Gayogo̱hó:nǫʼ
Cayuga
Iroquoian (Northern, Five Nations)
Cayuga (Gayogo̱hó:nǫʼ, "people of the marsh") is a Northern Iroquoian language of the historic Cayuga Nation, originally Lake Cayuga (Finger Lakes) NY. The Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee) Six Nations dispersal after the American Revolution moved most Cayuga to Ontario. Today ~30 fluent elderly speakers remain at Six Nations of the Grand River; immersion preschool (Onǫkwaʼshónaʼ Gayogo̱hó:nǫʼ) and Six Nations Polytechnic adult programs sustain heritage learners.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Cayuga
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Iroquoian (Northern, Five Nations)
| Meaning | Cayuga | Onondaga | Mohawk | Tuscarora | Oneida | Koyukon | Proto-Austroasiatic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ohneganóhs /ohneɡanóhs/ | ohnéganos /ohnéɡanos/ | ohné:kanos /ohnéːɡanos/ | awę: /awɛ̃ː/ | one:kánus /oneːkánũs/ | too /toː/ | *ɗaːk /ɗaːk/ |
| Fire | odé:kaʼ /odéːkaʔ/ | odékhaʼ /odékʰaʔ/ | otsénhaʼ /odzʌ̃́haʔ/ | ujihst /udʒihst/ | o:tsísteʼ /oːdʒísteʔ/ | kkonʼ /kːonʔ/ | *ʔuːs /ʔuːs/ |
| Sun | gá:gwa:ʼ /ɡáːɡwaːʔ/ | gaehʼkwa /ɡaehʔkwa/ | karáhkwa /karáhkwa/ | hęhts /hɛ̃hts/ | kalahkwaʼ /kalahkwaʔ/ | so /so/ | *tŋiːʔ /tŋiːʔ/ |
| Moon | ęhníʼda:ʼ /ẽhníʔdaːʔ/ | gaehʼkwa enitha /ɡaehʔkwa enitha/ | ehníta /ehˈniːta/ | hęhts uri:węh /hɛ̃hts uɾiːwɛ̃h/ | wʌhní:taleʼ /wʌ̃hníːtaleʔ/ | dołtʼolee /doɬtʼoliː/ | *khe(ː)ʔ /kheːʔ/ |
| Star | ojihsǫ́:da:ʼ /odʒihsṍːdaːʔ/ | otsistoʼgwaʼ /odʒistoʔɡwaʔ/ | otsistohkwaʼ /otsistohkwaʔ/ | utsíhstaʼ /utsíhstaʔ/ | otsistóhkwaʼ /odʒistóhkwaʔ/ | tłoonʼ /tɬoːnʔ/ | *smʔaɲ /smʔaɲ/ |
| Night | ahsǫheh /ahsõheh/ | ahsų́t /ahsṹt/ | ahsútha /ahsṹtʰa/ | ahthathu /ahθaθu/ | wahsutáti /wahsũtáti/ | łida /ɬida/ | *cəːm /cəːm/ |
| Rain | ohsda:ʼ /ohsdaːʔ/ | — | — | — | — | konh /konh/ | *gmaʔ /ɡmaʔ/ |
