Wiradjuri
Pama-Nyungan (Central New South Wales, Wiradhuric)
Wiradjuri is the Pama-Nyungan language of the Wiradjuri Nation, whose country covers the central third of New South Wales between the Wambool (Macquarie), Kalari (Lachlan) and Murrumbidgee rivers — the largest single language territory in the state. Its name is itself a piece of grammar, wirray 'no' plus the suffix -dhuray 'having', the standard way neighbouring peoples labelled one another. The sound system is typical of inland Australia, contrasting dental (dh, nh), palatal (dy, ny) and plain alveolar articulations across three vowel qualities that distinguish length, and the counting system is base five, built on marra, which means both 'hand' and 'five'. Continuous first-language transmission ended during the twentieth century, but from the 1980s the Wiradjuri Elder Stan Grant Snr and the linguist John Rudder reassembled a dictionary of more than 8,000 words from nineteenth-century records and surviving knowledge, and the language is now taught from primary school to university level. Most modern Wiradjuri usage, including the forms given here, comes out of that reclamation work rather than unbroken everyday speech.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Wiradjuri
Sources
- Grant, Stan Sr. & John Rudder 2010, A New Wiradjuri Dictionary (Restoration House, O'Connor ACT), as cited in Wiktionary Wiradjuri lemmas
- Bowern, Claire 2012 Pama-Nyungan lexical database (lexibank/bowernpny, Wiradjuri); Günther 1892 vocabulary (blue, foot notes)
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Pama-Nyungan (Central New South Wales, Wiradhuric)
| Meaning | Wiradjuri | Dyirbal | Ngunnawal | Walmajarri | Makasae | Sicilian | Italian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | galing /ˈɡaliŋ/ | bana /ˈbana/ | kungal /kuŋal/ | ngapa /ˈŋapa/ | ira /ˈira/ | acqua /ˈakkwa/ | acqua /ˈakkwa/ |
| Fire | wiiny /wiːɲ/ | buni /ˈbuni/ | warba /waɻba/ | warlu /ˈwaɭu/ | ata /ˈata/ | focu /ˈfɔku/ | fuoco /ˈfwɔːko/ |
| Sun | yiray /ˈjiɻaj/ | garri /ˈɡari/ | winyu /wiɲu/ | purangu /puɻaŋu/ | watu /ˈwatu/ | suli /ˈsuli/ | sole /ˈsoːle/ |
| Moon | giwang /ˈɡiwaŋ/ | gagara /ɡaˈɡara/ | birrang /biɻaŋ/ | yakarn /jakaɳ/ | uru /ˈuru/ | luna /ˈluna/ | luna /ˈluːna/ |
| Star | giralang /ˈɡiɻalaŋ/ | gijiny /ɡiɟiɲ/ | dyurra /ɟura/ | wirl /wiɭ/ | lekiluru /lekiluru/ | stidda /ˈstɪɖːa/ | stella /ˈstɛlla/ |
| Night | ngurung /ˈŋuruŋ/ | jagun /ɟaɡun/ | kaku /kaku/ | pukanya /pukaɲa/ | maagamu /maaɡamu/ | notti /ˈnɔtti/ | notte /ˈnɔtte/ |
| Wind | girrarr /ˈɡirar/ | gulubu /ˈɡulubu/ | — | walypa /ˈwaʎpa/ | gawa /ˈɡawa/ | ventu /ˈvɛntu/ | vento /ˈvento/ |
| Earth | dhaagun /ˈd̪aːɡun/ | jaju /ˈɟaɟu/ | dhaura /d̪auɻa/ | nguwa /ˈŋuwa/ | maa /maa/ | terra /ˈtɛrra/ | terra /ˈtɛrra/ |
| Stone | walang /ˈwalaŋ/ | diban /ɟiban/ | wullung /wuluŋ/ | pamarr /ˈpamar/ | apa /ˈapa/ | petra /ˈpɛːtra/ | pietra /ˈpjɛːtra/ |
