Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim
Squamish
Salishan (Central Salish / Coast Salish)
Squamish (Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim) is a Coast Salish language of the Salishan family, spoken by the Squamish people around Howe Sound, Burrard Inlet and the Squamish River valley in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is critically endangered, with only a handful of elderly first-language speakers, though revitalization efforts have produced a growing number of second-language speakers. It is written in a Latin-based alphabet that uses the numeral 7 for the glottal stop along with underlined and diacritic letters, and it is known for its complex consonant clusters.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Squamish
Sources
- Wiktionary Squamish lemmas (each referenced to A. H. Kuipers 1967/1969, The Squamish Language: Grammar, Texts, Dictionary)
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Salishan (Central Salish / Coast Salish)
| Meaning | Squamish | Thompson | Nuxalk | Kaqchikel | Mam | Ixil | Tojolabal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | stáḵw /staqʷ/ | qʷúʔ /qʷuʔ/ | qla /qla/ | yaʼ /jaʔ/ | aʼ /aʔ/ | aʼ /aʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ |
| Fire | sḵwiḵw /sqʷiqʷ/ | ʕʷyə́p /ʕʷjəp/ | niiχʷ /niːχʷ/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | tzaʼ /tsaʔ/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ |
| Sun | snéḵwem /sneqʷəm/ | sk̓ʷák̓ʷest /skʼʷakʼʷest/ | snχ /snχ/ | qʼij /qʼix/ | qʼij /qʼih/ | qʼii /qʼiː/ | kʼakʼu /kʼakʼu/ |
| Moon | lh7álha /ɬʔaɬa/ | máʕxetn /maʕxetn/ | ƛ̓ukʼ /tɬʼukʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | xjaw /ʃaw/ | ichʼ /itʃʼ/ | ixaw /iʃaw/ |
| Star | kwekwtsi7 /kʷəkʷtsiʔ/ | nkʷəkʷúsn̓ /nkʷəkʷusnˀ/ | mixmikʼł /mixmikʼɬ/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | cheʼw /tʃeʔw/ | chumiil /tʃumiːl/ | kʼanal /kʼanal/ |
| Night | nat /nat/ | sitist /sitist/ | ʔnƛ̓ /ʔntɬʼ/ | aqʼaʼ /aqʼaʔ/ | qonikʼen /qonikʼən/ | aqʼbʼal /aqʼɓal/ | aʼkwal /aʔkʷal/ |
| Snow | máḵa7 /maqaʔ/ | swúxwt /swuxʷt/ | pqʼʷ /pqʷʼ/ | nieve /ˈnjebe/ | txa cheʼw /tʃa tʃeʔw/ | txuncheʼv /tʃuntʃeʔv/ | sakal kʼinal /sakal kʼinal/ |
| Earth | temíxw /təmixʷ/ | tmíxw /tmixʷ/ | kułulmx /kuɬulmx/ | ulew /uleːw/ | txʼotxʼ /tʃʼotʃʼ/ | txʼavaʼ /tʃʼaʋaʔ/ | luʼum /luʔum/ |
| Stone | smant /smant/ | sxén̓x /sxenˀx/ | tʼχt /tʼχt/ | abäj /aˈɓəx/ | abʼaj /aɓax/ | kʼubʼ /kʼuɓ/ | ton /ton/ |
| Mountain | smánit /smanit/ | sqʷə́m /sqʷəm/ | smt /smt/ | juyuʼ /xuˈjuʔ/ | wutz /wuts/ | vitz /vits/ | wits /wits/ |