| Snow | oʼgraʼ /oʔɡraʔ/ | óʼgęʼ /óʔɡɛ̃ːʔ/ | óniehte /ónjehte/ | — | onyʌ́hteʼ /onjʌ̃́hteʔ/ | tseetl /tsʰiːtɬʰ/ | — |
| Wind | owá:deʼ /owáːdeʔ/ | ó·wæʼ /óːwæʔ/ | óweraʼ /óweraʔ/ | — | owe:lá /oweːlá/ | — | *kjɔʔ /kjɔʔ/ |
| Earth | ohéhdaʼ /ohéhdaʔ/ | — | ohóntsaʼ /ohṹtsaʔ/ | — | ohwʌ́tsyaʼ /ohwʌ̃́tsjaʔ/ | ninʼ /nɪnʔ/ | *tiʔ /tiʔ/ |
| Stone | ga̱hsgwa:ʼ /ɡḁhskwaːʔ/ | — | onén:iaʼ /onʌ̃́ːjaʔ/ | — | onʌ:yá: /onʌ̃ːjáː/ | laʼona /laʔona/ | *tmɔʔ /tmɔʔ/ |
| Mother | knó:haʼ /knóːhaʔ/ | ekno:haʼ /eknoːhaʔ/ | istá /istá/ | raknų:hak /ɾaknũːhak/ | aknulha /aknulha/ | eenaa /iːnaː/ | *maʔ /maʔ/ |
| Father | haʼnih /haʔnih/ | hakʼno:haʼ /hakʔnoːhaʔ/ | rakeʼníha /rakeʔníha/ | rakhnih /ɾakhnih/ | — /—/ | eetaa /iːtaː/ | *ɓa(ː)ʔ /ɓaːʔ/ |
| Daughter | kehá:wahk /keháːwahk/ | khehá·wah /kʰeháːwah/ | kheién:ʼa /kʰejẽ́ːʔa/ | — | kheyʌ́:ha /kʰejʌ̃́ːha/ | — | — |
| I | i:ʼ /iːʔ/ | iʼ /iʔ/ | í:ʼi /íːʔi/ | í:ʼ /iːʔ/ | iʼí /iʔí/ | see /siː/ | *ʔaɲ /ʔaɲ/ |
| You | i:s /iːs/ | is /is/ | í:seʼ /íːseʔ/ | í:saʼ /iːsaʔ/ | isé /isé/ | nee /niː/ | *miːʔ /miːʔ/ |
| We | i:ʼ /iːʔ/ | iʼ /iʔ/ | í:ʼi /íːʔi/ | í:ʼ /iːʔ/ | iʼí /iʔí/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Name | ga̱hsę́:naʼ /ɡḁhsɛ̃́ːnaʔ/ | yaʼts /jaʔts/ | kahsén:na /kahsʌ̃́ːna/ | utshe:naʼ /utsʰeːnaʔ/ | ohsʌ:ná: /ohsʌ̃ːnáː/ | oos /oːs/ | *ɟmuh /ɟmuh/ |
| Person | ǫ́:gweh /ṍːɡweh/ | ų́·gweh /ṹːɡweh/ | ón:kwe /ṹːɡwe/ | — | ukwé /ũkwé/ | dinaa /dinaː/ | *m-raʔ /mraʔ/ |
| Head | onǫ́ʼa:ʼ /onṍʔaːʔ/ | — | onón:tsi /onṹːtsi/ | — | — | -tłeeʼ /tɬiːʔ/ | *ɓoːkʔ /ɓoːkʔ/ |
| Eye | ogáhaʼ /oɡáhaʔ/ | oga:thaʼ /oɡaːtʰaʔ/ | okà:raʼ /okaːraʔ/ | ka:tæk /kaːtæk/ | oká:laʼ /okáːlaʔ/ | -noghaʼ /noɣaʔ/ | *mat /mat/ |
| Nose | oʼnyǫ́hsaʼ /oʔɲṍhsaʔ/ | — | oʼniónhsaʼ /oʔnjṹhsaʔ/ | — | oʼnyúhsaʼ /oʔnjṹhsaʔ/ | — | *muh /muh/ |
| Tooth | onóʼjaʼ /onóʔdʒaʔ/ | onóʼjaʼ /onóʔdʒaʔ/ | onáwiraʼ /onáwiraʔ/ | uʼtuʼth /əʔtuʔθ/ | onawi:lá: /onawiːláː/ | aghoʼ /axoʔ/ | *lmVɲ /lməɲ/ |
