Nlaka'pamuctsin
Thompson
Salishan
Thompson (Nlaka'pamuctsin, "the language of the Nlaka'pamux") is a Salishan language of the Interior Salish branch, spoken by the Nlaka'pamux people of the Thompson and Fraser canyons in southern British Columbia. The Nlaka'pamux territory is famous for the spectacular Hells Gate, Hope-Princeton, and Lytton geological features. Thompson preserves classical Salishan typological features: ergative-absolutive alignment with split ergativity, complex polypersonal verb morphology, glottalized consonants, and back-velar/uvular consonant series. The Thompson & Thompson 1992 reference grammar is the major modern documentation. Active language revitalization through First Nations Language Authority of BC and the Nlaka'pamux Tribal Council since the 1990s.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Thompson
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Salishan
| Meaning | Thompson | Squamish | Nuxalk | Kwak'wala | Kaqchikel | Yurok | Tojolabal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | qʷúʔ /qʷuʔ/ | stáḵw /staqʷ/ | qla /qla/ | ʼwap /ʔwap/ | yaʼ /jaʔ/ | paaʼ /paːʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ |
| Fire | ʕʷyə́p /ʕʷjəp/ | sḵwiḵw /sqʷiqʷ/ | niiχʷ /niːχʷ/ | la̱ḵ̕wa̱s /ləqʼʷəs/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | meʼlonok /meʔlonok/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ |
| Sun | sk̓ʷák̓ʷest /skʼʷakʼʷest/ | snéḵwem /sneqʷəm/ | snχ /snχ/ | ƛʼisa̱la /tɬʼisəla/ | qʼij /qʼix/ | woygey /wojɡej/ | kʼakʼu /kʼakʼu/ |
| Moon | máʕxetn /maʕxetn/ | lh7álha /ɬʔaɬa/ | ƛ̓ukʼ /tɬʼukʼ/ | ʼma̱kwa̱la /ʔməkʷəla/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | wonewsleg /wonewsleɡ/ | ixaw /iʃaw/ |
| Star | nkʷəkʷúsn̓ /nkʷəkʷusnˀ/ | kwekwtsi7 /kʷəkʷtsiʔ/ | mixmikʼł /mixmikʼɬ/ | t̓ut̓u /tʼutʼu/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | kesʼoh /kesʔoh/ | kʼanal /kʼanal/ |
| Night | sitist /sitist/ | nat /nat/ | ʔnƛ̓ /ʔntɬʼ/ | g̱anutł /ɢanutɬ/ | aqʼaʼ /aqʼaʔ/ | nascewen /nastsewen/ | aʼkwal /aʔkʷal/ |
| Rain | stékɬ /stekɬ/ | — | sʔałwlał /sʔaɬwlaɬ/ | ʼyugwa /ʔjuɡʷa/ | jobʼ /xoɓ/ | ten /ten/ | — |
| Snow | swúxwt /swuxʷt/ | máḵa7 /maqaʔ/ | pqʼʷ /pqʷʼ/ | neʼ /neʔ/ | nieve /ˈnjebe/ | roreer /ɹɔɹiɹ/ | sakal kʼinal /sakal kʼinal/ |
| Wind | snéw̓t /snewˀt/ | — | — | yola /jola/ | kaqʼiqʼ /kaqʼiqʼ/ | rookw /ɹɔːkʷ/ | ikʼ /ʔikʼ/ |
| Earth | tmíxw /tmixʷ/ | temíxw /təmixʷ/ | kułulmx /kuɬulmx/ | a̱wiʼnak̕wa̱s /ʔəwiʔnakʷʼəs/ | ulew /uleːw/ | hlkehl /ɬkeɬ/ | luʼum /luʔum/ |
