarah/ | darah /ˈdarah/ | darah /darah/ | dara /dara/ | dara /dara/ |
| Love | sayang /sajaŋ/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | cinta /tʃinta/ | cinta /tʃinta/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ |
| Tree | kayu /kaju/ | kayu /kaju/ | pohon /pohon/ | pokok /pokoʔ/ | batang /bataŋ/ | pohong /pohoŋ/ | pohong /pohoŋ/ |
| Dog | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | hadupan /hadupan/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ |
| Cat | — /—/ | kucing /kutʃiŋ/ | kucing /kutʃiŋ/ | kucing /kutʃiŋ/ | pusa /pusa/ | ikung /ikuŋ/ | kucing /kutʃiŋ/ |
| Fish | ikan /ikan/ | ikan /ˈikan/ | ikan /ˈikan/ | ikan /ˈikan/ | iwak /ˈiwak/ | ikang /ˈikaŋ/ | ikang /ˈikaŋ/ |
| Bird | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ |
| House | rumah /rumah/ | rumah /rumah/ | rumah /rumah/ | rumah /rumah/ | rumah /rumah/ | ruma /ruma/ | ruma /ruma/ |
| Milk | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ |
| Salt | garam /ɡaram/ | garam /ɡaram/ | garam /ɡaram/ | garam /ɡaram/ | uyah /ujah/ | garam /ɡaram/ | garang /ɡaraŋ/ |
| Eat | makan /makan/ | makan /makan/ | makan /makan/ | makan /makan/ | makan /makan/ | makang /makaŋ/ | makang /makaŋ/ |
| Drink | minum /minum/ | minum /minum/ | minum /minum/ | minum /minum/ | nginum /ŋinum/ | minong /minoŋ/ | minong /minoŋ/ |
| Sleep | tidur /tidur/ | tido /tido/ | tidur /tidur/ | tidur /tidor/ | guring /ɡuriŋ/ | tidor /tidor/ | tidor /tidor/ |
| One | sa /sa/ | siko /siko/ | satu /satu/ | satu /satu/ | asa /asa/ | satu /satu/ | satu /satu/ |
| Two | dua /dua/ | duo /duo/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ |
| Three | tlu /tlu/ | tigo /tiɡo/ | tiga /tiɡa/ | tiga /tiɡa/ | talu /talu/ | tiga /tiɡa/ | tiga /tiɡa/ |
| Four | mpat /əmpat/ | empat /əmpat/ | empat /əmpat/ | empat /əmpat/ | ampat /ampat/ | ampa /ampa/ | ampa /ampa/ |
| Five | lima /lima/ | limo /limo/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Hundred | ratus /ratus/ | seratus /səratus/ | seratus /səratus/ | seratus /səratus/ | saratus /saratus/ | saratus /saratus/ | saratus /saratus/ |
| Hello | — /—/ | halo /halo/ | halo /ˈhalo/ | hai /hai/ | salam /salam/ | cerang /tʃeraŋ/ | hela /hela/ |
| Thank you | — /—/ | terimo kasih /terimo kasih/ | terima kasih /tərima kasih/ | terima kasih /tərima kasih/ | tarima kasih /tarima kasih/ | tarima kase /tarima kase/ | tarima kase /tarima kase/ |
| Good | baik /baik/ | bagus /baɡus/ | baik /baiʔ/ | baik /baiʔ/ | bagus /baɡus/ | bae /bae/ | bagus /baɡus/ |
| Red | merah /merah/ | merah /ˈmerah/ | merah /ˈmerah/ | merah /ˈmerah/ | habang /habaŋ/ | mera /ˈmera/ | mera /ˈmera/ |
| White | putih /putih/ | putih /putih/ | putih /ˈputih/ | putih /ˈputeh/ | putih /putih/ | puti /puti/ | puti /puti/ |
| Black | hitam /hitam/ | item /itəm/ | hitam /ˈhitam/ | hitam /ˈhitam/ | hirang /hiraŋ/ | itam /itam/ | itang /itaŋ/ |
| Sushi | pekasam /pəkasam/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | susyi /suʃi/ | susyi /suʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ |
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