| Tongue | awę́ʼno̱hsaʼ /awɛ̃́ʔno̥hsaʔ/ | oʼnahsaʼ /oʔnahsaʔ/ | oʼnáhsaʼ /oʔnã́hsaʔ/ | uʼtahs /əʔtahs/ | oʼnáhsaʼ /oʔnáhsaʔ/ | łolaʼ /ɬolaʔ/ | *lntaːk /lntaːk/ |
| Hand | ohsóhdaʼ /ohsóhdaʔ/ | onénǫhsaʼ /onénõhsaʔ/ | ohtsà:na /ohtsaːna/ | kéhskweh /kehskweh/ | osnúhsaʼ /osnṹhsaʔ/ | -loʼ /loʔ/ | *tiːʔ /tiːʔ/ |
| Foot | ohsiʼdaʼ /ohsiʔdaʔ/ | ohsiʼtaʼ /ohsiʔtaʔ/ | ohsì:taʼ /ohsìːtaʔ/ | káhseh /kahseh/ | ohsí:taʼ /ohsíːtaʔ/ | -kkaaʼ /kːaːʔ/ | *ɟəːŋ /ɟəːŋ/ |
| Heart | awę́yǫ̱hsaʼ /awɛ̃́jõ̥hsaʔ/ | awé:ri /awéːri/ | awerì:ʼa /aweɾìːʔa/ | kęhsaʼ /kɛ̃hsaʔ/ | awelyá:ne /aweljáːne/ | -dzaayaʼ /tsæːjəʔ/ | *nuːɕ /nuːɕ/ |
| Bone | ohsgyę́ʼda:ʼ /ohskjɛ̃́ʔdaːʔ/ | ostyęʼtaʼ /ostjɛ̃ʔtaʔ/ | ohstyenʼ /ohstjʌ̃ʔ/ | uhskęʼręh /əhskə̃ʔrəh/ | ostyʌ́ʼtaʼ /ostjʌ̃́ʔtaʔ/ | tlʼin /tɬʼin/ | *cʔaːŋ /cʔaːŋ/ |
| Blood | tkwęhsæʼ /tkwɛ̃hsaʔ/ | otkwęhsaʼ /otkwɛ̃hsaʔ/ | onekwénhsaʼ /oneɡwʌ̃́hsaʔ/ | tkwarhaʼ /tkwarhaʔ/ | onekwʌ́hsaʼ /onekwʌ̃́hsaʔ/ | lakona /lakona/ | *mham /mham/ |
| Poop | oʼdaʼ /oʔdaʔ/ | — | óʼta /óʔta/ | — | o:tá: /oːtáː/ | — | *ʔicʔ /ʔicʔ/ |
| Love | ganǫ́hkwahsraʼ /ɡanṍhkwahsraʔ/ | gaonihsdá:wę /ɡaonihsdáːwɛ̃/ | khenorónhkhwa /kʰenorṹhkʰwa/ | krunyę:tas /kɾuɲɛ̃ːtas/ | kanolukhwásla /kanolũkʰwásla/ | kʼoonejee /kʼooneʒeː/ | — /—/ |
| Tree | gra̱he:t /ɡrḁheːt/ | ga:endaʼ /ɡaːendaʔ/ | ó:kwire /óːkʷire/ | nyęt /ɲɛ̃t/ | kalu:tóteʼ /kaluːtóteʔ/ | kʼeyh /kʼejh/ | *ɟɕɨːʔ /ɟɕɨːʔ/ |
| Dog | só:wa:s /sóːwaːs/ | só:wa:s /sóːwaːs/ | érhar /érhar/ | čerʼ /tʃeɾʔ/ | é:lhal /éːlhal/ | łeek /ɬeːk/ | *cɔː /cɔː/ |
| Cat | dagu:s /daɡuːs/ | takó:s /takóːs/ | takò:s /takoːs/ | takʼo:s /takʔoːs/ | takóhs /takóhs/ | dotonh /dotonh/ | — /—/ |
| Fish | ojǫ́ʼdaʼ /odʒṍʔdaʔ/ | ojoʼt /odʒoʔt/ | kéntsion /kʌ̃́tsjũ/ | itsh /itʃ/ | kʌ́tsiʼ /kʌ̃́tsiʔ/ | tookkʼa /toːkʼa/ | *kaʔ /kaʔ/ |
| Bird | jidę́:ʼęh /dʒidɛ̃́ːʔɛ̃h/ | ga·yoʼáh /ɡaːjoʔáh/ | otsiʼtén:ʼa /otsiʔtʌ̃́ːʔa/ | — | otsiʼtʌ́haʼ /odʒiʔtʌ̃́haʔ/ | — | *ciːm /ciːm/ |
