Ho Ne
Ho Ne She
Hmong-Mien
The She nationality numbers about 710,000 people in the 2010 census, almost all of them in Fujian, Zhejiang and eastern Guangdong — and almost none of them speak this language. What most She speak is She Chinese, a Sinitic variety close to Hakka. The She language proper, called Ho Ne 'mountain people' by its own speakers, is Hmong-Mien and has around a thousand speakers left, in a few villages of Boluo, Huidong and Haifeng in Guangdong. It is the clearest case in China of a nationality and the language named after it having come apart: the ethnic label covers three quarters of a million people, the language it names covers a village or two. Ho Ne is an early-branching Hmongic language whose nearest relatives are Jiongnai and Pa Na — the Sheic group — and it is heavily Sinicized, which is part of why its position was long unclear. This row is the Haifeng speech.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Ho Ne She
Sources
- ABVD — She (Haifeng)
- Ratliff, M. (2010) Hmong-Mien Language History. Pacific Linguistics 613
- Glottolog: She
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Hmong-Mien
| Meaning | Ho Ne She | Central Gelao | Blang | Mulam | Maonan | Southern Dong | Zaiwa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ɔŋ31 /ɔŋ˧˩/ | əɯ55 /əɯ˥˥/ | ʔom33 /ʔom˧˧/ | nəm4 /nəm˨˦/ | nam3 /nam˥˩/ | nɐm31 /nɐm˧˩/ | wuì /ʋui˥˩/ |
| Fire | tʰɔ54 /tʰɔ˥˦/ | pai33 /pai˧˧/ | ŋɔi31 /ŋɔi˧˩/ | fi1 /fi˦˨/ | vi1 /vi˦˨/ | pui55 /pui˥˥/ | myi /mji˨˩/ |
| Sun | lɔk22 kɔ44 /lɔk˨˨ kɔ˦˦/ | — /—/ | ŋai31 sa31 ŋi51 /ŋai˧˩ sa˧˩ ŋi˥˩/ | thəu5 fan1 /tʰəu˦˦ fan˦˨/ | la:k8 van1 /laːk˨˦ van˦˨/ | ta53 mən55 /ta˥˧ mən˥˥/ | buì /pui˥˩/ |
