Baso Minangkabau
Minangkabau
Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic)
Minangkabau (baso Minangkabau) is the language of the matrilineal Minangkabau people of West Sumatra, Indonesia, with ~5.5M speakers. Closely related to Malay/Indonesian, it preserves more vowel distinctions than standard Malay and has its own oral literary tradition (kaba) of long sung narrative poems. The Minangkabau are renowned for adat matriarchaat, the world's largest matrilineal society, and rantau (tradition of male migration). Historically also written in Jawi (Arabic-derived script) for Islamic religious literature.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Minangkabau
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic)
| Meaning | Minangkabau | Musi | North Moluccan Malay | Banjar | Papuan Malay | Ambon Malay | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | aia /aia/ | ayek /ajek/ | aer /aer/ | banyu /baɲu/ | air /aer/ | aer /aer/ | air /ˈair/ |
| Fire | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /ˈapi/ | api /api/ | api /api/ |
| Sun | matoari /matoaɾi/ | matahari /matahari/ | matahari /matahari/ | matahari /matahari/ | matahari /mataˈhari/ | mata hari /mata hari/ | matahari /matahari/ |
| Moon | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /ˈbulan/ | bulang /bulaŋ/ | bulan /bulan/ |
| Star | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ |
| Night | malam /malam/ | malem /maləm/ | malam /malam/ | malam /malam/ | malam /malam/ | malang /malaŋ/ | malam /ˈmalam/ |
| Rain | ujan /ˈudʒan/ | ujan /uˈdʒan/ | ujang /uˈdʒaŋ/ | hujan /ˈhudʒan/ | ujan /udʒan/ | ujang /udʒaŋ/ | hujan /ˈhudʒan/ |
| Snow | salju /saldʒu/ | — | salju /saldʒu/ | salju /saldʒu/ | salju /saldʒu/ | — | salju /saldʒu/ |
| Wind | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | anging /aŋiŋ/ | angin /ˈaŋin/ |
| Earth | tanah /tanah/ | tanah /tanah/ | tana /tana/ | tanah /tanah/ | tana /tana/ | tana /tana/ | tanah /tanah/ |
| Stone | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ |
| Mountain | gunuang /ɡunuaŋ/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | gunung /ɡuˈnuŋ/ |
| Sea | lauik /lauiʔ/ | laot /laot/ | lao /lao/ | laut /laut/ | laut /laut/ | lau /lau/ | laut /ˈlaut/ |
| Mother | amak /amaʔ/ | mak /mak/ | mama /mama/ | uma /uma/ | mama /ˈmama/ | mama /mama/ | ibu /ibu/ |
| Father | abak /abaʔ/ | bapak /bapak/ | papa /papa/ | abah /abah/ | bapa /ˈbapa/ | papa /papa/ | ayah /ajah/ |
| Daughter | anak padusi /anaʔ padusi/ | — | ana parampuang /ana parampuaŋ/ | anak babinian /anak babinian/ | anak prempuan /anak prempuan/ | ana parangpuang /ana paraŋpuaŋ/ | anak perempuan /anak pərəmpuan/ |
| I | ambo /ambo/ | aku /aku/ | kita /kita/ | aku /aku/ | sa /sa/ | beta /beta/ | saya /saja/ |
| You | ang /aŋ/ | kau /kau/ | ngana /ŋana/ | ikam /ikam/ | ko /ko/ | ose /ose/ | kamu /kamu/ |
| We | kito / kami /kito / kami/ | kito / kami /kito / kami/ | torang /toraŋ/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | kitorang /kitoraŋ/ | katong /katoŋ/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ |
| Name | namo /namo/ | namo /namo/ | nama /nama/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | nama /nama/ | nama /nama/ | nama /nama/ |
| Person | urang /uraŋ/ | wong /woŋ/ | orang /oraŋ/ | urang /uraŋ/ | orang /oraŋ/ | orang /oraŋ/ | orang /ˈoraŋ/ |
| Head | kapalo /kapalo/ | palak /palak/ | kapala /kapala/ | kapala /kapala/ | kepala /kepala/ | kapala /kapala/ | kepala /kəˈpala/ |
