Jiamao

Kra-Dai

FamilyKra-Dai Speakers~3K (severely endangered) ScriptLatin CountriesChina Official inNo (Standard Chinese is the national language; minority languages are protected under Article 4 of the Constitution) Vitalityseverely endangered ISO 639-3jio

Jiamao (also spelled Jiamao Hlai) is a Tai-Kadai (Kra-Dai) language of the Hlai branch, on the verge of extinction with only around 3,000 elderly speakers in southern Hainan island, China. The Hlai (Li in Mandarin) are the indigenous people of Hainan island, distinct from the Han Chinese majority and from the related Kra-Dai-speaking Kam-Sui peoples of the southern Chinese mainland. Jiamao is one of the most divergent Hlai varieties — sufficiently distinct that some linguistic classifications place Jiamao outside the Hlai sub-branch entirely, treating it as a separate Kra-Dai language with significant Hlai contact influence. The Jiamao community has been heavily affected by 20th-century language shift toward Standard Mandarin and Hlai Proper, with younger generations no longer learning Jiamao as a first language. Limited revival efforts via Hainan Provincial Indigenous Affairs Department have begun.

Where it is spoken

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87 core words in Jiamao

Water

naːm

naːm˥

Fire

paːi

paːi˥

Sun

touvɔːn

tou˥vɔːn˥

Moon

nuən

nuən˥

Star

tsaptsin

tsap˩tsin˥˧

Night

kɯsɔːp

kɯ˧˩sɔːp˥˧

Rain

pɔŋ

pɔŋ˥

Wind

kɯvɯat

kɯ˧˩vɯat˥

Earth

kɯlen

kɯ˧˩len˩

Stone

siːn

siːn˥

Mountain

tsou

tsou˥

Sea

laːŋ

laːŋ˥

Mother

maːi

maːi˥˧

Father

po

po˥˧

Daughter

tʰiəku

tʰiək˩u˥

I

kau

kau˥

You

məi

məi˥

We

au / tei

au˥ / tei˥

Name

pʰe

pʰe˥

Person

tʰai

tʰai˥

Head

kiːu

kiːu˥

Eye

kɯtou

kɯ˧˩tou˥

Ear

kɯkɔ

kɯ˧˩kɔ˥

Nose

kɯhɔːt

kɯ˧˩hɔːt˥˧

Mouth

kɯmɯəŋ

kɯ˧˩mɯəŋ˩

Tooth

saŋ

saŋ˥

Tongue

lɔŋtʰiːn

lɔŋ˥tʰiːn˩

Hand

kɯma

kɯ˧˩ma˥

Foot

hɔːk

hɔːk˥˧

Heart

tim

tim˧

Bone

liək

liək˩

Blood

tʰuət

tʰuət˩

Poop

hɯai

hɯai˧˩

Love

tiaŋ

tiaŋ˥˧

Tree

nɔːusai

nɔːu˥˧sai˥

Dog

pou

pou˩

Cat

ɲaːw

ɲaːw˥˩

Fish

tʰou

tʰou˩

Bird

nɔːk

nɔːk˥˧

Butterfly

kaŋkɔŋ

kaŋ˥kɔŋ˥

Egg

tsum

tsum˥

Horse

pə

pə˥˧

House

tʰɯ

tʰɯ˧˩

Salt

nɔːu

nɔːu˩

Iron

kui

kui˥

Eat

tei

tei˥˧

Drink

ɔːk

ɔːk˥˧

Sleep

ŋɔ

ŋɔ˩

One

kɯ

kɯ˧˩

Two

tʰiau

tʰiau˩

Three

taːu

taːu˧

Four

tiəu

tiəu˥

Five

pu

pu˩

Hundred

kɯːn

kɯːn˥

Hello

—

—

Thank you

—

—

Good

maŋ

maŋ˥

New

ɲau

ɲau˥

Red

tʰɯːu

tʰɯːu˥

White

kʰou

kʰou˥

Black

sei

sei˥

Green

laːk

laːk˩

Sources

Words compared

Compared with languages in the same classification: Kra-Dai

Meaning JiamaoHa HlaiSouthern ThaiLaoSouthern DongIsanSui
Water naːm /naːm˥/ nom3 /nom˩˩/ น้ำ /nam˧˥/ ນ້ຳ /naːm˥˨/ nɐm31 /nɐm˧˩/ น้ำ /nam˦˥/ nam3 /nam˧˧/
Fire paːi /paːi˥/ fei1 /fei˥˧/ ไฟ /faj˥/ ໄຟ /faj˧˥/ pui55 /pui˥˥/ ไฟ /faj˥/ vi1 /vi˩˩/
Sun touvɔːn /tou˥vɔːn˥/ tsha1 hwan1 /tsʰa˥˧ hwan˥˧/ ตะวัน /ta˨˩wan˥/ ຕາເວັນ /taː˩˧ ven˧˥/ ta53 mən55 /ta˥˧ mən˥˥/ ตะเว็น /ta˨˩wen˥/ ⁿda1 van1 /ⁿda˩˩ van˩˩/
Moon nuən /nuən˥/ ȵa:n1 /ȵaːn˥˧/ เดือน /dɯan˥/ ດວງເດືອນ /duaŋ˩˧ dɯːan˩˧/ kwaŋ55 ɲan55 /kwaŋ˥˥ ɲan˥˥/ เดือน /dɯan˥/ njen2 /njen˧˩/
Star tsaptsin /tsap˩tsin˥˧/ ra:u1 /raːu˥˧/ ดาว /daːw˥/ ດາວ /daːw˩˧/ ɕət55 /ɕət˥˥/ ดาว /daːw˧/ zət7 /zət˥˥/
Night kɯsɔːp /kɯ˧˩sɔːp˥˧/ tshop7 /tsʰop˥˥/ คืน /kʰɯːn˥/ ຄືນ /kʰɯːn˧˥/ ɲɐm53 /ɲɐm˥˧/ คืน /kʰɯːn˧/ saan2 /saːn˧˩/
Rain pɔŋ /pɔŋ˥/ fun1 /fun˥˧/ ฝน /fɔn˩˧/ ຝົນ /fɔn˩˧/ pjən55 /pjən˥˥/ ฝน /fɔn˩˧/ fən1 /fən˩˩/
Wind kɯvɯat /kɯ˧˩vɯat˥/ hwo:t7 /hwoːt˥˥/ ลม /lom˥/ ລົມ /lom˧˥/ ləm212 /ləm˨˩˨/ ลม /lom˧/ lum1 /lum˩˩/
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