| Butterfly | jiʼdana:wę: /dʒiʔdanaːwɛ̃ː/ | — | tsiʼktsinén:nawen /tsiʔktsinéːnawen/ | — | kana:wʌ́ /kanaːwʌ̃́/ | — | — |
| Egg | oʼnhǫ́hsaʼ /oʔnhṍhsaʔ/ | oʼnhų́hsaʼ /oʔnhṹhsaʔ/ | oʼnhónhsa /oʔnhṹhsa/ | — | oʼnhúhsaʼ /oʔnhṹhsaʔ/ | — | *ktam /ktam/ |
| Bear | hnyagwaiʼ /hɲaɡwaiʔ/ | — | ohkwá:ri /ohkwáːri/ | uhčíhręʼ /əhtʃihɾə̃ʔ/ | ohkwa:lí /ohkwaːlí/ | sis /sis/ | — |
| House | ganǫ́hsaʼ /ɡanṍhsaʔ/ | ganǫhsoht /ɡanõhsoht/ | kanónhsaʼ /kanṹhsaʔ/ | kanéhseʼę /kanehseʔɛ̃/ | kanúhsote /kanúhsote/ | yah /jah/ | *ɲaːʔ /ɲaːʔ/ |
| Milk | onǫ́ʼgwaʼ /onṍʔɡwaʔ/ | — | onòn:taʼ /onũːtaʔ/ | — | onú:taʼ /onṹːtaʔ/ | tlʼooʼ /tɬʼoːʔ/ | — |
| Honey | otséhsdaʼ /otséhsdaʔ/ | — | — | — | óshes /óshes/ | — | — |
| Salt | ojikeʼdaʼ /odʒikeʔdaʔ/ | — | tyohyòtsis /tjohjotsis/ | — | teyohyó:tsis /tejohjóːdʒis/ | sol /sol/ | *ɓɔːh /ɓɔːh/ |
| Iron | ga̱hnyǫ́ʼǫhsraʼ /ɡḁhɲṍʔõhsraʔ/ | — | karístatsi /karístatsi/ | — | — | — | — |
| Wheel | węʼníhsga:ʼ /wẽʔníhsɡaːʔ/ | — | okakwenta /okakʷenta/ | ukaʼneh /ukaʔneh/ | — | — | — |
| Eat | í:ge:s /íːɡeːs/ | ekho:neʼ /ekʰoːneʔ/ | kekhwa /kekʰwa/ | kré:nuʼ /kɾeːnuʔ/ | — /—/ | kʼahonh /kʼahonh/ | *ɟaː /ɟaː/ |
| Drink | ga̱hnége̱haʼ /ɡḁhnéɡḁhaʔ/ | ehnega:iʼron /ehneɡaːiʔron/ | kahnek /kahnek/ | kré:hwiʼ /kɾeːhwiʔ/ | — /—/ | kʼisinoonh /kʼisinoːnh/ | *ɲuʔ /ɲuʔ/ |
| One | sgá:t /skáːt/ | sgá:da /skáːda/ | énska /ʌ̃́ska/ | ę:cæ /ɛ̃ːtsæ/ | úskah /ṹskah/ | kʼeetakkʼee /kʼiːtakʼiː/ | *muːj /muːj/ |
| Two | dekní: /dekníː/ | dégni /déɡni/ | tékeni /téːɡeni/ | néʼkti /neʔkti/ | tékni /tékni/ | niteekkʼee /nitiːkʼiː/ | *ɓaːr /ɓaːr/ |
| Three | ahsę́h /ahsɛ̃́h/ | áhsę /áhsɛ̃/ | áhsen /áhsʌ̃/ | áhsę /ahsɛ̃/ | áhsʌ /áhsʌ̃/ | tokkʼee /tokʼiː/ | *peʔ /peʔ/ |
| Four | géi /ɡéi/ | gayéi /ɡajéi/ | kaié:ri /ɡajéːɾi/ | hę́ʼtahk /hɛ̃ʔtahk/ | kayé /kajéː/ | — | *punʔ /punʔ/ |