| Eye | mato /mato/ | mato /mato/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /ˈmata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ |
| Ear | talingo /taliŋo/ | telingo /teliŋo/ | talinga /taliŋa/ | talinga /taˈliŋa/ | tlinga /tliŋa/ | talinga /taliŋa/ | telinga /təˈliŋa/ |
| Nose | iduang /iduaŋ/ | idung /iduŋ/ | idong /idoŋ/ | hidung /hiduŋ/ | idong /idoŋ/ | idong /idoŋ/ | hidung /hiˈduŋ/ |
| Mouth | muluik /muluiʔ/ | mulut /mulut/ | mulu /mulu/ | muntung /muntuŋ/ | mulut /mulut/ | mulu /mulu/ | mulut /ˈmulut/ |
| Tooth | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ˈɡiɡi/ |
| Tongue | lidah /lidah/ | lidah /lidah/ | lida /lida/ | ilat /ilat/ | lida /lida/ | lida /lida/ | lidah /ˈlidah/ |
| Hand | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangang /taŋaŋ/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /ˈtaŋan/ | tangang /taŋaŋ/ | tangan /taŋan/ |
| Foot | kaki /kaki/ | — | kaki /kaki/ | batis /batis/ | kaki /ˈkaki/ | kaki /kaki/ | kaki /ˈkaki/ |
| Heart | ati /ati/ | hati /hati/ | hati /hati/ | ati /ati/ | hati /ˈhati/ | hati /hati/ | hati /hati/ |
| Bone | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /ˈtulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /ˈtulaŋ/ |
| Blood | darah /darah/ | darah /darah/ | dara /dara/ | darah /darah/ | dara /dara/ | dara /dara/ | darah /ˈdarah/ |
| Poop | cirik /tʃiɾiʔ/ | taik /taik/ | tai /tai/ | tahi /tahi/ | — | tai /tai/ | pup /pup/ |
| Love | cinto /tʃinto/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | sayang /ˈsajaŋ/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | cinta /tʃinta/ |
| Tree | kayu /kaju/ | kayu /kaju/ | pohong /pohoŋ/ | batang /bataŋ/ | pohon /ˈpohon/ | pohong /pohoŋ/ | pohon /pohon/ |
| Dog | anjiang /aɲdʒiaŋ/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | hadupan /hadupan/ | anjing /ˈandʒiŋ/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ |
| Cat | kuciang /kutʃiaŋ/ | kucing /kutʃiŋ/ | ikung /ikuŋ/ | pusa /pusa/ | kucing /ˈkutʃiŋ/ | kucing /kutʃiŋ/ | kucing /kutʃiŋ/ |
| Fish | ikan /ˈikan/ | ikan /ˈikan/ | ikang /ˈikaŋ/ | iwak /ˈiwak/ | ikan /ˈikaŋ/ | ikang /ˈikaŋ/ | ikan /ˈikan/ |
| Bird | buruang /buruaŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ |
| Butterfly | ramo-ramo /ramo ramo/ | — | — | kupu-kupu /kupukupu/ | — | — | kupu-kupu /kupukupu/ |
| Egg | talua /talua/ | telok /telok/ | tolor /tolor/ | hintalu /hintalu/ | telor /telor/ | telor /təlor/ | telur /təˈlur/ |
| Bear | baribeh /baribeh/ | — | — | biruang /biruaŋ/ | — | beruang /bəruaŋ/ | beruang /bəruaŋ/ |
| Horse | kudo /kudo/ | — | kuda /kuda/ | kuda /kuda/ | kuda /kuda/ | kuda /kuda/ | kuda /ˈkuda/ |
| House | rumah /ɾumah/ | rumah /rumah/ | ruma /ruma/ | rumah /rumah/ | ruma /ˈruma/ | ruma /ruma/ | rumah /rumah/ |
| Milk | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ |
| Honey | madu /madu/ | — | madu /madu/ | madu /madu/ | madu /ˈmadu/ | madu /madu/ | madu /ˈmadu/ |
| Salt | garam /ɡaram/ | garam /ɡaram/ | garam /ɡaram/ | uyah /ujah/ | garam /ɡaram/ | garang /ɡaraŋ/ | garam /ɡaram/ |
| Wine | anggur /aŋɡur/ | — | anggur /ˈaŋɡur/ | anggur /aŋɡur/ | anggur /aŋɡur/ | anggor /ˈaŋɡor/ | anggur /aŋɡur/ |
| Rice | bareh /bareh/ | beras /bəras/ | baras /baˈras/ | baras /baras/ | — | baras /baras/ | beras /bəˈras/ |
| Chocolate | cokelat /tʃoˈkəlat/ | coklat /tʃoklat/ | — | suklat /ˈsuklat/ | — | — | coklat /ˈtʃoklat/ |
