Makasae
Trans-New Guinea (Timor-Alor-Pantar, Eastern Timor)
Makasae is the most widely spoken Papuan (non-Austronesian) language west of mainland New Guinea, with roughly 100,000 speakers in the Baucau and Viqueque municipalities of eastern Timor-Leste. It belongs to the Eastern-Timor branch of the Timor-Alor-Pantar (Trans-New Guinea) family, closest to Makalero (with which it forms a dialect chain), then Fataluku and Oirata. Makasae is strongly isolating with SOV word order, and contains a heavy Austronesian loan layer from Tetum and the Kawaimina languages.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Makasae
Sources
- Huber, J. (2008) First Steps Towards a Reference Grammar of Makasae: A Language of East Timor. LINCOM Studies in Austronesian Linguistics 195.
- Brotherson, A. (2003) A Spatial Odyssey: Referring to Space in Makasae. MA thesis, Leiden Univ.
- Stokhof, W. A. L. (1975) Preliminary notes on the Oirata language. Pacific Linguistics B-43.
- Schapper, A. (ed.) (2017) The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor and Pantar, Vol. 2. De Gruyter Mouton.
- Glottolog: Makasae
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Trans-New Guinea (Timor-Alor-Pantar, Eastern Timor)
| Meaning | Makasae | Dyirbal | Old Malay | Bukar-Sadong Bidayuh | Kavalan | Wiradjuri | Papuan Malay |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ira /ˈira/ | bana /ˈbana/ | air /air/ | umoʼ /umoʔ/ | zanum /zaˈnum/ | galing /ˈɡaliŋ/ | air /aer/ |
| Fire | ata /ˈata/ | buni /ˈbuni/ | api /api/ | apui /aˈpui/ | ramaz /raˈmaz/ | wiiny /wiːɲ/ | api /ˈapi/ |
| Sun | watu /ˈwatu/ | garri /ˈɡari/ | matari /matari/ | batŭh andu /batəh andu/ | siban /siˈban/ | yiray /ˈjiɻaj/ | matahari /mataˈhari/ |
| Moon | uru /ˈuru/ | gagara /ɡaˈɡara/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /buˈlan/ | buran /buˈran/ | giwang /ˈɡiwaŋ/ | bulan /ˈbulan/ |
| Star | lekiluru /lekiluru/ | gijiny /ɡiɟiɲ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintŭʼ /bintəʔ/ | bituqan /bituqan/ | giralang /ˈɡiɻalaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ |
| Night | maagamu /maaɡamu/ | jagun /ɟaɡun/ | malam /malam/ | bengaru /bəŋaru/ | qabi /ʁabiʔ/ | ngurung /ˈŋuruŋ/ | malam /malam/ |
| Rain | ae /ae/ | gambal /ˈɡambal/ | — | — | uzan /uˈzan/ | — | ujan /udʒan/ |
| Wind | gawa /ˈɡawa/ | gulubu /ˈɡulubu/ | — | — | bari /baˈri/ | girrarr /ˈɡirar/ | angin /aŋin/ |
| Earth | maa /maa/ | jaju /ˈɟaɟu/ | — | tanaʼ /tanaʔ/ | melanay /məɾaˈnaj/ | dhaagun /ˈd̪aːɡun/ | tana /tana/ |
| Stone | apa /ˈapa/ | diban /ɟiban/ | batu /batu/ | batu /baˈtu/ | btu /btu/ | walang /ˈwalaŋ/ | batu /batu/ |
| Sea | meti /meti/ | — | — | — | lazing /laziŋ/ | — | laut /laut/ |