| Moon | paŋ44 kɔ44 le11 /paŋ˦˦ kɔ˦˦ le˩˩/ | tsu33 /tsu˧˧/ | kaŋ33 khi51 /kaŋ˧˧ kʰi˥˩/ | kɣa:ŋ1 njen2 /kɣaːŋ˦˨ njen˩˨˩/ | ni4 njen2 /ni˨˦ njen˨˧˩/ | kwaŋ55 ɲan55 /kwaŋ˥˥ ɲan˥˥/ | lhamó /lŏ̱˥˥mo˥˥/ |
| Star | le11 taŋ22 /le˩˩ taŋ˨˨/ | lei31 tsu33 /lei˧˩ tsu˧˧/ | sa31 məiŋ51 /sa˧˩ məiŋ˥˩/ | la:k8 m̥ət7 /laːk˩˩ m̥ət˥˥/ | zət7 /zət˥˥/ | ɕət55 /ɕət˥˥/ | kyoi /kjoi˥˥/ |
| Night | mɤŋ11 kaŋ54 /mɤŋ˩˩ kaŋ˥˦/ | men33 si44 /men˧˧ si˦˦/ | ta51 buh51 /ta˥˩ buh˥˩/ | mu2 /mu˩˨˩/ | ʔȵam5 /ʔȵam˦˦/ | ɲɐm53 /ɲɐm˥˧/ | myinle /mjin˥˥le˨˩/ |
| Rain | lɤŋ44 /lɤŋ˦˦/ | mei44 zau44 /mei˦˦ zau˦˦/ | lei51 /lei˥˩/ | kwən1 /kwən˦˨/ | fin1 /fin˦˨/ | pjən55 /pjən˥˥/ | mau /mau˨˩/ |
| Wind | ki22 /ki˨˨/ | ven44 /ven˦˦/ | kɨn51 /kɨn˥˩/ | ləm2 /ləm˩˨˩/ | ləm1 /ləm˦˨/ | ləm212 /ləm˨˩˨/ | laì /lai˥˩/ |
| Earth | ta22 /ta˨˨/ | nta44 /nta˦˦/ | ka31 tɛ51 /ka˧˩ tɛ˥˩/ | na:m6 /naːm˩˩/ | khəm5 /kʰəm˦˦/ | nam33 /nam˧˧/ | myi-tse /mji˥˥tse̱˨˩/ |
| Stone | ŋa22 /ŋa˨˨/ | əɯ33 /əɯ˧˧/ | — /—/ | tui2 /tui˩˨˩/ | tu:i2 /tuːi˨˧˩/ | pja55 /pja˥˥/ | luqgok /luʔ˨˩kok˨˩/ |
| Mountain | hɔ22 /hɔ˨˨/ | — | ka31 ʔaŋ55 /ka˧˩ ʔaŋ˥˥/ | pɣa1 /pɣa˦˨/ | kɔŋ5 pja1 /kɔŋ˦˦ pja˦˨/ | — | bùm /pum˥˩/ |
| Sea | fui44 /fui˦˦/ | hai33 /hai˧˧/ | ʔum51 hɔn51 /ʔum˥˩ hɔn˥˩/ | hai3 /hai˥˧/ | hai3 /hai˥˩/ | hɐi13 /hɐi˩˧/ | — |
| Mother | a22 me35 /a˨˨ me˧˥/ | mɒ13 /mɒ˩˧/ | ma31 ʔe51 /ma˧˩ ʔe˥˩/ | ni4 /ni˨˦/ | ni4 /ni˨˦/ | nɐi31 /nɐi˧˩/ | înu /i˥˥nu˨˩/ |
| Father | a22 pa44 /a˨˨ pa˦˦/ | pʰɒ44 /pʰɒ˦˦/ | kɨiŋ51 ʔe51 /kɨiŋ˥˩ ʔe˥˩/ | pu4 /pu˨˦/ | tɛ2 /tɛ˨˧˩/ | pu31 /pu˧˩/ | îwa /i˥˥va˨˩/ |
| I | vaŋ54 /vaŋ˥˦/ | i33 /i˧˧/ | ʔɨt33 /ʔɨt˧˧/ | həi2 /həi˩˨˩/ | ɦe2 /ɦe˨˧˩/ | jau212 /jau˨˩˨/ | ngò /ŋo˥˩/ |
| You | mɤŋ31 /mɤŋ˧˩/ | mu31 /mu˧˩/ | mit33 /mit˧˧/ | ȵa2 /ȵa˩˨˩/ | ŋ2 /ŋ˨˧˩/ | ɲa212 /ɲa˨˩˨/ | nang /naŋ˥˥/ |
