Skarù:rę'
Tuscarora
Iroquoian (Northern, Tuscarora-Nottoway)
Tuscarora (Skarù:rę', "shirt-wearing people") is a Northern Iroquoian language whose speakers originally inhabited present-day eastern North Carolina. After the Tuscarora War (1711-1715), most migrated north to join the Five Nations Iroquois Confederacy as the Sixth Nation, settling primarily in upstate New York and on the Six Nations Reserve in Ontario. Critically endangered; the Tuscarora School (Niagara Falls NY) and language program at Six Nations Polytechnic conduct revitalization.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Tuscarora
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Iroquoian (Northern, Tuscarora-Nottoway)
| Meaning | Tuscarora | Cayuga | Onondaga | Mohawk | Oneida | Aguacateco | Kannada |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | awę: /awɛ̃ː/ | ohneganóhs /ohneɡanóhs/ | ohnéganos /ohnéɡanos/ | ohné:kanos /ohnéːɡanos/ | one:kánus /oneːkánũs/ | aʼ /aʔ/ | ನೀರು /niːɾu/ |
| Fire | ujihst /udʒihst/ | odé:kaʼ /odéːkaʔ/ | odékhaʼ /odékʰaʔ/ | otsénhaʼ /odzʌ̃́haʔ/ | o:tsísteʼ /oːdʒísteʔ/ | qʼaq /qʼaq/ | ಬೆಂಕಿ /beŋki/ |
| Sun | hęhts /hɛ̃hts/ | gá:gwa:ʼ /ɡáːɡwaːʔ/ | gaehʼkwa /ɡaehʔkwa/ | karáhkwa /karáhkwa/ | kalahkwaʼ /kalahkwaʔ/ | qʼijl /qʼihl/ | ಸೂರ್ಯ /suːɾja/ |
| Moon | hęhts uri:węh /hɛ̃hts uɾiːwɛ̃h/ | ęhníʼda:ʼ /ẽhníʔdaːʔ/ | gaehʼkwa enitha /ɡaehʔkwa enitha/ | ehníta /ehˈniːta/ | wʌhní:taleʼ /wʌ̃hníːtaleʔ/ | xahaw /ʃahaw/ | ಚಂದ್ರ /tʃandɾa/ |
| Star | utsíhstaʼ /utsíhstaʔ/ | ojihsǫ́:da:ʼ /odʒihsṍːdaːʔ/ | otsistoʼgwaʼ /odʒistoʔɡwaʔ/ | otsistohkwaʼ /otsistohkwaʔ/ | otsistóhkwaʼ /odʒistóhkwaʔ/ | chumeʼl /tʃumeʔl/ | ನಕ್ಷತ್ರ /nakʂat̪ra/ |
| Night | ahthathu /ahθaθu/ | ahsǫheh /ahsõheh/ | ahsų́t /ahsṹt/ | ahsútha /ahsṹtʰa/ | wahsutáti /wahsũtáti/ | aqʼbʼal /aqʼɓal/ | ರಾತ್ರಿ /raːt̪ri/ |
| Mother | raknų:hak /ɾaknũːhak/ | knó:haʼ /knóːhaʔ/ | ekno:haʼ /eknoːhaʔ/ | istá /istá/ | aknulha /aknulha/ | naa /naː/ | ಅಮ್ಮ /amːa/ |
| Father | rakhnih /ɾakhnih/ | haʼnih /haʔnih/ | hakʼno:haʼ /hakʔnoːhaʔ/ | rakeʼníha /rakeʔníha/ | — /—/ | mam /mam/ | ಅಪ್ಪ /apːa/ |
| I | í:ʼ /iːʔ/ | i:ʼ /iːʔ/ | iʼ /iʔ/ | í:ʼi /íːʔi/ | iʼí /iʔí/ | in /in/ | ನಾನು /naːnu/ |
| You | í:saʼ /iːsaʔ/ | i:s /iːs/ | is /is/ | í:seʼ /íːseʔ/ | isé /isé/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | ನೀನು /niːnu/ |