| Mother | ina /ˈina/ | yabu /ˈjabu/ | ibu /ibu/ | andŭ /andə/ | tina /ˈtina/ | gunhi /ˈɡun̪i/ | mama /ˈmama/ |
| Father | baba /ˈbaba/ | nguma /ˈŋuma/ | bapa /bapa/ | amang /amaŋ/ | tama /ˈtama/ | babiin /ˈbabiːn/ | bapa /ˈbapa/ |
| I | ani /ani/ | ngaja /ŋaɟa/ | aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ | aiku /aiku/ | ngadhu /ˈŋad̪u/ | sa /sa/ |
| You | ai /ai/ | nginda /ŋinda/ | kamu /kamu/ | amuʼ /amuʔ/ | aisu /aisu/ | ngindhu /ˈŋind̪u/ | ko /ko/ |
| We | fi / ini /fi / ini/ | ngana /ŋana/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | ami /ami/ | aita / aimi /aita / aimi/ | ngiyani /ŋiˈjani/ | kitorang /kitoraŋ/ |
| Name | nai /nai/ | yidyi /jiɟi/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | ganan /ɡanan/ | nangan /naŋan/ | yuwin /ˈjuwin/ | nama /nama/ |
| Person | anu /anu/ | — | — | — | lazat /lazat/ | gibirr /ˈɡibir/ | orang /oraŋ/ |
| Head | dae /dae/ | — | — | — | uru /uʁu/ | balang /ˈbalaŋ/ | kepala /kepala/ |
| Eye | nana /ˈnana/ | gayga /ˈɡajɡa/ | mata /mata/ | bateh /baˈteh/ | mata /maˈta/ | mil /mil/ | mata /ˈmata/ |
| Ear | walaku /waˈlaku/ | manga /ˈmaŋa/ | — | kaping /kaˈpiŋ/ | kayal /kajal/ | wuudha /ˈwuːd̪a/ | tlinga /tliŋa/ |
| Nose | murikai /murikai/ | guwu /ˈɡuwu/ | — | undung /unduŋ/ | unung /unuŋ/ | muurruu /ˈmuːruː/ | idong /idoŋ/ |
| Mouth | turukai /turuˈkai/ | — | — | bebaʼ /bəbaʔ/ | ngibiR /ŋibiʁ/ | ngayn /ŋajn/ | mulut /mulut/ |
| Tooth | wasi /wasi/ | dirra /dira/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | jipeu /dʒipeu/ | bangraw /baŋʁau/ | yirrang /ˈjiraŋ/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ |
| Tongue | ipi /ipi/ | jalnggulay /ɟalŋɡulaj/ | lidah /lidah/ | jeli /dʒeli/ | rilam /ʁilam/ | dhalayn /ˈd̪alajn/ | lida /lida/ |
| Hand | tana /ˈtana/ | mala /ˈmala/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | rima /riˈma/ | marra /ˈmara/ | tangan /ˈtaŋan/ |
| Foot | iti /ˈiti/ | jina /ˈɟina/ | — | — | zapan /zaˈpan/ | dhinang /ˈd̪inaŋ/ | kaki /ˈkaki/ |
| Heart | — /—/ | rulgu /ˈɻulɡu/ | hati /hati/ | sintung /sintuŋ/ | anem /aˈnəm/ | giiny /ɡiːɲ/ | hati /ˈhati/ |
| Bone | sapa /ˈsapa/ | wurmbur /ˈwurmbur/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | turang /turaŋ/ | tiran /tiʁan/ | dhabal /ˈd̪abal/ | tulang /ˈtulaŋ/ |
| Blood | wai /wai/ | waguli /waɡuli/ | darah /darah/ | daya /daja/ | rinang /ʁinaŋ/ | guuwayn /ˈɡuːwajn/ | dara /dara/ |
| Love | — /—/ | — /—/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | sayang /ˈsajaŋ/ |
| Tree | ate /ˈate/ | yugu /ˈjuɡu/ | kayu /kaju/ | kayuh /kaˈjuh/ | kasuy /kaˈsuj/ | madhan /ˈmad̪an/ | pohon /ˈpohon/ |
| Dog | defa /ˈdɛfa/ | guda /ˈɡuda/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | kasung /kasuŋ/ | wasu /waˈsu/ | mirri /ˈmiri/ | anjing /ˈandʒiŋ/ |