| We | le31 pa22 /le˧˩ pa˨˨/ | su33 ta33 /su˧˧ ta˧˧/ | ʔet33 ti31 /ʔet˧˧ ti˧˩/ | hɣa:u6 / niu2 /hɣaːu˩˩ / niu˩˨˩/ | ⁿda:u1 / ⁿde1 /ⁿdaːu˦˨ / ⁿde˦˨/ | tau55 / tɕiu55 /tau˥˥ / tɕiu˥˥/ | nga-nhung / ngamoq /ŋa˥˥n̥uŋ˥˥ / ŋa˥˥moʔ˥˥/ |
| Name | mui31 /mui˧˩/ | ntsai44 /ntsai˦˦/ | mɨh31 /mɨh˧˩/ | ʔɣa:n1 /ʔɣaːn˦˨/ | da:n2 /daːn˨˧˩/ | kwan55 /kwan˥˥/ | myìng /mjiŋ˥˩/ |
| Person | le31 /le˧˩/ | tɕʰi55 /tɕʰi˥˥/ | pəi51 /pəi˥˩/ | śən1 /ɕən˦˨/ | zən1 /zən˦˨/ | ɲən212 /ɲən˨˩˨/ | byù /pju˥˩/ |
| Head | kuaŋ35 kʰɤ11 /kuaŋ˧˥ kʰɤ˩˩/ | klɒ24 /klɒ˨˦/ | ka31 tɔŋ33 /ka˧˩ tɔŋ˧˧/ | kɣo3 /kɣo˥˧/ | ko3 /ko˥˩/ | kau323 /kau˧˨˧/ | ulhum /u˨˩lu̱m˨˩/ |
| Eye | ka22 kʰɔ44 /ka˨˨ kʰɔ˦˦/ | ləɯ13 tau33 /ləɯ˩˧ tau˧˧/ | ŋai33 /ŋai˧˧/ | l̥a1 /l̥a˦˨/ | ⁿda1 /ⁿda˦˨/ | ta55 /ta˥˥/ | myoq /mjoʔ˨˩/ |
| Ear | ka31 kʰɤŋ44 /ka˧˩ kʰɤŋ˦˦/ | zau44 /zau˦˦/ | ja31 juk51 /ja˧˩ juk˥˩/ | khɣa1 /kʰɣa˦˨/ | kha1 /kʰa˦˨/ | kha35 /kʰa˧˥/ | nophyo /no˨˩pʰjo˨˩/ |
| Nose | kʰɤŋ44 piu54 /kʰɤŋ˦˦ piu˥˦/ | ȵtɕe24 /ȵtɕe˨˦/ | mɨh33 /mɨh˧˧/ | kə5 naŋ1 /kə˦˦ naŋ˦˨/ | ʔnaŋ1 /ʔnaŋ˦˨/ | mɐŋ55 /mɐŋ˥˥/ | no /no˥˩/ |
| Mouth | tiɔ31 /tiɔ˧˩/ | ŋku44 /ŋku˦˦/ | mɔiŋ51 /mɔiŋ˥˩/ | pa:k7 /paːk˦˨/ | pa:k7 /paːk˦˦/ | ʔəp55 /ʔəp˥˥/ | nhut /nu̱t˥˥/ |
| Tooth | mun44 /mun˦˦/ | pan33 /pan˧˧/ | haŋ33 /haŋ˧˧/ | fan1 /fan˦˨/ | hi:u3 /hiːu˥˩/ | pjɐn55 /pjɐn˥˥/ | zuì /tsui˥˩/ |
| Tongue | pi35 /pi˧˥/ | pʰi55 te24 /pʰi˥˥ te˨˦/ | ka31 tak51 /ka˧˩ tak˥˩/ | ma2 /ma˩˨˩/ | ma2 /ma˨˧˩/ | ma212 /ma˨˩˨/ | sho /ʃo˥˩/ |
| Hand | kʰua54 /kʰua˥˦/ | mpau44 /mpau˦˦/ | ti51 /ti˥˩/ | nja2 /nja˩˨˩/ | si:m3 /siːm˥˩/ | mja212 /mja˨˩˨/ | loq /loʔ˨˩/ |
| Foot | tɔ11 /tɔ˩˩/ | qa24 /qa˨˦/ | ćuŋ51 /tɕuŋ˥˩/ | tin1 /tin˦˨/ | ti:n1 /tiːn˦˨/ | tin55 /tin˥˥/ | hkyî /kʰji˥˩/ |