| Five | hwíhs /hwíhs/ | hwíks /hwíks/ | wísk /wísk/ | wísk /wisk/ | wísk /wísk/ | — | *pɗam /pɗam/ |
| Hundred | sgá:t dewę́ʼnyawe:ʼ /skáːt dewɛ̃́ʔɲaweːʔ/ | — | tewenʼniáwe /tewʌ̃ʔnjáwe/ | kayáhstih /kajahstih/ | tewʌhnyáwelu /tewʌ̃hnjáwelu/ | — | — |
| Hello | sgę́:nǫʼ /skɛ̃́ːnõʔ/ | sgë:nǫʼ /skẽːnõʔ/ | shé:kon /ʃéːkon/ | skę:nu /skɛ̃ːnu/ | she:kú /sheːkú/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | nya:węh /ɲaːwɛ̃h/ | nya:węʼ /njaːwɛ̃ʔ/ | niá:wen /niáːwen/ | nyaʼwę: /ɲaʔwɛ̃ː/ | ya:wʌ́ /jaːwʌ̃́/ | baaseeʼ /baːseːʔ/ | — /—/ |
| Good | oyá:nreʼ /ojáːnreʔ/ | oyá:nre /ojáːnre/ | ioiánere /jojánere/ | unę:tsweht /unɛ̃ːtsweht/ | skʌ:nʌ́ /skʌ̃ːnʌ̃́/ | nizoonh /nizoːnh/ | — /—/ |
| New | á:se:ʼ /áːseːʔ/ | — | á:se /áːse/ | — | — | — | *tmeːʔ /tmeːʔ/ |
| Red | otgwę́hji̱ʼa:ʼ /otɡwɛ̃́hdʒi̥ʔaːʔ/ | otkwę́ʼtaʼ /otkwɛ̃́ʔtaʔ/ | onekwènhtara /oneɡwʌ̃̀htara/ | utkwatar /utkwatar/ | onikwʌ́htalaʼ /onikwʌ̃́htalaʔ/ | nełtseeyh /neɬtseːjh/ | *roːŋ /roːŋ/ |
| White | gę́ʼgę: /ɡɛ̃́ʔɡɛ̃ː/ | owę:héʼsdaʼ /owɛ̃ːhéʔstaʔ/ | karà:ken /kaɾaːken/ | — | owísklaʼ /owísklaʔ/ | — | *ɓɔːk /ɓɔːk/ |
| Black | swę́ʼda̱ʼę:ʼ /swɛ̃́ʔdḁʔɛ̃ːʔ/ | — | kahòn:tsi /kahũːtsi/ | — | oʼswʌ́:taʼ /oʔswʌ̃́ːtaʔ/ | — | *Cjoŋ /Cjoŋ/ |
| Green | onráhda̱ʼę:ʼ /onráhdḁʔɛ̃ːʔ/ | — | óhonteʼ /óhũteʔ/ | — | awʌ:lá: /awʌ̃ːláː/ | — | — |
| Blue | aǫ́hyaęʼ /aṍhjaɛ̃ʔ/ | — | orónhia /oɾṹhja/ | — | olú:yaʼ /olúːjaʔ/ | — | — |
| Tea | odi: /odiː/ | — | tí /ti/ | — | — | — | — |
| Coffee | ká:fih /káːfih/ | — | káwhe /ˈkawhe/ | — | — | — | — |
| Sugar | nawę́ʼdaʼ /nawɛ̃́ʔdaʔ/ | — | otsikhè:ta /otsiˈkʰɛːta/ | — | onutákliʼ /onũtákliʔ/ | — | — |
Page 1/9
Open the interactive map: Word Map · HanMap · Name Map · Word Order · Tree
Part of LangMap — a linguistic visualization project. This is a static, crawlable summary; the interactive maps offer pronunciation audio, filters, and a globe view.
Made by Heuron Inc. · GitHub · cho@heuron.com · LangMap home