| Mother | gunhi /ˈɡun̪i/ | yabu /ˈjabu/ | guni /ɡuni/ | ngamaji /ŋaˈmaɟi/ | ina /ˈina/ | matri /ˈmatri/ | madre /ˈmaːdre/ |
| Father | babiin /ˈbabiːn/ | nguma /ˈŋuma/ | pumba /pumba/ | ngarpu /ŋaɻpu/ | baba /ˈbaba/ | patri /ˈpatri/ | padre /ˈpaːdre/ |
| Daughter | ngamurr /ˈŋamur/ | daman /ˈdaman/ | — | kurntal /ˈkuɳʈal/ | — | figghia /ˈfiɟɟa/ | figlia /ˈfiʎʎa/ |
| I | ngadhu /ˈŋad̪u/ | ngaja /ŋaɟa/ | ngaya /ŋaja/ | ngaju /ŋaɟu/ | ani /ani/ | iu /ju/ | io /ˈio/ |
| You | ngindhu /ˈŋind̪u/ | nginda /ŋinda/ | ngindu /ŋindu/ | nyuntu /ɲuntu/ | ai /ai/ | tu /tu/ | tu /tu/ |
| We | ngiyani /ŋiˈjani/ | ngana /ŋana/ | gulanyin / gulanyilla /ɡulaɲin / ɡulaɲila/ | ngalimpa / nganimpa /ŋalimpa / ŋanimpa/ | fi / ini /fi / ini/ | nuàutri /nuˈawtri/ | noi /noi/ |
| Name | yuwin /ˈjuwin/ | yidyi /jiɟi/ | yini /jini/ | yini /jini/ | nai /nai/ | nomu /ˈnɔmu/ | nome /ˈnome/ |
| Person | gibirr /ˈɡibir/ | — | wurrunbill /wuɻunbil/ | piyirn /ˈpijiɳ/ | anu /anu/ | pirsuna /pirˈsuna/ | persona /perˈsona/ |
| Head | balang /ˈbalaŋ/ | — | guddagong /ɡuddaɡoŋ/ | jurlu /ˈɟuɭu/ | dae /dae/ | testa /ˈtɛsta/ | testa /ˈtɛsta/ |
| Eye | mil /mil/ | gayga /ˈɡajɡa/ | mil /mil/ | mil /mil/ | nana /ˈnana/ | occhiu /ˈɔkkju/ | occhio /ˈɔkkjo/ |
| Ear | wuudha /ˈwuːd̪a/ | manga /ˈmaŋa/ | guri /ɡuɻi/ | pina /ˈpina/ | walaku /waˈlaku/ | aricchia /aˈrikkja/ | orecchio /oˈrekkjo/ |
| Nose | muurruu /ˈmuːruː/ | guwu /ˈɡuwu/ | nyigity /ɲiɡiɟ/ | punul /ˈpunul/ | murikai /murikai/ | nasu /ˈnaːsu/ | naso /ˈnaːzo/ |
| Mouth | ngayn /ŋajn/ | — | dhambir /d̪ambiɻ/ | — | turukai /turuˈkai/ | vucca /ˈvukka/ | bocca /ˈbokka/ |
| Tooth | yirrang /ˈjiraŋ/ | dirra /dira/ | weera /weːra/ | lirra /lira/ | wasi /wasi/ | denti /ˈdɛnti/ | dente /ˈdɛnte/ |
| Tongue | dhalayn /ˈd̪alajn/ | jalnggulay /ɟalŋɡulaj/ | dalang /dalaŋ/ | jalany /ɟalaɲ/ | ipi /ipi/ | lingua /ˈlinɡwa/ | lingua /ˈliŋɡwa/ |
| Hand | marra /ˈmara/ | mala /ˈmala/ | mara /maɻa/ | kurrapa /kurapa/ | tana /ˈtana/ | manu /ˈmanu/ | mano /ˈmaːno/ |
| Foot | dhinang /ˈd̪inaŋ/ | jina /ˈɟina/ | dyinang /ɟinaŋ/ | jina /ˈɟina/ | iti /ˈiti/ | pedi /ˈpɛdi/ | piede /ˈpjɛde/ |
| Heart | giiny /ɡiːɲ/ | rulgu /ˈɻulɡu/ | gauar /ɡauar/ | kurturlu /kuɭˈtuɭu/ | — /—/ | cori /ˈkɔri/ | cuore /ˈkwɔːre/ |
| Bone | dhabal /ˈd̪abal/ | wurmbur /ˈwurmbur/ | wiak /wiak/ | kiji /kiɟi/ | sapa /ˈsapa/ | ossu /ˈɔssu/ | osso /ˈɔsso/ |
| Blood | guuwayn /ˈɡuːwajn/ | waguli /waɡuli/ | guruba /ɡuruba/ | nungu /nuŋu/ | wai /wai/ | sangu /ˈsaŋɡu/ | sangue /ˈsaŋɡwe/ |
| Poop | guunang /ˈɡuːnaŋ/ | guna /ɡuna/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | kura /ˈkuɻa/ | — | cacca /ˈkakka/ | cacca /ˈkakka/ |
| Love | — /—/ | — /—/ | marmit /maɻmit/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | amuri /aˈmuri/ | amore /aˈmoːre/ |