| Stone | sxén̓x /sxenˀx/ | smant /smant/ | tʼχt /tʼχt/ | tʼisa̱m /tʼisəm/ | abäj /aˈɓəx/ | haʼaag /haʔaːɣ/ | ton /ton/ |
| Mountain | sqʷə́m /sqʷəm/ | smánit /smanit/ | smt /smt/ | na̱ge /nəɡe/ | juyuʼ /xuˈjuʔ/ | — | wits /wits/ |
| Mother | skíxzeʔ /skixzeʔ/ | chésha7 /tʃeʃaʔ/ | stan /stan/ | a̱ba̱mp /əbəmp/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | kokos /kokos/ | nan /nan/ |
| Father | sqáczeʔ /sqatszeʔ/ | smas /smas/ | man /man/ | ump /ʔump/ | tataʼ /tataʔ/ | nopew /nopew/ | tat /tat/ |
| I | encwe /ʔəntʃwe/ | en /ʔən/ | ʔnc /ʔnts/ | nugwaʼam /nuɡʷaʔam/ | rïn /rɪn/ | nek /nek/ | keʼn /keʔn/ |
| You | enwi /ʔənwi/ | chexw /tʃəxʷ/ | ʔinu /ʔinu/ | suʼ /suʔ/ | rat /rat/ | keʼl /keʔl/ | weʼn /weʔn/ |
| We | nemimlh /nəmimɬ/ | numalh /numaɬ/ | łmił /ɬmiɬ/ | nugwaʼnts / nugwaʼnuʼxw /nuɡʷaʔnts / nuɡʷaʔnuʔxʷ/ | röj /rʊx/ | nekah /nekah/ | keʼntik / keʼntikon /keʔntik / keʔntikon/ |
| Name | skʷést /skʷest/ | sna /sna/ | skʷacta /skʷatsta/ | dłig̱a̱m /dɮiɢəm/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | ʼerʼwerhł /ʔerʔwerɬ/ | bʼiʼil /ɓiʔil/ |
| Eye | nk̓ʷətƛ̓ustn /nkʼʷətɬʼustn/ | ḵlum̓ /qlumʔ/ | qluqʼs /qluqʼs/ | g̱a̱ʼyag̱a̱s /ɢəʔjaɢəs/ | runaqʼ ruwäch /runaqʼ ruwətʃ/ | lekwsh /lekwʃ/ | satej /sateh/ |
| Ear | ƛ̓én̓i /tɬʼenˀi/ | — | tanksta /tanksta/ | pʼa̱spʼa̱ʼyu /pʼəspʼəʔju/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | chpegarʼ /tʃpeɣeʔɹ/ | chikin /tʃikin/ |
| Nose | sp̓saq̓s /spʼsaqʼs/ | — | maaχsa /maːχsa/ | xa̱ndzas /xəndzas/ | tzaʼn /tsaʔn/ | ʼner-pʼernʼ /ʔnɚpʼɚʔn/ | niʼ /niʔ/ |
| Mouth | spléwcin /splewtsin/ | — | cucn /tsutsn/ | sa̱ms /səms/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | ʼne-luehl /ʔneluɬ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ |
| Tooth | xyexw /χjeχʷ/ | yenis /jənis/ | ʔica /ʔitsa/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | ey /ej/ | rpelh /rpeɬ/ | ex /eʃ/ |
| Tongue | teleʼ /təɬeʔ/ | alhthal /aɬθaɬ/ | tica /titsa/ | k̓a̱la̱m /kʼələm/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | ipl /ipɬ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ |
| Hand | kéyx /kejx/ | chálash /tʃalaʃ/ | suxa /suxa/ | aʼyaʼsu /aʔjaʔsu/ | qʼaʼ /qʼaʔ/ | mehl /mehl/ | kʼabʼ /kʼaɓ/ |
| Foot | sqwaxt /sqʷaxt/ | — | ʼixa /ʔixa/ | gugwa̱ʼyu /ɡuɡʷəʔju/ | aqän /aqən/ | mechkah /metʃkah/ | ok /ok/ |
| Heart | sxʷákʷukʷ /sxʷakʷukʷ/ | stúlich /stulitʃ/ | skcułk /sktsuɬk/ | noḵeʼ /nɔqeʔ/ | kʼuʼx /kʼuʔʃ/ | skoʼol /skoʔol/ | altzil /altsil/ |