| Mother | chésha7 /tʃeʃaʔ/ | skíxzeʔ /skixzeʔ/ | stan /stan/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | nan /nan/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | nan /nan/ |
| Father | smas /smas/ | sqáczeʔ /sqatszeʔ/ | man /man/ | tataʼ /tataʔ/ | mam /mam/ | baʼ /baʔ/ | tat /tat/ |
| I | en /ʔən/ | encwe /ʔəntʃwe/ | ʔnc /ʔnts/ | rïn /rɪn/ | aqiin /aˈqiːn/ | in /in/ | keʼn /keʔn/ |
| You | chexw /tʃəxʷ/ | enwi /ʔənwi/ | ʔinu /ʔinu/ | rat /rat/ | aya /aˈja/ | axh /aʃ/ | weʼn /weʔn/ |
| We | numalh /numaɬ/ | nemimlh /nəmimɬ/ | łmił /ɬmiɬ/ | röj /rʊx/ | aqoʼ /aˈqoʔ/ | oʼ /oʔ/ | keʼntik / keʼntikon /keʔntik / keʔntikon/ |
| Name | sna /sna/ | skʷést /skʷest/ | skʷacta /skʷatsta/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | biʼ /ɓiʔ/ | bʼii /ɓiː/ | bʼiʼil /ɓiʔil/ |
| Person | stélmexw /stelməxʷ/ | — | ƛ̓msta /tɬʼmsta/ | winäq /wiˈnəq/ | xjaal /ʃxaːl/ | uxhchil /uʃtʃil/ | winkil /winkil/ |
| Eye | ḵlum̓ /qlumʔ/ | nk̓ʷətƛ̓ustn /nkʼʷətɬʼustn/ | qluqʼs /qluqʼs/ | runaqʼ ruwäch /runaqʼ ruwətʃ/ | witz /wits/ | vusal /vusal/ | satej /sateh/ |
| Tooth | yenis /jənis/ | xyexw /χjeχʷ/ | ʔica /ʔitsa/ | ey /ej/ | eʼ /eʔ/ | eh /eh/ | ex /eʃ/ |
| Tongue | alhthal /aɬθaɬ/ | teleʼ /təɬeʔ/ | tica /titsa/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ |
| Hand | chálash /tʃalaʃ/ | kéyx /kejx/ | suxa /suxa/ | qʼaʼ /qʼaʔ/ | qʼobʼ /qʼoɓ/ | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ | kʼabʼ /kʼaɓ/ |
| Heart | stúlich /stulitʃ/ | sxʷákʷukʷ /sxʷakʷukʷ/ | skcułk /sktsuɬk/ | kʼuʼx /kʼuʔʃ/ | anma /anma/ | vatzʼ /vatsʼ/ | altzil /altsil/ |
| Bone | shaw7 /ʃawʔ/ | qʼwəqʼwul /qʼʷəqʼʷuʎ/ | cap /tsap/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bakel /ɓakel/ |
| Blood | sthathin /sθaθin/ | peteleʼ /pətəleʔ/ | six /six/ | kïkʼ /kɪkʼ/ | chikʼ /tʃikʼ/ | kaq /kaq/ | chikʼel /tʃikʼel/ |
| Love | néxwsa /nexʷsa/ | xámeʔs /χameʔs/ | — /—/ | ajowabʼäl /axowaɓəl/ | oqxan /oqʃan/ | kuxhewchʼa /kuʃewtʃʼa/ | skʼana /skʼana/ |
| Tree | stsékʼas /stsekʼas/ | sɣép /sɣep/ | stn /stn/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | tzeʼ /tseʔ/ | tze /tse/ | teʼ /teʔ/ |
| Dog | sḵwemáy̓ /sqʷəmajʔ/ | sqáxa /sqaχa/ | wacʼ /watsʼ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | txʼyan /tʃʼjan/ | txʼiʼ /tʃʼiʔ/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ |
| Cat | pus /pus/ | púsh /puʃ/ | — /—/ | mes /mes/ | wiix /wiːʃ/ | mees /meːs/ | mis /mis/ |
| Fish | stsʼúḵwi7 /stsʼuqʷiʔ/ | sqyetn /sqjetn̩/ | smłk /smɬk/ | kar /kar/ | kyiẍ /kjiʃ/ | chay /tʃaj/ | chay /tʃaj/ |