| Heart | — /—/ | — /—/ | ćit51 /tɕit˥˩/ | — /—/ | sam1 /sam˦˨/ | səm323 /səm˧˨˧/ | nhiklhum /ni̱k˥˥lu̱m˨˩/ |
| Bone | sɤŋ44 /sɤŋ˦˦/ | taŋ31 /taŋ˧˩/ | sa31 ʔaŋ33 /sa˧˩ ʔaŋ˧˧/ | hɣa:k7 /hɣaːk˦˨/ | da:k8 /daːk˨˦/ | lak323 /lak˧˨˧/ | showui /ʃŏ˨˩ʋui˨˩/ |
| Blood | si44 /si˦˦/ | plɒ24 /plɒ˨˦/ | nam55 /nam˥˥/ | phɣa:t7 /pʰɣaːt˦˨/ | phja:t7 /pʰjaːt˦˦/ | phat13 /pʰat˩˧/ | sui /sui˨˩/ |
| Love | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | chyit /tʃi̱t˥˥/ |
| Tree | — /—/ | — /—/ | khu51 /kʰu˥˩/ | mai4 /mai˨˦/ | mai4 /mai˨˦/ | mɐi31 /mɐi˧˩/ | sikgâm /sik˥˥kam˥˩/ |
| Dog | kia44 /kia˦˦/ | mpau33 /mpau˧˧/ | so51 /so˥˩/ | ŋ̊wa1 /ŋ̊wa˦˨/ | ma1 /ma˦˨/ | ŋwa35 /ŋwa˧˥/ | hkuî /kʰui˨˩/ |
| Cat | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Fish | pia54 /pia˥˦/ | ɒ55 lau44 /ɒ˥˥ lau˦˦/ | ka33 /ka˧˧/ | məm6 /məm˩˩/ | ᵐbjai3 /ᵐbjai˥˩/ | pa55 /pa˥˥/ | ngozo /ŋŏ˨˩tso˨˩/ |
| Bird | lɔ54 /lɔ˥˦/ | ntau31 /ntau˧˩/ | sim33 /sim˧˧/ | nɔk8 /nɔk˩˨/ | nɔk8 /nɔk˨˧/ | mok21 /mok˨˩/ | nghoq /ŋo̱ʔ˥˥/ |
| Butterfly | — /—/ | — | ćak31 ka31 lau33 /tɕak˧˩ ka˧˩ lau˧˧/ | wa3 /wa˥˧/ | phuŋ6 pa4 /pʰuŋ˨˩˧ pa˨˦/ | ma55 mən323 /ma˥˥ mən˧˨˧/ | — |
| Egg | ka11 /ka˩˩/ | tan33 /tan˧˧/ | ka31 tɔm33 /ka˧˩ tɔm˧˧/ | kɣəi5 /kɣəi˦˦/ | kai5 /kai˦˦/ | kɐi53 /kɐi˥˧/ | au /a˨˩u˥˥/ |
| House | liu31 tɤŋ35 /liu˧˩ tɤŋ˧˥/ | qə33 /qə˧˧/ | ɲa31 /ɲa˧˩/ | ɣa:n2 /ɣaːn˩˨˩/ | ja:n1 /jaːn˦˨/ | jan212 /jan˨˩˨/ | yhûm /ju̱m˥˩/ |
| Salt | tsa44 /tsa˦˦/ | ȵtɕəɯ44 /ȵtɕəɯ˦˦/ | kih33 /kih˧˧/ | cwa1 /cwa˦˨/ | kwo1 /kwo˦˨/ | jim212 /jim˨˩˨/ | xo /tsʰo˥˥/ |
| Eat | lɤŋ31 /lɤŋ˧˩/ | xɒ33 /xɒ˧˧/ | ʔeŋ33 /ʔeŋ˧˧/ | tsa:n1 /tsaːn˦˨/ | na4 /na˨˦/ | tɕan55 /tɕan˥˥/ | zo /tso˨˩/ |
| Drink | hɔ35 /hɔ˧˥/ | han55 /han˥˥/ | ɲɨ51 /ɲɨ˥˩/ | hɣop7 /hɣop˥˥/ | na4 /na˨˦/ | wum31 /wum˧˩/ | shuq /ʃuʔ˥˥/ |