| Bone | qʼwəqʼwul /qʼʷəqʼʷuʎ/ | shaw7 /ʃawʔ/ | cap /tsap/ | x̱aḵ /χaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | werhlkerr /wɚɬkɚ/ | bakel /ɓakel/ |
| Blood | peteleʼ /pətəleʔ/ | sthathin /sθaθin/ | six /six/ | a̱lkwa /əlkʷa/ | kïkʼ /kɪkʼ/ | pekoyek /pekojek/ | chikʼel /tʃikʼel/ |
| Poop | paʕ̓ /paʕˀ/ | — | — | — | — | mol /mɔl/ | kʼoy /kʼoj/ |
| Love | xámeʔs /χameʔs/ | néxwsa /nexʷsa/ | — /—/ | ʼya̱x̱is /ʔjəχis/ | ajowabʼäl /axowaɓəl/ | choʼomi /tʃoʔomi/ | skʼana /skʼana/ |
| Tree | sɣép /sɣep/ | stsékʼas /stsekʼas/ | stn /stn/ | ḵ̕wax̱ /qʼʷaχ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | kʼepoy /kʼepoj/ | teʼ /teʔ/ |
| Dog | sqáxa /sqaχa/ | sḵwemáy̓ /sqʷəmajʔ/ | wacʼ /watsʼ/ | ʼwat̕si /ʔwatsʼi/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | chishʼah /tʃiʃʔah/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ |
| Cat | púsh /puʃ/ | pus /pus/ | — /—/ | busi /busi/ | mes /mes/ | putuy /putuj/ | mis /mis/ |
| Fish | sqyetn /sqjetn̩/ | stsʼúḵwi7 /stsʼuqʷiʔ/ | smłk /smɬk/ | mē /meː/ | kar /kar/ | nepewiS /nepewiʃ/ | chay /tʃaj/ |
| Bird | spz̓úz̓uʔ /spzˀuzˀuʔ/ | — | ciccipii /tsitstsipiː/ | pʼipʼaƛʼumas /pʼipʼatɬʼumas/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | chʼueʼchʼeesh /tʃʼuʔtʃʼiʃ/ | yal chan /jal tʃan/ |
| Butterfly | nkíkax̣n̓i /nkikaχnˀi/ | — | mamayu /mamaju/ | ha̱mumu /həmumu/ | palamax /palamaʃ/ | ʼwerrpʼ /ʔwɚːpʼ/ | pejpen /pehpen/ |
| Egg | heʔúšeʔ /heʔuʃeʔ/ | — | qpʼa /qpʼa/ | tsʼigwa̱nu /tsʼiɡʷənu/ | saqmoloʼ /saqmoloʔ/ | ʼweryhl /ʔwɚjɬ/ | nolobʼ /noloɓ/ |
| Bear | spéʔec /speʔets/ | míx̱alh /miχaɬ/ | ƛ̓a /tɬʼa/ | — | oso /ˈoso/ | chyerʼerʼy /tʃjɚʔɚʔj/ | oso /oso/ |
| Horse | k̓əɬc̓esqáx̣aʔ /kʼəɬtsʼesqaχaʔ/ | — | ałχapaliikʷ /aɬχapaliːkʷ/ | guʼdan /ɡuʔdan/ | kej /kex/ | muelah /mulah/ | kawu /kawu/ |
| House | citxw /tsitxʷ/ | lámʼ /lamʔ/ | suł /suɬ/ | g̱ukw /ɡukʷ/ | jay /xaj/ | kerwer /kerwer/ | naj /nah/ |
| Milk | míl̓k /milˀk/ | — | — | ma̱lk /məlk/ | leche /ˈletʃe/ | newon /newɔn/ | lech /letʃ/ |
| Honey | ƛ̓əxtmin /tɬʼəxtmin/ | — | — | — | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | repchem /reptʃem/ | chab /tʃaɓ/ |
| Salt | c̓ált /tsʼalt/ | tlʼálhem /tɬʼaɬəm/ | stʼs /stʼs/ | da̱msxi /dəmsxi/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | peeshkah /piʃkah/ | atsʼam /atsʼam/ |
| Iron | ʔík̓mn /ʔikʼmn/ | — | — /—/ | dza̱xʼa̱n /dzəxʔən/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | pegemeepʼ /peɣemipʼ/ | takʼin /takʼin/ |
| Book | spáqʷ /spaqʷ/ | — | ałqʷuł /aɬqʷuɬ/ | bukw /bukʷ/ | wuj /wux/ | — | juʼun /huʔun/ |