| Tree | madhan /ˈmad̪an/ | yugu /ˈjuɡu/ | warabi /waɻabi/ | mana /mana/ | ate /ˈate/ | àrbulu /ˈarbulu/ | albero /ˈalbero/ |
| Dog | mirri /ˈmiri/ | guda /ˈɡuda/ | mirri /miɻi/ | kunyarr /kuˈɲar/ | defa /ˈdɛfa/ | cani /ˈkani/ | cane /ˈkaːne/ |
| Cat | — /—/ | — /—/ | poosi /puːsi/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | jattu /ˈjattu/ | gatto /ˈɡatto/ |
| Fish | guuya /ˈɡuːja/ | jabu /ˈɟabu/ | kuya /kuja/ | kapi /kapi/ | seumeti /seumeti/ | pisci /ˈpiʃi/ | pesce /ˈpeʃʃe/ |
| Bird | buujaan /ˈbuːɟaːn/ | dundu /ˈdundu/ | budyan /buɟan/ | jiriki /ˈɟiɻiki/ | asa /ˈasa/ | aceddu /aˈtʃɛɖːu/ | uccello /utˈtʃɛllo/ |
| Butterfly | buuja-buuja /ˈbuːɟabuːɟa/ | — | — | pirrpirntipirnti /pirpiɳʈipiɳʈi/ | — | parpagghiuni /parpaɟˈɟuni/ | farfalla /farˈfalla/ |
| Egg | gabuuga /ˈɡabuːɡa/ | bambu /bambu/ | gubbong /ɡubboŋ/ | kampiny /kampiɲ/ | waa /waa/ | ovu /ˈɔvu/ | uovo /ˈwɔːvo/ |
| Horse | yarraman /ˈjaraman/ | — | — | dimana /ˈdimana/ | — | cavaddu /kaˈvaɖːu/ | cavallo /kaˈvallo/ |
| House | ngurang /ˈŋuɻaŋ/ | mija /ˈmiɟa/ | kuni /kuni/ | mayaru /majaɻu/ | oma /ˈoma/ | casa /ˈkasa/ | casa /ˈkaːsa/ |
| Honey | ngarruu /ˈŋaruː/ | — | kawangkal /kawaŋkal/ | karlaka /ˈkaɭaka/ | — | meli /ˈmɛli/ | miele /ˈmjɛːle/ |
| Eat | dharra /ˈd̪ara/ | janggay /ˈɟaŋɡaj/ | daring /daɻiŋ/ | nga- /ŋa/ | nawa /ˈnawa/ | manciari /manˈtʃari/ | mangiare /manˈdʒaːre/ |
| Drink | widyarra /ˈwiɟara/ | gunyjal /ˈɡuɲɟal/ | nyu /ɲu/ | nga- /ŋa/ | gehe /ˈɡɛhɛ/ | vìviri /ˈviviri/ | bere /ˈbeːre/ |
| One | ngumbaay /ˈŋumbaːj/ | yunggul /ˈjuŋɡul/ | meddhung /med̪uŋ/ | layi /laji/ | u /ʔu/ | unu /ˈunu/ | uno /ˈuːno/ |
| Two | bula /ˈbula/ | bulay /ˈbulaj/ | bula /bula/ | kurriny /kuriɲ/ | lolae /loˈlae/ | dui /ˈduɪ/ | due /ˈdue/ |
| Three | bula-ngumbaay /ˈbulaŋumbaːj/ | garbu /ɡaɻbu/ | bula mittong /bula mitoŋ/ | mungkartu /muŋkaʈu/ | lolitu /lolitu/ | tri /tri/ | tre /tre/ |
| Hello | yaama /ˈjaːma/ | — /—/ | yumalundi /jumalundi/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | salutamu /salutamu/ | ciao /ˈtʃaːo/ |
| Thank you | mandaang guwu /ˈmandaːŋ ˈɡuwu/ | — /—/ | miyamala /mijamala/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | grazii /ˈɡrattsii/ | grazie /ˈɡrattsje/ |
| Good | marang /ˈmaɻaŋ/ | jigil /ˈɟiɡil/ | walunga /waluŋa/ | wulyu /wuʎu/ | rau /rau/ | bonu /ˈbɔnu/ | buono /ˈbwɔːno/ |
| Red | girri-girri /ˈɡiriɡiri/ | gunggu /ɡuŋɡu/ | dhiram-dhiram /d̪iɾamd̪iɾam/ | ngirljarti /ŋiɭɟaʈi/ | imiri /imiri/ | russu /ˈrussu/ | rosso /ˈrosso/ |
| White | barrabarra /ˈbarabara/ | — | daguru-gurag /daɡuɾuɡuɾaɡ/ | parpjarti /ˈpaɻpɟaɻti/ | butiri /buˈtiri/ | biancu /ˈbjaŋku/ | bianco /ˈbjaŋko/ |
| Black | buudhang /ˈbuːd̪aŋ/ | — | buru-bura /buɻubuɻa/ | kurnkurn /kuɳkuɳ/ | metana /metana/ | nìuru /ˈniuru/ | nero /ˈnero/ |
| Blue | ngurrumirgang /ˈŋurumiɻɡaŋ/ | — | — | — | azul /azul/ | azzolu /adˈdzɔlu/ | blu /blu/ |
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