| Iron | basi /ˈbasi/ | besi /bəsi/ | besi /besi/ | wasi /ˈwasi/ | besi /ˈbesi/ | besi /besi/ | besi /bəsi/ |
| Wheel | roda /roda/ | — | roda /roda/ | roda /roda/ | roda /roda/ | roda /roda/ | roda /roda/ |
| Silk | suto /suto/ | — | sutra /sutra/ | sutra /sutra/ | — | sutra /sutra/ | sutra /ˈsutra/ |
| Book | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | buku /ˈbuku/ |
| Eat | makan /makan/ | makan /makan/ | makang /makaŋ/ | makan /makan/ | makan /ˈmakan/ | makang /makaŋ/ | makan /makan/ |
| Drink | minum /minum/ | minum /minum/ | minong /minoŋ/ | nginum /ŋinum/ | minum /ˈminum/ | minong /minoŋ/ | minum /minum/ |
| Sleep | lalok /laloʔ/ | tido /tido/ | tidor /tidor/ | guring /ɡuriŋ/ | tidor /tidor/ | tidor /tidor/ | tidur /tidur/ |
| One | ciek /tʃieʔ/ | siko /siko/ | satu /satu/ | asa /asa/ | satu /ˈsatu/ | satu /satu/ | satu /satu/ |
| Two | duo /duo/ | duo /duo/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ |
| Three | tigo /tiɡo/ | tigo /tiɡo/ | tiga /tiɡa/ | talu /talu/ | tiga /tiɡa/ | tiga /tiɡa/ | tiga /tiɡa/ |
| Four | ampek /ampeʔ/ | empat /əmpat/ | ampa /ampa/ | ampat /ampat/ | empat /empat/ | ampa /ampa/ | empat /əmpat/ |
| Five | limo /limo/ | limo /limo/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Hundred | saratuih /saratuih/ | seratus /səratus/ | saratus /saratus/ | saratus /saratus/ | seratus /seratus/ | saratus /saratus/ | seratus /səratus/ |
| Hello | salam /salam/ | halo /halo/ | cerang /tʃeraŋ/ | salam /salam/ | halo /ˈhalo/ | hela /hela/ | halo /ˈhalo/ |
| Thank you | tarimo kasiah /taɾimo kasiah/ | terimo kasih /terimo kasih/ | tarima kase /tarima kase/ | tarima kasih /tarima kasih/ | trima kasi /ˈtrima ˈkasi/ | tarima kase /tarima kase/ | terima kasih /tərima kasih/ |
| Good | rancak /ɾantʃaʔ/ | bagus /baɡus/ | bae /bae/ | bagus /baɡus/ | bae /ˈbae/ | bagus /baɡus/ | baik /baiʔ/ |
| New | baru /baru/ | anyar /aɲar/ | baru /baru/ | hanyar /haɲar/ | baru /baru/ | baru /baru/ | baru /ˈbaru/ |
| Red | sirah /siɾah/ | merah /ˈmerah/ | mera /ˈmera/ | habang /habaŋ/ | mera /ˈmeɾa/ | mera /ˈmera/ | merah /ˈmerah/ |
| White | putiah /putiah/ | putih /putih/ | puti /puti/ | putih /putih/ | puti /puti/ | puti /puti/ | putih /ˈputih/ |
| Black | itam /itam/ | item /itəm/ | itam /itam/ | hirang /hiraŋ/ | hitam /hitam/ | itang /itaŋ/ | hitam /ˈhitam/ |
| Green | ijau /idʒau/ | ijo /idʒo/ | ijo /idʒo/ | hijau /hidʒau/ | hijou /hidʒou/ | ijo /idʒo/ | hijau /ˈhidʒau/ |
| Blue | biru /biɾu/ | — | biru /biru/ | biru /biru/ | biru /ˈbiɾu/ | biru /biru/ | biru /ˈbiru/ |
| Computer | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputer/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputer/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /kɔmˈputər/ |
| Sushi | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | susyi /suʃi/ |
| Tea | teh /teh/ | — | — | teh /teh/ | — | — | teh /tɛh/ |
| Coffee | kopi /kopi/ | — | — | kupi /kupi/ | — | — | kopi /ˈkopi/ |
| Sugar | gulo /ɡulo/ | — | — | gula /ɡula/ | — | — | gula /ˈɡula/ |
| Orange | limau /limau/ | — | — | — | jeruk /ˈdʒeɾuk/ | — | jeruk /dʒəˈruk/ |
| Ninety-nine | sambilan puluah sambilan /sambilan puluah sambilan/ | — | sembilan pulu sembilan /sembilan pulu sembilan/ | sambilan puluh sambilan /sambilan puluh sambilan/ | — | sambilang pulu sambilang /sambilaŋ pulu sambilaŋ/ | sembilan puluh sembilan /səmbilan puluh səmbilan/ |
| Dopamine | dopamin /dopamin/ | — | — | — | — | — | dopamin /dopaˈmin/ |
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