| We | í:ʼ /iːʔ/ | i:ʼ /iːʔ/ | iʼ /iʔ/ | í:ʼi /íːʔi/ | iʼí /iʔí/ | oʼ /oʔ/ | ನಾವು /naːʋu/ |
| Name | utshe:naʼ /utsʰeːnaʔ/ | ga̱hsę́:naʼ /ɡḁhsɛ̃́ːnaʔ/ | yaʼts /jaʔts/ | kahsén:na /kahsʌ̃́ːna/ | ohsʌ:ná: /ohsʌ̃ːnáː/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | ಹೆಸರು /hesaru/ |
| Eye | ka:tæk /kaːtæk/ | ogáhaʼ /oɡáhaʔ/ | oga:thaʼ /oɡaːtʰaʔ/ | okà:raʼ /okaːraʔ/ | oká:laʼ /okáːlaʔ/ | witzʼ /witsʼ/ | ಕಣ್ಣು /kaɳːu/ |
| Mouth | uhskáhręʼ /əhskahɾə̃ʔ/ | — | — | — | — | tziʼaj /tsiʔah/ | ಬಾಯಿ /ˈbaːji/ |
| Tooth | uʼtuʼth /əʔtuʔθ/ | onóʼjaʼ /onóʔdʒaʔ/ | onóʼjaʼ /onóʔdʒaʔ/ | onáwiraʼ /onáwiraʔ/ | onawi:lá: /onawiːláː/ | eʼ /eʔ/ | ಹಲ್ಲು /halːu/ |
| Tongue | uʼtahs /əʔtahs/ | awę́ʼno̱hsaʼ /awɛ̃́ʔno̥hsaʔ/ | oʼnahsaʼ /oʔnahsaʔ/ | oʼnáhsaʼ /oʔnã́hsaʔ/ | oʼnáhsaʼ /oʔnáhsaʔ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | ನಾಲಿಗೆ /naːliɡe/ |
| Hand | kéhskweh /kehskweh/ | ohsóhdaʼ /ohsóhdaʔ/ | onénǫhsaʼ /onénõhsaʔ/ | ohtsà:na /ohtsaːna/ | osnúhsaʼ /osnṹhsaʔ/ | qʼab /qʼab/ | ಕೈ /kai/ |
| Foot | káhseh /kahseh/ | ohsiʼdaʼ /ohsiʔdaʔ/ | ohsiʼtaʼ /ohsiʔtaʔ/ | ohsì:taʼ /ohsìːtaʔ/ | ohsí:taʼ /ohsíːtaʔ/ | aqan /aqan/ | ಕಾಲು /kaːlu/ |
| Heart | kęhsaʼ /kɛ̃hsaʔ/ | awę́yǫ̱hsaʼ /awɛ̃́jõ̥hsaʔ/ | awé:ri /awéːri/ | awerì:ʼa /aweɾìːʔa/ | awelyá:ne /aweljáːne/ | kʼuum /kʼuːm/ | ಹೃದಯ /hɾudaja/ |
| Bone | uhskęʼręh /əhskə̃ʔrəh/ | ohsgyę́ʼda:ʼ /ohskjɛ̃́ʔdaːʔ/ | ostyęʼtaʼ /ostjɛ̃ʔtaʔ/ | ohstyenʼ /ohstjʌ̃ʔ/ | ostyʌ́ʼtaʼ /ostjʌ̃́ʔtaʔ/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | ಮೂಳೆ /muːɭe/ |
| Blood | tkwarhaʼ /tkwarhaʔ/ | tkwęhsæʼ /tkwɛ̃hsaʔ/ | otkwęhsaʼ /otkwɛ̃hsaʔ/ | onekwénhsaʼ /oneɡwʌ̃́hsaʔ/ | onekwʌ́hsaʼ /onekwʌ̃́hsaʔ/ | chichʼ /tʃitʃʼ/ | ರಕ್ತ /rakt̪a/ |
| Love | krunyę:tas /kɾuɲɛ̃ːtas/ | ganǫ́hkwahsraʼ /ɡanṍhkwahsraʔ/ | gaonihsdá:wę /ɡaonihsdáːwɛ̃/ | khenorónhkhwa /kʰenorṹhkʰwa/ | kanolukhwásla /kanolũkʰwásla/ | xajan /ʃahan/ | ಪ್ರೀತಿ /pɾiːti/ |
| Tree | nyęt /ɲɛ̃t/ | gra̱he:t /ɡrḁheːt/ | ga:endaʼ /ɡaːendaʔ/ | ó:kwire /óːkʷire/ | kalu:tóteʼ /kaluːtóteʔ/ | tzeʼ /tseʔ/ | ಮರ /maɾa/ |
| Dog | čerʼ /tʃeɾʔ/ | só:wa:s /sóːwaːs/ | só:wa:s /sóːwaːs/ | érhar /érhar/ | é:lhal /éːlhal/ | txʼiʼ /tʃʼiʔ/ | ನಾಯಿ /naːji/ |
| Cat | takʼo:s /takʔoːs/ | dagu:s /daɡuːs/ | takó:s /takóːs/ | takò:s /takoːs/ | takóhs /takóhs/ | mis /mis/ | ಬೆಕ್ಕು /bekːu/ |