| Cat | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | ngiyaw /ŋiˈjaw/ | — /—/ | kucing /ˈkutʃiŋ/ |
| Fish | seumeti /seumeti/ | jabu /ˈɟabu/ | ikan /ikan/ | ekan /ekan/ | baut /baut/ | guuya /ˈɡuːja/ | ikan /ˈikaŋ/ |
| Bird | asa /ˈasa/ | dundu /ˈdundu/ | burung /buruŋ/ | — | alam /aˈɬam/ | buujaan /ˈbuːɟaːn/ | burung /buruŋ/ |
| Egg | waa /waa/ | bambu /bambu/ | — | — | tirur /tiʁuʁ/ | gabuuga /ˈɡabuːɡa/ | telor /telor/ |
| House | oma /ˈoma/ | mija /ˈmiɟa/ | rumah /rumah/ | ramin /raˈmin/ | lepaw /ləˈpaw/ | ngurang /ˈŋuɻaŋ/ | ruma /ˈruma/ |
| Milk | amirae /amiˈrae/ | — | susu /susu/ | — | — | — | susu /susu/ |
| Salt | asi /ˈasi/ | — | garam /ɡaram/ | — | zemiyan /zəmijan/ | — | garam /ɡaram/ |
| Eat | nawa /ˈnawa/ | janggay /ˈɟaŋɡaj/ | makan /makan/ | maʼan /maʔan/ | quman /quˈman/ | dharra /ˈd̪ara/ | makan /ˈmakan/ |
| Drink | gehe /ˈɡɛhɛ/ | gunyjal /ˈɡuɲɟal/ | minum /minum/ | nyihŭp /ɲihəp/ | mimum /miˈmum/ | widyarra /ˈwiɟara/ | minum /ˈminum/ |
| Sleep | tae /tae/ | bungil /ˈbuŋil/ | tidur /tidur/ | — | mainep /maiˈnəp/ | — | tidor /tidor/ |
| One | u /ʔu/ | yunggul /ˈjuŋɡul/ | sa /sa/ | indi /indi/ | issa /ˈissa/ | ngumbaay /ˈŋumbaːj/ | satu /ˈsatu/ |
| Two | lolae /loˈlae/ | bulay /ˈbulaj/ | dua /dua/ | duɔh /duɔh/ | zusa /zusa/ | bula /ˈbula/ | dua /dua/ |
| Three | lolitu /lolitu/ | garbu /ɡaɻbu/ | tlu /tlu/ | taruh /taːruh/ | turu /tuɾu/ | bula-ngumbaay /ˈbulaŋumbaːj/ | tiga /tiɡa/ |
| Four | loloha /loloha/ | — | mpat /əmpat/ | umpat /umpat/ | spat /spat/ | — | empat /empat/ |
| Five | lima /lima/ | — | lima /lima/ | rimah /riməh/ | rima /riˈma/ | — | lima /lima/ |
| Hundred | rasa /rasa/ | — | ratus /ratus/ | siratus /siraːtus/ | Rasibu /ʁasibu/ | — | seratus /seratus/ |
| Hello | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | yaama /ˈjaːma/ | halo /ˈhalo/ |
| Thank you | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | mandaang guwu /ˈmandaːŋ ˈɡuwu/ | trima kasi /ˈtrima ˈkasi/ |
| Good | rau /rau/ | jigil /ˈɟiɡil/ | baik /baik/ | paaguh /paːɡuh/ | nngi /nŋi/ | marang /ˈmaɻaŋ/ | bae /ˈbae/ |
| New | supa /ˈsupa/ | gunyu /ˈɡuɲu/ | — | — | tasu /tasu/ | — | baru /baru/ |
| Red | imiri /imiri/ | gunggu /ɡuŋɡu/ | merah /merah/ | bidayak /bidajak/ | tebari /təbaʀi/ | girri-girri /ˈɡiriɡiri/ | mera /ˈmeɾa/ |
| White | butiri /buˈtiri/ | — | putih /putih/ | — | busar /busaʀ/ | barrabarra /ˈbarabara/ | puti /puti/ |
| Black | metana /metana/ | — | hitam /hitam/ | — | tengen /təŋən/ | buudhang /ˈbuːd̪aŋ/ | hitam /hitam/ |
| Green | lumuru /lumuru/ | — | — | — | puli /puli/ | — | hijou /hidʒou/ |
| Blue | azul /azul/ | — | — | — | puli /puli/ | ngurrumirgang /ˈŋurumiɻɡaŋ/ | biru /ˈbiɾu/ |
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