| Eat | ʔíqs /ʔiqs/ | i7iyím /iʔijim/ | ʔałps /ʔaɬps/ | ha̱ʼma̱p /həʔməp/ | waʼin /waʔin/ | kepoyi /kepoji/ | waʼel /waʔel/ |
| Drink | ʔúqʷeʔ /ʔuqʷeʔ/ | qʼemél7chen /qʼemʔeɬtʃen/ | qaaχla /qaːχla/ | naḵa /naqa/ | kumun /kumun/ | kewolepi /kewolepi/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ |
| Sleep | ʕʷóy̓t /ʕʷojˀt/ | — | cituma /tsituma/ | mix̱a̱la /miχəla/ | war /war/ | chkeyekʼ /tʃkejekʼ/ | wayel /wajel/ |
| One | péyeʔ /pejeʔ/ | nchʼa7 /ntʃʼaʔ/ | maw /maw/ | ʼna̱m /ʔnəm/ | jun /xun/ | kohchew /kohtʃew/ | jun /hun/ |
| Two | séye /seje/ | án7us /ˈʔanʔus/ | łnuus /ɬnuːs/ | maʼł /maʔɬ/ | kaʼiʼ /kaʔiʔ/ | naʼamoyʼ /naʔamoj/ | chabʼ /tʃaɓ/ |
| Three | keʔɬés /keʔɬes/ | chánat /tʃanat/ | ʔasmuus /ʔasmuːs/ | yudux /judux/ | oxiʼ /oʃiʔ/ | nahkseʼn /nahkseʔn/ | oxe /oʃe/ |
| Four | mús /mus/ | x̱a7útsen /χaʔutsən/ | muus /muːs/ | mu /mu/ | kajiʼ /kaxiʔ/ | choʼoneʼn /tʃoʔoneʔn/ | chane /tʃane/ |
| Five | cíykst /tsijkst/ | tsíyichis /tsijitʃis/ | cʼixʷ /tsʼixʷ/ | sa̱kʼa /səkʼa/ | woʼoʼ /woʔoʔ/ | meruh /meruh/ | joʼe /hoʔe/ |
| Hundred | x̣əcpq̓íqn̓kst /χətspqʼiqnˀkst/ | — | — /—/ | lakʼa̱nd /lakʼənd/ | wokʼal /wokʼal/ | — | joʼ winkeʼ /hoʔ winkeʔ/ |
| Hello | weytk /wejtk/ | chen kwenmántumi /tʃen kʷenmantumi/ | — /—/ | yo /jo/ | utz iwäch /uts iwətʃ/ | aiy-yue-kwee /aj-juːkweː/ | lekilukʼ /lekilukʼ/ |
| Thank you | kʷukʷscémxʷ /kʷukʷstsemxʷ/ | huy chexw a /huj tʃexʷ a/ | — /—/ | g̱ilakasʼla /ɢilakasʔla/ | matyox /matjoʃ/ | wokhlew /wokʰlew/ | yuj /juh/ |
| Good | y̓é /jˀe/ | éy /ej/ | ya /ja/ | ek /ek/ | ütz /ʊts/ | skuyahl /skujahl/ | lek /lek/ |
| New | cíyci /tsijtsi/ | — | ciχ /tsiχ/ | alumas /alumas/ | kʼakʼaʼ /kʼakʼaʔ/ | chaʼanar /tʃaʔanaɹ/ | yajkʼachil /jahkʼatʃil/ |
| Red | cíqʷ /tsiqʷ/ | kʷəlqʷ /kʷəlqʷ/ | mukʷ /mukʷ/ | ƛ̕aq̓wa /tɬʼaqʼʷa/ | käq /kəq/ | pekwoh /pekwoh/ | chak /tʃak/ |
| White | píq /piq/ | pʼeḵʼ /pʼəqʼ/ | cʼχʷ /tsʼχʷ/ | ʼma̱la /mˀəla/ | säq /səq/ | muenchey /muntʃej/ | sak /sak/ |
| Black | hestə́ptəpt /hestəptəpt/ | ḵʼex̱ ḵʼíx̱ /qʼəχ qʼiχ/ | skʼx /skʼx/ | tsʼuła /tsʼuɬa/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | loʼogey /loʔoɣej/ | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ |
| Blue | ʔesqʷəzqʷəzt /ʔesqʷəzqʷəzt/ | skwáyel /skʷajəl/ | qʷit /qʷit/ | dzasa /dzasa/ | räx /rəʃ/ | skoyon /skojon/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ |
| Coffee | kápi /kapi/ | kapí /kapi/ | kupi /kupi/ | gobi /ɡobi/ | kape /kape/ | kopeen /kɔpin/ | kajpe /kahpe/ |
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