| Fish | itsh /itʃ/ | ojǫ́ʼdaʼ /odʒṍʔdaʔ/ | ojoʼt /odʒoʔt/ | kéntsion /kʌ̃́tsjũ/ | kʌ́tsiʼ /kʌ̃́tsiʔ/ | kay /kaj/ | ಮೀನು /miːnu/ |
| Bear | uhčíhręʼ /əhtʃihɾə̃ʔ/ | hnyagwaiʼ /hɲaɡwaiʔ/ | — | ohkwá:ri /ohkwáːri/ | ohkwa:lí /ohkwaːlí/ | oso /oso/ | ಕರಡಿ /kaɾaɖi/ |
| House | kanéhseʼę /kanehseʔɛ̃/ | ganǫ́hsaʼ /ɡanṍhsaʔ/ | ganǫhsoht /ɡanõhsoht/ | kanónhsaʼ /kanṹhsaʔ/ | kanúhsote /kanúhsote/ | nya /ɲa/ | ಮನೆ /mane/ |
| Wheel | ukaʼneh /ukaʔneh/ | węʼníhsga:ʼ /wẽʔníhsɡaːʔ/ | — | okakwenta /okakʷenta/ | — | toloʼ /toloʔ/ | ಚಕ್ರ /tʃakra/ |
| Eat | kré:nuʼ /kɾeːnuʔ/ | í:ge:s /íːɡeːs/ | ekho:neʼ /ekʰoːneʔ/ | kekhwa /kekʰwa/ | — /—/ | wii /wiː/ | ತಿನ್ನು /tinːu/ |
| Drink | kré:hwiʼ /kɾeːhwiʔ/ | ga̱hnége̱haʼ /ɡḁhnéɡḁhaʔ/ | ehnega:iʼron /ehneɡaːiʔron/ | kahnek /kahnek/ | — /—/ | uuk /uːk/ | ಕುಡಿ /kuɖi/ |
| One | ę:cæ /ɛ̃ːtsæ/ | sgá:t /skáːt/ | sgá:da /skáːda/ | énska /ʌ̃́ska/ | úskah /ṹskah/ | jun /hun/ | ಒಂದು /ondu/ |
| Two | néʼkti /neʔkti/ | dekní: /dekníː/ | dégni /déɡni/ | tékeni /téːɡeni/ | tékni /tékni/ | kaʼwutz /kaʔwuts/ | ಎರಡು /eraɖu/ |
| Three | áhsę /ahsɛ̃/ | ahsę́h /ahsɛ̃́h/ | áhsę /áhsɛ̃/ | áhsen /áhsʌ̃/ | áhsʌ /áhsʌ̃/ | oxox /oʃoʃ/ | ಮೂರು /muːru/ |
| Four | hę́ʼtahk /hɛ̃ʔtahk/ | géi /ɡéi/ | gayéi /ɡajéi/ | kaié:ri /ɡajéːɾi/ | kayé /kajéː/ | kyaj /kjah/ | ನಾಲ್ಕು /naːlku/ |
| Five | wísk /wisk/ | hwíhs /hwíhs/ | hwíks /hwíks/ | wísk /wísk/ | wísk /wísk/ | oʼ /oʔ/ | ಐದು /aidu/ |
| Hundred | kayáhstih /kajahstih/ | sgá:t dewę́ʼnyawe:ʼ /skáːt dewɛ̃́ʔɲaweːʔ/ | — | tewenʼniáwe /tewʌ̃ʔnjáwe/ | tewʌhnyáwelu /tewʌ̃hnjáwelu/ | jun cient /hun sjent/ | ನೂರು /nuːru/ |
| Hello | skę:nu /skɛ̃ːnu/ | sgę́:nǫʼ /skɛ̃́ːnõʔ/ | sgë:nǫʼ /skẽːnõʔ/ | shé:kon /ʃéːkon/ | she:kú /sheːkú/ | kʼamta /kʼamta/ | ನಮಸ್ಕಾರ /namaskaːɾa/ |
| Thank you | nyaʼwę: /ɲaʔwɛ̃ː/ | nya:węh /ɲaːwɛ̃h/ | nya:węʼ /njaːwɛ̃ʔ/ | niá:wen /niáːwen/ | ya:wʌ́ /jaːwʌ̃́/ | tixwajʼ /tiʃwahʼ/ | ಧನ್ಯವಾದ /dʱanjaʋaːda/ |
| Good | unę:tsweht /unɛ̃ːtsweht/ | oyá:nreʼ /ojáːnreʔ/ | oyá:nre /ojáːnre/ | ioiánere /jojánere/ | skʌ:nʌ́ /skʌ̃ːnʌ̃́/ | balaj /balah/ | ಒಳ್ಳೆಯ /oɭːejə/ |
| Red | utkwatar /utkwatar/ | otgwę́hji̱ʼa:ʼ /otɡwɛ̃́hdʒi̥ʔaːʔ/ | otkwę́ʼtaʼ /otkwɛ̃́ʔtaʔ/ | onekwènhtara /oneɡwʌ̃̀htara/ | onikwʌ́htalaʼ /onikwʌ̃́htalaʔ/ | kyaq /kjaq/ | ಕೆಂಪು /kempu/ |
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