| Sleep | ŋiŋ35 /ŋiŋ˧˥/ | ŋka31 /ŋka˧˩/ | ʔit33 /ʔit˧˧/ | nun2 /nun˩˨˩/ | nu:n2 /nuːn˨˧˩/ | nun212 /nun˨˩˨/ | yhup /ju̱p˥˥/ |
| One | i35 /i˧˥/ | si33 /si˧˧/ | ti31 /ti˧˩/ | n̥a:u3 /n̥aːu˥˧/ | tɔ2 /tɔ˨˧˩/ | ʔi55 /ʔi˥˥/ | ra /ʒa˨˩/ |
| Two | u22 /u˨˨/ | su33 /su˧˧/ | lai33 /lai˧˧/ | ɣa2 /ɣa˩˨˩/ | ja1 /ja˦˨/ | ja323 /ja˧˨˧/ | í /i˥˥/ |
| Three | pa22 /pa˨˨/ | ta33 /ta˧˧/ | — /—/ | ta:m1 /taːm˦˨/ | sa:m1 /saːm˦˨/ | sam35 /sam˧˥/ | sum /sum˥˥/ |
| Four | pi35 /pi˧˥/ | pu33 /pu˧˧/ | pun35 /pun˧˥/ | ti5 /ti˦˦/ | si5 /si˦˦/ | si453 /si˦˥˧/ | myi /mji˨˩/ |
| Five | pi22 /pi˨˨/ | mpu44 /mpu˦˦/ | phɔn35 /pʰɔn˧˥/ | ŋɔ4 /ŋɔ˨˦/ | ŋɔ4 /ŋɔ˨˦/ | ŋo31 /ŋo˧˩/ | ngo /ŋo˨˩/ |
| Hundred | i35 pa11 /i˧˥ pa˩˩/ | tɕin33 /tɕin˧˧/ | ti31 roi31 /ti˧˩ roi˧˩/ | fɛ:k7 /fɛːk˦˨/ | pɛk7 /pɛk˥˥/ | pek323 /pek˧˨˧/ | rashô /ʒa˨˩ʃo˥˩/ |
| Hello | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Good | ŋɔŋ11 /ŋɔŋ˩˩/ | ɒ33 /ɒ˧˧/ | nhɔm33 /n̥ɔm˧˧/ | i1 /i˦˨/ | da:i2 /daːi˨˧˩/ | lai55 /lai˥˥/ | ge /ke˥˩/ |
| New | tɤ35 hin22 /tɤ˧˥ hin˨˨/ | mu44 /mu˦˦/ | su51 /su˥˩/ | m̥ai5 /m̥ai˦˦/ | mai5 /mai˦˦/ | mɐi453 /mɐi˦˥˧/ | asik /a˨˩sik˥˥/ |
| Red | si11 /si˩˩/ | plɒ24 /plɒ˨˦/ | sa31 khak33 /sa˧˩ kʰak˧˧/ | l̥a:n3 /l̥aːn˥˧/ | la:n3 /laːn˥˩/ | ja453 /ja˦˥˧/ | ne /ne˥˩/ |
| White | kiɔ22 /kiɔ˨˨/ | zu24 /zu˨˦/ | paiŋ51 /paiŋ˥˩/ | pa:k8 /paːk˩˩/ | kwa3 /kwa˥˩/ | pak31 /pak˧˩/ | phju /pʰju˥˩/ |
| Black | kiaŋ22 /kiaŋ˨˨/ | lan33 /lan˧˧/ | lhɔŋ31 /l̥ɔŋ˧˩/ | nam1 /nam˦˨/ | nam1 /nam˦˨/ | nɐm55 /nɐm˥˥/ | noq /noʔ˨˩/ |
| Green | ka35 pʰɤ54 kʰun31 /ka˧˥ pʰɤ˥˦ kʰun˧˩/ | ten55 /ten˥˥/ | khiu33 /kʰiu˧˧/ | śau1 /ɕau˦˨/ | ju1 /ju˦˨/ | su35 /su˧˥/ | nyuì /ŋjui˥˩/ |
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