| Bear | míx̱alh /miχaɬ/ | spéʔec /speʔets/ | ƛ̓a /tɬʼa/ | oso /ˈoso/ | oso /ˈoso/ | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ |
| House | lámʼ /lamʔ/ | citxw /tsitxʷ/ | suł /suɬ/ | jay /xaj/ | jaa /haː/ | kabʼal /kaɓal/ | naj /nah/ |
| Salt | tlʼálhem /tɬʼaɬəm/ | c̓ált /tsʼalt/ | stʼs /stʼs/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼan /atsʼan/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atsʼam /atsʼam/ |
| Eat | i7iyím /iʔijim/ | ʔíqs /ʔiqs/ | ʔałps /ʔaɬps/ | waʼin /waʔin/ | waan /waːn/ | tzaʼbʼi /tsaʔɓi/ | waʼel /waʔel/ |
| Drink | qʼemél7chen /qʼemʔeɬtʃen/ | ʔúqʷeʔ /ʔuqʷeʔ/ | qaaχla /qaːχla/ | kumun /kumun/ | kʼaan /kʼaːn/ | ucha /utʃa/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ |
| One | nchʼa7 /ntʃʼaʔ/ | péyeʔ /pejeʔ/ | maw /maw/ | jun /xun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ |
| Two | án7us /ˈʔanʔus/ | séye /seje/ | łnuus /ɬnuːs/ | kaʼiʼ /kaʔiʔ/ | kabʼe /ˈkaɓeʔ/ | kaʼvaʼl /kaʔʋaʔl/ | chabʼ /tʃaɓ/ |
| Three | chánat /tʃanat/ | keʔɬés /keʔɬes/ | ʔasmuus /ʔasmuːs/ | oxiʼ /oʃiʔ/ | oxe /oʃe/ | oxvaʼl /oʃʋaʔl/ | oxe /oʃe/ |
| Four | x̱a7útsen /χaʔutsən/ | mús /mus/ | muus /muːs/ | kajiʼ /kaxiʔ/ | kyaje /kjaxe/ | kajvaʼl /kahʋaʔl/ | chane /tʃane/ |
| Five | tsíyichis /tsijitʃis/ | cíykst /tsijkst/ | cʼixʷ /tsʼixʷ/ | woʼoʼ /woʔoʔ/ | jweʼ /xweʔ/ | oʼvaʼl /oʔʋaʔl/ | joʼe /hoʔe/ |
| Hello | chen kwenmántumi /tʃen kʷenmantumi/ | weytk /wejtk/ | — /—/ | utz iwäch /uts iwətʃ/ | chjonte tey /tʃhonte tej/ | nimaʼla kuxhewchʼa /nimaʔla kuʃewtʃʼa/ | lekilukʼ /lekilukʼ/ |
| Thank you | huy chexw a /huj tʃexʷ a/ | kʷukʷscémxʷ /kʷukʷstsemxʷ/ | — /—/ | matyox /matjoʃ/ | chjonte /tʃhonte/ | tantixh /tantiʃ/ | yuj /juh/ |
| Good | éy /ej/ | y̓é /jˀe/ | ya /ja/ | ütz /ʊts/ | banix /baniʃ/ | utzʼ /utsʼ/ | lek /lek/ |
| Red | kʷəlqʷ /kʷəlqʷ/ | cíqʷ /tsiqʷ/ | mukʷ /mukʷ/ | käq /kəq/ | kyaq /kjaq/ | kaq /kaq/ | chak /tʃak/ |
| White | pʼeḵʼ /pʼəqʼ/ | píq /piq/ | cʼχʷ /tsʼχʷ/ | säq /səq/ | saq /saq/ | saj /saχ/ | sak /sak/ |
| Black | ḵʼex̱ ḵʼíx̱ /qʼəχ qʼiχ/ | hestə́ptəpt /hestəptəpt/ | skʼx /skʼx/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ |
| Green | tlʼestlʼís /tɬʼəstɬʼis/ | — | qʷli /qʷli/ | räx /rəʃ/ | txaʼx /tʃaʔʃ/ | chaʼx /tʃaʔʃ/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ |
| Blue | skwáyel /skʷajəl/ | ʔesqʷəzqʷəzt /ʔesqʷəzqʷəzt/ | qʷit /qʷit/ | räx /rəʃ/ | — | — | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ |
| Tea | ti7 /tiʔ/ | — | tii /tiː/ | té /te/ | té /te/ | — | té /te/ |
| Coffee | kapí /kapi/ | kápi /kapi/ | kupi /kupi/ | kape /kape/ | kape /kape/ | — | kajpe /kahpe/ |
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